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Photographic 

Sciiences 
Corporation 


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WESSTIR.N  Y.  I4SS0 

(7IA)  173-4)03 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiquea 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  rastaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manquo 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noirel 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

□    Boun< 
Rel:« 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
avec  d'autres  documents 


□ 


D 


□ 


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along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  Ion  j  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
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II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
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mais,  lorsque  eels  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6x6  possible  de  se  procurer   Lss  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniqu'iis  du 
point  de  vue  bibliograohique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reprodulte,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dsssous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  dam^iged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 


I      I    Pages  dam^iged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


j"~7|    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
uCJ    Pages  d^colordas,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 

□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tachees 


y 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


D 


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slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  teen  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  At^  film^es  6  nouveau  de  facon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ui-dessoug. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


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The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  tl'  i^iks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Seminary  of  Quebec 
Library 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. . 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  {meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hard  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  at 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  gr§ce  d  la 
gdn^rositd  de: 

Siminaire  de  Quebec 
Bibliothique 

Les  ima  les  suivantes  ont  iti  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  gre  ^d  f  oin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nattetd  de  l'exemplaire  fiimA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film^s  en  commandant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  )a 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — •-  signifie   "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmis  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  3eul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  h  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Xltc 


MITCHELL'S  NEW  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPrr 
FOURTH  BOOK  OF  THE  SERIES.    ^. 

A  SYSTEM 

OF 

MODERN  GEOGRi 

rHYSrCAL,  POLITICAL,  AND  DESCRIPTIVE; 

ACCOMPANIED  BT  A 

NEW  ATLAS  OF  FOIITY-FOUR  COPPE^i,ATEpl^jr 
TWO  HUNDREiyM'q.^tf^Ndt^i^T 

An 


v^ 


8.  AUGUSTUS  MITCHm 


VHlLADELPrriA- 
PTTBLISriED  BY  J.  II.  BUTLER  &  CO 

AND   FOR    SAI*   ur   ALL   «no.»....»„    ...    _  ^    ^"^ 

^"^    '-^    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

1874. 


MITCHELL'S  NEW  SERIES  OF  GEOGRAPHIES-ENTIRELY  NEW, 
TEXT,  MAPS,  AND  ILLUSTRATIONS- include  Mitchell's  First  Lesso  iB 
in  Geography,  Mitchell's  New  Primary  Geography,  Mitchells  New  In- 
termediate Geography,  Mitchell's  New  School  Geography  and  Atlas, 
Mitchell's  New  Physical  Geography,  and  Mitchell's  New  Aucieut  Goo- 
irraphy. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1865,  by 

S.  AUGUSTUS    MITCHELL, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Eastern 

District  of  Penusylvania. 


MITCHELL'S  (OLD)  SERIES  OF  GEOGRAPHIES,  REVISED  AND 
BROUGHT  DOWN  TO  1868,  include  Mitchell's  (old)  Primary  Geogra- 
J<liy,  Mitchell's  (old)  School  Geography  and  Atlas,  Mitchell's  (nW) 
Ancient  Geography  and  Atlas,  Mitchell's  (old)  Geographical  Questic* 
Look,  and  Mitchell's  Biblical  Geography. 


CAXTON     PRB88    OF 

■  HEBMAN    *    CO.,    P  U  I  L  A  DII.?aiA. 

KLiXTROTYPED  BY  L.  JOHNSON   k  CO.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


PREFACE. 


Geography  is  twofold,  Physical  and  Political.  Physical 
Geography  is  valuable  mainly  because  it  makes  Political  Geo- 
graphy more  intelligible.  We  study  the  natural  features  of  the 
Earth,  in  order  that  we  may  better  understand  Man  who  inhabits 
it,— his  political,  social,  and  religious  condition.  If  Physical 
Geography  is  the  foundation,  Political  Geography  is  the  super- 
structure, without  which  the  foundation  is  of  little  account. 

In  the  present  treatise,  these  two  elements  of  the  science  are 
combined,  and  wrought   into   one   consistent  and   harmonious 
whole.     In  the  account  that  is  given  of  every  part  of  the  earth, 
whether  large  or  small,  one  uniform  order  is  pursued.     First, 
the  Natural  features  are  described,  including  the  locality  and 
size;   the  mountains,  plains,  rivers,  lakes,  seas,  and  generally 
whatever  constitutes  the  surface;  the  soil  and  clim.ate;  the  pro- 
ducts, or  what  the  soil  and  climate  produce,  and  the  minerals:— 
all   these   coming   under   the  head  of  its    I^hysical   character. 
Secondly,  the  Political  features   are   described,   including  the 
population,  as  to  race  and  descent,  as  well  as  to  numbers;  the 
manners  and   customs  of  the  people;    the   capitals  and  chief 
towns;  the  government  and  religion,  and,  occasionally,  important 
historical  statements :— all  these  coming  under  the  head  of  Poll- 
tical  Geography. 

By  following  this  method  uniformly  throughout  the  book, 
several  important  advantages  are  secured.  1.  Greater  clearness 
and  exactness  of   statement  are  obtained.      2.  A  much  larger 


4  PREFACE. 

amount  of  information  is  given  in  the  same  space,  without 
crowding  or  confusion.  3.  It  is  easier  to  refer  to  any  par- 
ticular fact  that  is  wanted.  4.  The  matter,  when  thus  pre- 
sented, is  more  readily  understood.  5.  It  is  more  easily 
learned.  6.  It  is  more  easily  taught.  7.  It  remains  more 
permanently  fixed  in  the  memory.  Indeed,  there  is  no  science 
in  which  a  clear  and  natural  method  is  of  more  importance 
than  it  is  in  Geography,  wnere  the  facts  are  so  numerous  and 
varied,  and  where  accuracy  is  of  such  vital  consequence.  The 
reader  is  invited  to  open  the  book  at  any  part  of  it,  to  see  how 
thoroughly  this  method  has  been  carried  out. 

The  Atlas  accompanying  this  volume  has  the  large  number 
of  forty-four  copperplate  maps,  all  engraved  with  the  greatest 
care,  from  original  drawings,  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Young,  compiled 
from  the  great  Atlases  of  Keith  Johnston,  Kiepert,  and  the 
Geographical  Institute  of  Weimar,  from  the  U,  S.  Coast  Sur- 
veys, the  Surveys  of  the  War  Department  and  of  the  several 
States,  and  from  other  reliable  authorities. 

Attention  is  invited  also  to  the  Geographical  Tables  and  to  the 
valuable  and  extensive  Pronouncing  Vocabular  in  the  Atlas;  to 
the  large  number  and  the  excellent  character  of  the  engravings 
in  the  book,  most  of  which  are  from  original  drawings  of  the 
objects  represented;  and,  finally,  to  the  evidences  of  con- 
scientious care  which  has  been  bestowed  upon  every  depart- 
ment of  the  work — literary,  artistic,  and  mechanical — to  make 
it,  if  possible,  in  every  way  worthy  of  the  present  advanced 
state  of  geographical  knowledge  and  of  popular  education. 


CONTENTS. 


Principles  and  Dkfinitions....      7 

Natural    or    Physical     Geo- 
graphy   g 

Diviaiona  of  tho  Lund 9 

Divisions  of  the  Water 13 

Astronomical    or  Mathemati- 
cal Geography 17 

Imaginary     lines     used     on 

Globes,  Maps,  «kc 20 

The  Zones 24 

Maps 29 

Civil  or  Political  Geography  32 

The  Races  of  Mankind 32 

Political  Divisions 39 

Forms  of  Government 41 

Varieties  of  Language 43 

The  Earth  (Western  and  Eastern 

Hemispheres) 43 

North  America ]„  53 

Danish  America 59 

Greenland 59 

Iceland BO 

Alaska ^2 

British  Ameiica 62 

Hudson  Bay  Country 63 

Dominion  of  Canada 86 

Ontario 59 

Quebec 70 

New  Brunswick 71 

Nova  Scotia 73 

Manitoba 74 

British  Columbia 74 

Prince  Edward  Island 75 

Newfoundland 75 

United  States 80 

Classification  of  the  States'..*.*  92 

Maine g2 

New  Hampshire '„.',  95 

Vermont 97 

Massachusetts 99 

Rhode  Island |.  102 

Connecticut ..'  104 

New  York .,..'"  io7 

1* 


XT  T  '**"' 

iNew  Jersey m 

Pennsylvania n4 

Delaware ]i8 

Maryland ]20 

District  of  Columbia 122 

Virginia 123 

West  Virginia 126 

North  Carolina..,. I28 

South  Carolina 130 

<^eorgia 133 

Florida 135 

Alabama 137 

Mississippi 149 

Louisiana 143 

Texas 145 

Arkansas 148 

Tennessee 150 

Ohio 152 

Kentucky 156 

Indiana 155 

Illinois 160 

Missouri 163   ■ 

Iowa 167 

Michigan I68 

Wisconsin 171 

Minnesota 174 

Kansas 177 

California 173 

Oregon i82 

Nevada 134 

Nebraska 135 

Territories jsfi 

Colorado I87 

Indian igg 

New  Mexico 191 

Dakota 192 

Wyoming '.'.*....    194 

Montana 195 

I'l'^ho ••■'■'•■•   1»6 

VVashmgton 197 

Ut^h .'!.'.*  198 

Arizona 2OO 

Mexico 201 

Central  America ,  207 

Guatemala 209 


CONTENTS. 


PAOE 

Honduras 209 

San  Salvador 20'J 

Nicaragua 209 

Coata  Kica 209 

Balizo 209 

West  Indies 210 

Bahama  Islands 212 

Greater  Antilles 213 

Cuba.. 213 

Hayti 214 

Jamaica 214 

Porto  Rico 215 

Leaser  Antilles 216 

Caribbee  Islands 216 

Bermudas 217 


South  America 

United  States  of  Colombia. 

Venezuela 

Ecuador 

Guiana 

Brazil 

Peru i. 

Bolivia 

Chili 

Argentine  Confederation.... 

Paraguay 

Uruguay 

Patagonia 

Islands  of  South  America.. 


EunoPE 

The  British  Empire 

United  Kingdom  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland 

Scotland 

England 

Wales 

Ireland , 

Russian  Empire 

Russia  in  Europe 

Lapland 

Poland 

Sweden 

Norway 

Denmark 

Germany 

German  Empire 

German  States 

Prussia 

Holland 

Belgium 

France 

Spain 


218 
223 
226 
228 
231 
•232 
237 
238 
241 
243 
246 
247 
249 
250 

253 
260 

261 
261 
265 
270 
271 
275 
275 
279 
280 
281 
284 
287 
289 
290 
291 
296 
301 
304 
306 
3)1 


FAG  a 

Portugal 315 

Switzerland 317 

Italy 320 

Austria 325 

Ottoman  Empire 328 

Turkey  in  Europe 329 

Greece  333 

Islands  of  Europe 336 

Asia .',41 

Asiatic  Russia 347 

Siberia 347 

Turkey  in  Asia 350 

Arabia 356 

Persia 358 

Afghanistan 361 

Boloochistiin 362 

Turkistan ;,1)3 

India 364 

Hindoostan 365 

Farther  India 370 

Chinese  Empire 372 

China,  etc 374 

Japan 380 

Islands  of  Asia 383 

Africa 385 

Barbary  States 390 

Sahara 395 

Region  of  the  Nile 398 

Egypt 399 

Abyssinia 405 

Kordofan  and  Darfur 407 

Western  Africa 407 

Senegambia 409 

Guinea 411 

Southern  Africa 415 

Eastern  Africa 419 

Central  Africa 422 

Ethiopia 425 

Islands  of  Africa 425 

OCEANICA 430 

Malaysia  432 

Australasia 435 

Polynesia 439 

Antarctic  Continent 442 

Table  op  Populations  op  tie 
Principal  Cities  in  the 
Would 443 

What  the  People,  etc. 447 

Explanation  Axn  Meaning  op 
Geographical  Words 448 


FAOa 

mb 
,  317 
.  320 

325 
,  328 

329 
,  333 
,  336 

347 
347 
350 
356 
358 
361 
3f>2 
:.T)3 
364 
365 
370 
372 
374 
380 
383 

385 
390 
395 
398 
399 
405 
407 
407 
409 
411 
415 
419 
422 
425 
425 

430 
432 
435 
439 

442 


447 


NEW  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY. 


PRINCIPLES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 


VOLCANO,  MOUNTAINS,  HILLS.  RIVER 
WATERFALL,  CITY,  ETC. 

1.  What  is  Geography? 
Geography  is  a  description 
of  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

'''*....n^=^' '        ^^^^■•^«'*?^  The  word  Geography  is  derived 

and  grapho,  I  write.     It  means  f hpr«f.,  *'^"  ^'^^^  '^"''^''  ^''  ^^^  ^'^''th, 

earth.  "'^"''  therefore,  a  writing  or  discourse  about  the 

2.  Of  what  part  of  the  earth  doe,  Geography  treat  ? 


8 


PRINCIPLES   AND   DEFINITIONS. 


3.  IIow  is  Geography  usually  divided  ? 

Geography  is  usually  divided  into  Physical,  Astronomical,  and 
Political  Geography. 

4.  What  is  Physical  Geography  ? 

Physical  Geography  is  an  account  of  the  natural  divisions  of 
the  earth's  surface,  including  a  description  of  vegetable  and  ani- 
mal life,  of  climates  and  products,  and  also  of  the  atmosphere, 
with  its  various  winds  and  air-currents. 

6.  What  is  Astronomical  Geography  ? 

Astronomical  Geography  is  an  account  of  the  earth  as  a  planet, 
and  its  relations  to  the  sun  and  other  heavenly  bodies,  with  the 
effects  produced  by  these  relations.  As  these  are  illustrated  by 
a  knowledge  of  mathematics,  this  branch  is  also  called  Mathe- 
matical Geography. 

6.  What  is  Political  Geography  ? 

Political  Geography  is  an  account  of  the  different  races  of 
men,  their  languages,  governments,  and  arts,  and  their  condition 
as  to  civilization,  learning,  and  religion.  This  is  also  called  Civil 
Geography, 

7.  When  all  these  portions  of  Geography  are  considered  in  describing  a 
country,  what  is  the  description  called  ? 

Descriptive  Geography. 


THE  GHAND  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 


NATURAL  OR  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


DIVISIONS  OF  THE  LAND. 


MOUTH  OF  A  RIVER  OPENING  INTO  THK 
OCEAN.  IN  THE  RIVER,  AT  ITS  MOUTH, 
ARE  A  PENINSULA  AND  SEVERAL  ISLANDS. 
ON  THE  aiGHTIS  A  LIGHT-HOUSE  ON  HIGH 
GROUND  iBErOND,INTHEDISTANCE,  JUT- 
TING OUT  INTO  THE  OCEAN,  IS  A  CAPE 
ON  THE  LEFT  IS  A  CITY;  A  RAILROAD 
TRAIN  IS  ENTERING  IT. 

8.  Into  what  two  portions  is  the  surface  of  the  earth  divided? 
Into  land  and  water. 

9.  Name  the  grand  divisions  of  the  land. 

The  grand  divisions  of  the  land  are  North  America  Sonfb 
America,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Oceanica.  ' 


— r-r— — 


10 


NATURAL   OR   PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


10.  What  arc  tho  '>rincipal  forms  and  divisions  of  the  land  called? 

Tlie  principal  forms  juid  divisions  of  the  land  are  called  Con- 
tinents, Islands,  Peninsulas,  Isthmuses,  and  Capes. 

These  are  the  divisions  which  would  appear  to  a  person  raised  to  a  con- 
■iderable  heij^ht  above  the  surface  of  tho  earth  and  looking  down  upon  it. 

11.  What  is  a  Continent? 

A  'Continent  is  the  largest  natural  division  of  the  land.  The 
word  in  derived  from  a  Latin  term  which  means  continuous,  un- 
broken. 

There  are  three  Continents,  the  Eastern,  the  Western,  and  Australia.  By 
some  gf'ographers  Australia  is  called  an  Is. and,  but  it  i£  so  large  a  portion  of 
land  that  it  may  properly  bo  called  a  Continent. 

12.  What  is  an  Island? 

An  Island  is  a  port4on  of  land  surrounded  by  water. 
Great  Iiritain,  Madagascar,  und  Cuba,  are  islands. 


13,  What  is  a 
»^  Peninsula? 

A  Peninsu- 

^  la  is  a  portion 
J  of  land  nearly 
M_  surrounded  by 
£  water, 

'£"'  The  word  is 
formeu  from  two 
La*in  words, 
/>ene,  almost,  and 
iiimtld,  an  i.^land. 
Florida,  ArabiR, 
and  Hindoostiin 
are  peninsulas. 


PENIN3ULA,  ISTHMUS,  AND  ISLANDS, 


14,  What  is  an  Isthmus? 

An  Isthmus  is  a  narrow  strip  of  land  whii^h  unites  two  conti- 
nents, or  which  uiiites  a  peninsuli  t'.  the  main  land. 

The  Isthnuis  of  Pnniimr  uniteB  North  and  South  America.     Tho  Isthmui 
of  Sues  uuileu  Africa  and  Asia. 

Ifi,  What  is  a  Cpyi? 

A  (ape  is  a  j)oint  of  l.md  cxtendiuj,^  into  the  sea. 
Cape  Horn  l:o8  at  the  oxiremity  of  Buuth  America;  Capo  of  Qood  Hope 


DIVISIONS    OF   THE   LAND. 


~    'promontor 
»st  of  En 


M 


^ion 


lies  at  the  extremity  of  Africa.     When  a  Cape  is  high 
a  HettdianiJ,  and  sometimes  a  Promontory.     Gibralt 
13.  What  is  a  Coast  or  Shore? 

A  Coast  or  Shore  is  that  part  of  the  lai 
the  sea.  " 

We  speak  of  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  or  Pacif  c) 

17.  Name  thP  natural  divisions  o*"  tho  knd  nccoruma  le 
The  Natural  divisions  of  the  knd  accordin-.-  ^e 

are  called  Mountains,  Hills,  Valleys,  and  Plains. 

These  are  the  divisions  which  anneir  tn  n  no-^^.,  =♦      j- 
of  the  earth.  P"'"'°  standing  upon  the  surfaot 

18.  What  is  a  Mountain  ? 

Wltn^'r"^-'"''  ''  \  ^'""''^  elevation  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

thain  of  mountains.     A  single  mountain  is  called  a  Peak 

19.  What    is 
Hill? 

A  Hill  is  an 
elevation  on  the 
surface    of    the 


earth  not  so  high 
as  a  mountain. 

20.    What    is    a 

Vo'cano? 

A  Volcano  is  a  !? 
m.Mintain  or  hill 
which  from  jyi 
opening  throws 
out  smoke,  fire, 
and  melted  lavn. 

This  opcnin^r, 
which  ia  generally 
at  the  top,  hut  some 
timco  on  the  sides,  ia 
CM  I  led  a  crntrr.  It 
Kivos  vent  to  the  in- 
nerflresioftheoarth. 


A   VOLCANO. 


21.  From  what  level  on  the  oarth'H  surfaoo  dc 


inountainH? 


wo  oompute  the  height  of 


^rom  the  level  of  the 


8oa. 


\jeaa 


12 


NATURAL   OR   PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


22.  What  is  a  Valley? 

A  Valley  is  the  low  land  situated  between  mountains  or  hills. 

All  the  land  that  is  on  both  sides  of  a  rivar,  and  that  is  drained  by  it  and 
its  branches,  is  called  the  valley  of  the  river:  as  the  vallpy  of  the  Missis- 
sippi; tbe  valley  of  the  Amazon^  Ac. 

23.  What  is  a  Plain? 

A  Plain  is  a  tract  of  land  almost  or  quite  level.  An  elevated 
plain  is  called  a  Plateau  or  Table-Land. 

24.  What  names  arc  given  to  plains  in  various  parts  of  the  world? 

Plains  in  North  America  are  called  Prairies ;  in  South  Ame- 
rica, Pampas  and  Llanos  j  in  Asia,  Steppes.  These  are  lor  the 
most  part  without  trees.  The  forest  plains  of  the  river  Amazon 
are  called  Silvas. 

25.  What  is  a  Desert? 

A  Desert  is  a  barren  plain,  usually  covered  with  sand ;  such  as 
the  Sahara  or  Great  Desert  of  Africa,  and  the  Desert  of  Arabia. 
These  tracts  of  country  have  become  deserts  principally  from 
want  of  raiu. 


Caravan  in  the  samara. 

2f).  What  is  iin  Oasis? 

An  Oasis  is  a  i'ertilc  spot  in  the  midst  of  a  dc.^^ort. 

SonietimcB  these  are  large  cnonjjh  to  contain  towns  and  villapes,  but  mora 
frequently  they  arc  only  of  sufficient  extent  (o  form  a  rcxting  jilaco  for  tra- 
Tellors.     They  are  rendered  fertile  by  springs  and  small  atrouma  of  water. 


DIVISIONS    OF   THE   WATER. 


ly 


It  IS  well  to  mnifion  m  tins  place  certain  special  branches  of 
Geography,  loith  techmcal  names,  that  the  pupil  may  have  a 
clear  understandivg  of  their  relation  to  each  other. 

.J^n/^i:^''^7J^^  'I  ^  ^'^^^"Pt'on  of  any  particular  place  or 
spot  on  the  earth  s  surface.  ^ 

28    Cos.mo<fra.phy  is  a  description  of  the  earth  and  heavens 
considered  as  a  grand  whole.  "eavens 

29.    Ge-oVo^y  is  the  science  which  treats  of  the  structure  nf 
the  earth,  and  of  the  changes  which  it  ha«  undergone 


m?--. 


'HE   OCEAN. 


DlVrSIOXS  OF  TH1<:  WATKR. 

30    Nnino  tho  princiim!  nntural  ,livi«io„.  of  the  water 
Iho  principal  natural  divisicuis  of  (Ju.  water  urn  (Vonnu   q 
r..kes,  (iulf.,  Bays,  Strait.,  Sounds,  Ch^lni:::..^'!^'  ^"' 


r'crs. 


smuorn^ 


14 


NATURAL   OR   PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


|» 

i! 


31.  Whah  is  the  Ocean? 

The  Ocean  is  the  great  body  of  water  on  the  earth's  surface. 

The  water  of  the  Ocean  is  salt. 

The  surface  of  the  Ocean  is  level;  but  the  bottom  ia  diversified,  like  the 
land,  by  mountains,  valleys,  and  plains.  Various  attempts  have  been  nade 
to  measure  the  depth  of  the  Ocean.  iSome  reports  have  placed  the  greatest 
depth  at  9  miles,  others  at  7,  and  others  at  5  miles ;  but  it  is  now  generally 
believed  that  no  depth  beyonc'  3  miles  has  been  accurately  ascertained. 

32.  Into  how  many  parts  is  the  Ocean  divided  ? 

The  Ocean  is  divided  into  five  parts,  each  of  which,  for  the 
sake  of  more  exact  description,  is  called  an  Ocean. 

33.  Name  the  different  Oceans. 

The  Oceans  are  the  Pacific,  Atlantic,  Indian,  Northern  or 
Arctic,  and  Southern  or  Antarctic. 


^f5^-;ft"- 


■:#*^£ 


34.  What  is  a  Sea? 

A  Sea  is  a  body  of  salt 
water  smaller  than  an  ocean, 
and  nearly  surrounded  by 
laJid ;  as  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  the  Black  Sea,  the 
JJaltic  Sea. 

Sometimes  the  entire  expanse 
of  Ocean  is  oallod  the  Sea. 

3.').  What  is  an  Archipelago  ? 

An  Archipelago  is  a  sea 
in  which  there  are  nume- 
rous islands;  iisthe(j}rccian 
Archipelago, the  Caribbean 
.\rchipelago. 

The  name  was  first  applied  to 
the  if-jgoan  Sea,  which  lies  be- 
tween Greece  and  Asia  Minor. 


3B.  What  is  a  Lake  ? 

A  I  jako  is  a  body  of  water, 
usually  smaller  than  a  sea, 
and  nearly  or  (juiti^  surrounded  by  Iniid. 

LakoH  are  generally  composed  of  fresh  water,  but  sometimes  of  salt  water. 
{Salt  Lakoi  when  largo  aru  usually  culled  hoas;  as  the  Caspian  Soa. 


A  SEA. 


DIVISIONS    OF   THE    WATER. 


16 


37.  How  is  the 
water  of  Lukes  sup- 
plied ? 

The    water  of 
Lakes  is  supplied 
by    streams,    and    also    by 
springs  beneath  the  surl'ace. 

Lakes  usually  empty  their 
waters  by  river  outlets  into  the 
sea.  The  lakes  of  Scotland  are 
called  Lochs;  as  Loch  Lomond. 
In  Ireland,  lakes  and  arms  of 
the  sea  are  called  Loughs  j  us 
Louyh  Foyle. 

GREAT  LAKES  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 

38.  What  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay  ? 

A  Gulf  or  Bay  is  a  portion  of  the  sea  extendinn'  into  the  land, 
A  small  gulf  is  called  an  Inlet.     Examples:  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the-  Bay 

of  Biscay,  Admiralty  Inlet.     A  small  portion  of  the  3ca  where  ships  way  lie 

m  safety  is  called  a  Port,  Harbor,  or  Haven. 

39.  AVhat  is  a  Strait  ? 

A  Strait  is  a  narrow  passage  of  water  connecting  two  lar-er 
portions.  " 

Behring   {bcc'ruuj)  Strait  connects  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  Oceans. 

40.  What  is  a  Sound  ? 

A  Sound  is  a  piissage  of  water  so  shallow  that  its  depth  mav 
be  easily  measured  by  a  sounding-line. 

Examples :  Long  Inland  Sounc^,  Pamlico  and  Albemarle  Sounds. 

41.  What  is  a  River?  ^^  .       ,  ^-^-       ^  ^ 
A  Uiver  is  a  Stream  of  fresh        "       **  -  .^.^ 

water  flowing  through  (he  land. 

Rivers  empty  into  the  .sea,  into 
lakes,  or  into  other  rivers.  The  Ama- 
zon, in  South  America,  is  the  largest 
river  in  tiic  world.  The  Minsissippi, 
with  its  great  branch,  the  Misacir-, 
in  the  longest. 


'1 -,- 

SPRING  AND  DROOK. 


42.  How  are  rivers  formed  ? 

Rivers  are  formed  by  the  union  of  smaller  streams. 


BsasaoBiiiasaau 


HOhwanuBn 


IG 


NATURAL   OR    PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


i:    1 


43.  What  arc  these  smaller  streams  called  ? 

Smaller  streams  are  called  Brooks,  Creeks,  and  Rivuleta. 

These  flow  from  springs  into  rivers. 

44.  What  is  the  Source  of  a  river? 

The  Source  of  a  rher  is  the  place  where  its  waters  first  appear. 
The  source  of  a  rivt.r  is  ut-uoUy  a  tpring  or  a  lake. 

45.  What  is  the  Mouth  of  a  river? 

The  Mouth  of  a  river  is  the  place  where  it  empties. 

The  bed  through  which  it  flows  is  called  the  Channel,  and  the  land 
bordering  on  the  river  on  both  sides  forms  the  banks.  When  the  right  or  left 
bank  of  a  river  is  spokon  of,  the  speakei-  or  reader  is  supposed  to  be  looking 
down  the  stream. 

46.  What  names  are  given  to  rivers  or  streams  which  empty  into  other 
fivers  ? 

llivers  or  streams  which  empty  into  other  rivers  are  called 
Tributaries,  Affluents,  or  Branches. 

The  Missouri,  the  Illinois,  the  Ohio,  and  other  rivers,  arc  tributaries  or 
affluents  of  the  Mississippi. 

47.  What  is  a  Cataract  ? 

A  Cataract  is  the  flow  of  a  river  over 
a  precipice.  This  is  also  called  a  Full, 
Waterfall,  or  Cascade. 

The  Cataract  of  Niagara,  foiined  by  the  Nia- 
gara River,  is  the  most  famous  in  the  world. 
When  a  river  passes  by  a  rapid  descent  over 
rocks  and  obstructions,  Rapids  are  formed. 

48.  What  is  the  Delta  of  a  river? 
The  land  enclosed  between  the  extreme 

mouthsof  a  river  where  it  empties  into  the 
sea.     Deltas  in  general  are  shaped  some- 
I  what  like  the  Greek  letter  Delta: — /\ 

49.  Mention  some  famous  Deltas. 
The  Deltas  of  the  Nile,  Danube,  Mis- 
sissippi, and  Ganges,  are  famous  Deltas. 

Most  large  rivers  have  deltas  at  their  mouths. 
The  surface  of  deltas  is  usually  low  and  marshy, 
and  is  inundated  at  certain  seasons.  Such  parts  a« 
can  be  cultivated  are  generally  very  fertile. 


FALLS   OV   NIAGARA. 


ASTRONOMICAL  OR  MATHEMATICAL 
GEOGRAPHY. 


50.  What  is  the  Earth  ? 
The  Earth  is  the  planet  upon  which  we  live. 

51.  What  is    a 
Planet  ? 

A  Planet  is  a 
spherical  body 
which  is  sus- 
pended in  space 
and  revolves  a- 
round  the  sun, 
receiving  light 
and  heat  from  it. 
The  sun  is  about 
ninety-five  mil- 
lions of  miles 
from  the  Earth, 
and  more   than  *  planet. 

a  million  times  larger  than  the  Earth. 

52.  How  many  Planets  are  there? 

There  are  eight  principal  planets,  placed  at  different  distances 
from  the  sun. 

The  names  of  the  planets  in  the  order  of  their  distanc*  from  the  sun  are, 
Mercury,  Venus,  the  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune. 
There  are  also  more  than  one  hundred  asteroids,  or  smaller  planets.  Now 
asteroids  arc  constantly  being  discovered. 

63.  How  does  the  Earth  compare  in  size  and  position  with  the  other  prin- 
cipal planets? 

The  Earth  is  fifth  in  point  of  size,  and  third  in  point  of  dis- 
tance from  the  sun. 

51.  How  doc?  the  Earth  nppenr  to  us  while  standing  on  its  surface? 

The  Eurth  appears  to  us  like  a  flat  surface  bounded  by  the 
horizon.  The  lutrizotj  is  the  cir(!li)  around  us  where  Hie  Kartk 
appears  to  u\')vt  the  sky. 

2*  17 


|^wi%i'"1j  rfm\tmuuimiSi  ..'i  i  u  "  WiiiMfa.^..^ 


18       ASTRONOMICAL   OR   MATHEMATICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

55.  How  do  we  know  that  the  Earth  is  spherical  ? 
We  know  that  the  Earth  is  spherical  by  sailing  around  it,  and 
by  other  circumstances. 

In  sailing  upon  the  ocean,  the-highest  part  of  a  ship  is  seen  first  as  it  comes 
towards  us ;  and  it  is  only  upon  its  nearer  approach  that  the  lower  parts  are 
seen. 

66.  How  many  motions  has  the  Earth  ? 

The  Earth  has  two  motions :  a  motion  on  its  own  axis,  and  a 
motion  around  the  sun. 


NORTH  POLE. 

A 


B 

SOUTH  POLE. 


57.  What  is  the  axis  of  the  Earth  ? 

The  axis  of  the  Earth  is  a  straight  line 
which  is  supposed  to  pass  through  the 
centre,  and  upon  which  it  revolves. 

The  Earth  moves  round  on  its  axis  once  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  turning  from  west  to  east.  This  can  bo 
best  illustrated  by  an  artificial  globe  having  for 
the  axis  a  rod,  upon  which  it  revolves. 

58.  What  are  the  poles  of  the  Earth  7 

The  poles  of  the  Earth  are  the  ends  of 
its  axis. 


'i;i,!liililii:iiiii 


DAY    AND  NIGHT. 


59.  Is  the  Earth  entirely  spherical  ? 

It  is  not  entirely  spherical ;  it  is  flattened  at  the  poles,  forming 
an  oblato  spheroid.     The  diameter  of  the  Earth  is  twenty-six 


Y. 


ASTRONOMICAL   AND   MATHEMATICAL   GEOGRAPHY.     19 


it,  and 

it  comes 
liirts  are 


,  and  a 


ht  line 
^h  the 

twcnty- 

3  can  bo 
ing   for 


nds  of 


\ 


miles  shorter  from^  pole  to  pole  than  from  side  to  side  at  the 
equator.  * 

60.  What  is  produced  by  the  motion  of  the  Earth  on  its  axis  ? 
The  motion  of  the  Earth  on  its  axis  produces  the  change  of 
Day  and  Night. 

81.  What  is  the  orbit  of  the  Earth  ? 

The  orbit  of  the  Earth  is  the  lino  or  path  in  which  th(5  earth 
revolves  round  the  sun.  This  revolution  is  performed  in  a  year. 
The  axis  of  the  Earth  is  inclined  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit 
about  23 J  degrees.  Hence,  in  its  passage  round  the  sun,  the 
sun's  rays  fall  more  vertically  upon  the  earth  in  some  parts  of 
its  course  than  in  others.  The  more  nearly  the  sun's  rays  are 
vertical,  the  greater  is  their  heating  power  upon  the  earth. 

62.  What  is  produced  by  the  inclination  of  the  axis  of  the  Enrth  and  the 
annual  revolution  of  the  Earth  round  the  sun? 

The  inclination  of  the  axis  of  the  Earth  and  the  annual  revo- 
lution of  the  Earth  round  the  sun  produce  the  changes  of  sea- 
sons, or  Spring,  Summer,  Autumn,  and  Winter. 

63.  What  is  the  circumference  of  the  Earth  ? 
The  circumference  of  the  Earth  is  the 

distance  around  it.  This  distance  is  nearly 
25,000  miles. 

64.  What  is  the  diameter  of  the  Earth  ? 
The  diameter  of  the  Earth  is  a  straight 

line  passing  through  the  centre,  from  surface 
to  surface.  The  length  of  the  Earth's 
diameter  is  nearly  8000  miles.  „-.-,w-' 

The  axig  of  the  earth  is  the  shortest  of  its  diameters.  It  is  about  7899 
miles  in  length.  The  longest  diameter  is  that  at  the  equator,  and  is  about 
7925  miles  in  length. 

65.  What  is  the  Zenith  of  a  place? 

The  Zenith  of  a  place  is  that  point  in  the  sky  immediately 
above  the  head  of  the  observer. 

The  opposite  point  in  the  sky,  beneath  his  feet,  is  called  the  Nadir  of  the 
plooe. 


C\,cunifereuop 


rming 
ity-six 


2a 


IMAGINARY   LINES    USED   ON    GLOBES 


OF  THE  IMAGINARY  LINES  USED  ON  GLOBES 

AND  MAPS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

In  order  to  point  out  conveniently  the  positions  of  places  on 
the  earths  surface,  we  use  either  an  artificial ghhe,  or  a  plane 
surface  and  draw  upon  it  certain  imaijinary  lines  and  circles. 
Ihese  have  various  technical  names,  ichich  will  now  he  described. 

FIG.  1.  piR    2. 

66.  What  is  a  Great 
Circle  ? 

A  Great  Circle  is 
a  circle  formed  on 
the  earth's  surface 
by  a  plane  passing 
through  its  centre. 

A  great  circle  divides 

GREAT  CIRCLES.  \  SMAlrt^LES.  ^^^      'P^'"'"      ^"*°       ^''"' 

v,  T    •  equal    parts,   or   hemi- 

Bphcres.      It  IS  always  equal  to  the  circumference  of  the  globe,  or  nearly 
-50,UOO  miles  round.  ica.wjr 

67.  What  are  all  other  circles  called  ? 

All  Other  circles  are  called  Small  Circles. 

The  plane  of  a  small  circle  does  not  pass  through  the  centre  of  the  earth. 
''"'^  68.  What  is  the  Equator? 

The  Equator  is  a  great  circle  ex- 
tending around  the  earth,  at  an  equal 
distance  from  either  pole.  Every  por- 
tion of  it  is  about  6225  miles  distant 
from  the  poles. 

69.  AVhat  is  the  Ecliptic  ? 

The  Ecliptic  is  a  great  circle  cutting 
the  Equator  at  two  opposite  points  and 
making  an  angle  with  it  of  about  twenty- 
three  degrees  and  a  half      » 

70.  What  doc£  the  Ecliptic  represent? 

The  Ecliptic  rep-escnts  the  annual  path  of  tha  earth  round 
the  sun. 

71.  What  arc  the  Polar  circles  ? 

Polar  circles  are  two  small  circles  panillel  to  the  Equator  and 
lying  near  the  poles. 


South  Pole 


AND   MAPS   OP   THE   EARTH. 


21 


The  North  Polar  Circle  is  called  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  the  South  Polar 
the  Antarctic. 

72.  What  are  the  Tropica  ? 

The  Tropics  are  two  small  circles  parallel  to  the  Equator  and 
near  to  it,  one  north  and  the  other  south  of  it. 

The  northern  ia  called  the  TropJ.c  of  Cancer,  and  the  aouthern  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn.  These  are  called  t-opica  from  the  Greek  word  trepo,  to  turn, 
because  when  the  sun  reaches  them  he  seems  to  turn  back  in  hia  daily  course 
towards  the  equator. 

73.  Into  what  parts  or  portions  ia  every  circle  divided  ? 

Every  circle  is  divided  into  360  degrees.  Every  degree  is 
composed  of  60  minutes,  and  every  minute  of  60  seconds. 

74.  What  is  the  length  of  a  degree  on  a  great  circle  ? 

The  length  of  a  degree  on  a  great  circle  is  60  geographical 
miles,  or  69J  English  miles.  o    6    F 

A  geographical  mile  is  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree,  or  about  2025  yards 
in  length ;  it  is  used  at  sea  by  navigators  to  measure  distances  in  sailing  A 
statute  or  common  mile  is  1760  yards  in  extent;  it  is  used  to  measure  distances 
on  land. 


Korth  I'ulc. 


75.  What  is  Latitude  ? 
Latitude  is  distance  north  or 

south  of  the  Equator. 

76.  How  is  Latitude  represented  ? 
Latitude    is    represented   by 

circles,  called  Parallels  of  Lati- 
tude, running  from  east  to  west. 
The  Tropics  and  the  Polar  Circles 
are  also  Parallels  of  Latitude. 

77.  How  is  Latitude  counted  ? 
We  begin  to  count  Latitude 

at  the  Equator,  and  count  by 
degrees,  north  and  south,  towards 
the  Poles.  The  latitude  of  the 
Equator  is  0,  that  of  each  Pole  is  90°. 

By  an  examination  of  the  figure  we  shall  see  that  the  distance  from  th.- 
Equator  to  either  Pole  is  90°,  so  that  if  we  add  together  the  four  portions  lying 
between  the  Equator  and  the  Poles  we  shall  have  .1(50°,  or  the  whole  sirouai- 
feronce  of  the  globe.     Only  every  tenth  degree  is  put  down  in  the  figure. 


South  i'ole 


s^O 


22 


IMAGINARY    LINES    USED    ON    GLOBES 


I 


78.  What  is  North  Latitude  ? 

North  Latitude  is  distance  Northward  from  the  Equator. 

79.  What  is  South  Latitude  ? 

South  Latitude  is  distance  Southward  from  the  Equator. 

80.  What  is  tiio  distance  from  the  Equator  to  cither  of  the  Tropics? 

oor^^mfi'^'!"''^^*^'  *^^^  Eijuator  to  either  of  the  Tropics  is  23° 
^8  .     1  his  IS  called  the  Latitude  of  the  Tropic. 

81.  What  is  the  distance  from  the  Poles  to  the  Polar  Circles  ? 

The  distance  from  the  Poles  to  the  Polar  Circles  is  the  same 
distance, — namely,  23°  28'. 

82.  What  is  Longitude  ? 

Longitude  is  distance  east  or  west. 


83.  How  is  Longitude  represented  ? 

Longitude  is  represented  by  great 
circles  passing  through  the  Poles  and 
across  the  Equator. 

84.  What  name  is  given  to  these  circles? 
They   are    called    Meridians.      This 

word  is  derived  from  the  Latin  mtri- 
dics,  noon;  because  all  places  in  the 
same  lozigitude  have  noon  at  the  same 
time. 

85.  How  is  Longitude  measured  ? 

Longitude  is  measured  in  degrees,  east  and  west,  from  a  c-iven 
or  assumed  meridian,  which  is  called  the  First  Meridian. 
The  Longitude  of  this  meridian  is  represented  thus:  0. 

86.  What  are  some  of  the  given  or  assumed  meridians  ? 

The  English  reckon  Longitude  from  the  meridian  Passing 
through  the  Koyal  Observatory  at  Greenwich,  near  London 
Americans  reckon  it  from  the  meridian  passing  thror^^'h  .ho 
National  Observatory  at  Washington  City.  The  French  reckon 
It  from  the  mevidian  of  Paris.  Other  nations  reckon  from  the 
meridian  ot  their^prineipal  observatories. 

87.  Where  are  the  degrees  of  Longitude  marked  on  the  map  of  the  Earth  ? 

Degrees  of  Long  t^ude  are  marked  on  the  Equator.     On  Mit 

diell  s  Maps,  aLd  -u  ^:^khes,  Longitude  is  usually  reckoned  from 
(rreenwish.  '  "^ 


}i 


AND    MAPS    OF    THE    EARTH. 


23 


88.  How  many  degrees  of  Longitude  are  there  in  the  circumference  of  the 
£o.rth  ? 

There    are 
360°   in   the 
circumfe- 
rence of  the 
Earth. 

This  will  be 
explained  by  the 
accnmpanying 
Tig'ire.  Suppose 
the  globe  to  be 
out  in  two  attho 

Equator,  and  the  upper  hemisphere  laid  nn 
its  flat  side.  A  will  indicate  the  place  of  the 
Pole,  and  C,  B,  D,  E  that  of  the  Equator. 
Only  every  tenth  degree  is  placed  upon  the  figure. 

80.  Explain  from  the  figure  how  Longitude  is  counted. 

We  begin  with  the  meridian  of  Greenwich,  which  is  assumed 
to  be  0,  and  count  West  J^ongitude  up  to  180°,  which  will  be 
directly  opposite  to  Greenwich.  We  then  go  back  to  0  and 
count  East  Longitude  up  to  180°. 

The  greatest  Longitude  which  a  place  can  have  is  180°  East  or  West. 

90.  What  effect  has  difference  of  Jiongitude  upon  time? 

As  the  Earth  revolves  on  its  axis,  the  Sun  seems  to  pass  over 
the  meridians  in  succession  from  east  to  west ;  thus  the  places 
oast  of  us  have  sunrise  before  us,  and  their  time  is  always  in 
advance  of  ours. 

91.  How  many  degrees  of  Longitude  correspond  to  an  hour  of  time? 

15°.  The  whole  number  of  degrees  is  300.  The  Earth  re- 
volves round  these  once  in  24  hours.  Divide  3G0  by  24,  and  we 
have  15  as  the  number  of  degrees  passed  in  one  hour. 

When  it  is  noon  at  Washington  it  is  about  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  at 
San  Francisco,  and  more  than  live  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  in  London. 

92.  What  are  Antipodes  ? 

Antipodes  are  places  directly  opposite  to  each  other  in  point 
of  Latitude  and  TiOngitude  on  the  Earth's  surface;  conse(juently 
their  hours  of  day  and  night  arc  also  opposite.  When  it  is 
twelve  o'clock  at  noon  with  us,  it  is  twelve  at  night  at  our  anti- 
podes. 

Tbft  ancients  supposed  the  Earth  to  be  an  extended  plain,  longest  from 


Bineg 


■umLH 


24 


IMAGiNA?.Y   LINES    USED   ON   GLOBES,  MAPS,  ETC. 


east  to  west,  and  bo  they  called  distanced  in  that  direction  Longitude,  ^hich 
nicans  length  ;  and  distances  north  and  south  Latitude,  or  breadth.  We  hare 
retained  these  na.  ues. 


I 


THE  ZONES. 

03.  What  arc  Zones? 

Zones  are  belts  or  divisions  of 
the  Earth's  surface,  lying  parallel 
to  the  Equator.  The  word  zone  is 
from  the  Greek,  and  means  a  belt 
or  girdle. 

P4.  By  whatHnes  arc  the  Zones  formed? 
Zones  are  formed  by  the  Tropics 
and  the  Polar  Circles. 

95.  IIow  many  Zones  are  there  ? 
There  are  five  Zones :  the  Torrid 
Zone,  the  North  and  South  Tem- 
perate Zones,  and  the  North  and  South  Frigid  Zones 

Torrid  moans  hot  or  parched ,-  /rigid  means  cold  or/ioic»i. 

96.  Whi  re  is  the  North  Frij;id  Zone  ? 

The  North  Frigid  Zone  lies  between  the  North  Pole  and  the 
Arctic  Circle. 

97.  Whore  is  the  South  Frigid  Z  >rc? 

The  South  Frigid  Zone  lies  between  the  South  Pole  and  tho 
.Antarctic  Circle. 

98.  Where  is  tho  North  Temperate  Z(me  ? 

The  North  Temperate  Zone  lies  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer 
and  the  Arctic  Circle. 

C9.  Where  is  fhe  South  Temporato  Z<.no7 

The  South  Temperate  Zone  lies  between  the  Tropic  of  Capri- 
corn and  tho  Antarctic  Circle. 

100.  How  broad  is  each  Trmperiite  Zone  ? 

Each  Temperate  Zjnc  is  about  43°,  or  2978  miles,  broad. 

101.  Whore  is  tho  Torrid  Zone? 

The  Torrid  Zone  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Kquatw,  occupying 
0  entire  spjice  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  tho  Tropic 


the  entire  spjic 
of  Capricorn 


THE   ZONES.  26 

102.  IIcT  broad  is  tho  Torrid  Zone? 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  about  47°,  or  3255  miles,  broad. 

103.  Why  is  it  cold       s„nsray» Frlgnl  2,„ 

in  the  Frigid  Z^ncs  ?     3„,., , J, ~;:~;_- '-^-^""' 

Because, owing  w-      --_____,-   x, 

to  the  curviiture    8„„..,„,,, //        '^••ctio  .uroie       N^ 

of  the  earth,  the  ~A>^ -» 

rays  of  the  sun,     ^""'""^^ fk:p^^^^^*^^^^?^^^ 

which  are  vertical    suu-s  n.ys ^\"'---_,«quator -'^  j 

upon  the  equator,  •  \^~~~~-~-— ____^--^  "^ 

f.ll  obliquely  on    8„„,,„^ \    ^-woccpricon. 

the  Frigid  Zones ;    s.„-, n,y. ''-"'"S^^^^z—^'' 

and  because,  owing  to  the  obliquity  of  the  earth's  axis,  durin-  the 
winter,  large  portions  of  these  Zones  are  not  reached  by  the  mya 
or  the  sun  at  all.  *^  •' 

104.  What  arc  tho  seasons  of  tho  Frigid  Zones  ? 

The  seasons  of  the  Frigid  Zones  are  only  two,— a  Ion-  winder 
asting  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  and  a  short  summer 
Msting  during  the  remaining  portion. 

105.  What  is  said  of  day  and  night  in  tho  Frigid  Z  nos? 

At  the  Poles  it  is  day  during  half  tho  year  and  night  during 
She  other  half.  The  Sun  in  his  course  during  the  1,.,,^  day  doe! 
not  sink  below  the  horizon;  and  durin-.  the  long  night  he  does 
not  risa  above  it.  o      o  " 

On  tho  Polar  Circles  tho  long-  ,\u     ^.  /». 

est  day  is  twcnty-f,nir  hours.    At  .|1  !l\'^'^lh;....,.'''  ^^^^\ 

tho  Poles  it  iH  xix  months.     IJo-  ^     -    ':  I.      '    V       \'        -*■»    ^ 
twocn  the  Polar  Circles  and  tho       );|;^       Mj\ 

I'oies  tho  day  varies  in  length  ■'';'"'      .^_   ^\   \f^ 
from   twenty-four  hours  to  ^ix        i^S^^^f  / 

108.  What  kinds  of  nnima's     ,    ,ii««i^«.«^ 
ore  found  in  tho  Frigid  Zones  ?     ^'-'it^f^^'M^^i^^^-^^:'-  ^ 

Theanimalsof  the  Frigid  ^:^m^^^^^  * 

folios  are  those  (uily  which,  -i^^^—                ^.^» 

can  b(  ar  a  great  degree  of  . Z^T     .^A^j^SKJlt.'  / ^"^ 

fold,  such  as  the  white  or  *™«-'^^K--'    ''^•^i'l 

pni.ir  bear,  the  reinde(!r,  tlio  ^^ 
musk-ox,  and  otln^rs  which 
nature  has  provided  witl 


i^  also  a  hardy  race  of  d 


I  coverings  of  thifk  and  fine  furs.     Tl 


'gs,  which  are  used  to  draw  .sK-ds 


lere 


ia«Ttl!n"W  ,.HM- 


26      IMAGINARY    LINES    USED   ON    GLOBES,  MAPS,  ETC. 
107.  What  is  said  of  the  vegetation  of  the  Frigid  Zones? 

In  the  Frigid  Zones  there  is  very  little  vegetation  of  any  kind 
Tl.ere  are  a  few  berries  and  trees  of  stunted  growth  in  the  parts 
bordering  on  the  Temperate  Zones. 

108   What  is  known  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Frigid  Zones  ? 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Frigid  Zones  are  ignorant  savage  tribes, 
f-w  in  number,  of  dwarfish  size  and  swarthy  complexion. 

Many  danjrcrous  expeditions  uavo  been  made  to  the  North  Frigid  Zone. 
Sir  J..hn  Franklin's  party  was  lost  there.  Numerous  English  expeditions 
have  been  made  to  discover  his  fate.  From  thf  United  States,  Lieutenant  Do 
Haven,  Dr.  Kane,  and  Dr.  Hayes,  made  voyages  for  the  same  purpose. 

100    Why  is  it  hot  in  the  Torrid  Zone? 

It  is  hot  in  the  Torrid  Zone  because  the  Sun  is  nearly  vertical 
io  all  places  in  this  zone,  and  his  direct  rays  have  great  power, 
and  because  this  Zone  is  reached  by  vertical  rays  oi  the  feun 
during  all  the  year,  in  winter  as  well  as  summer. 

1 10    What  is  said  of  the  days  and  nights  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 

The  days  and  nights  in  the  Torrid  Zone  are  sometimes  exactly 
cciual  in  length,  and  nearly  equal  at  all  times.  At  the  Lquatof 
they  are  always  exactly  eciual. 

Twice  a  year  they  ore  equal  all  over  the  globe,  viz.,  on  tl.c  20th  of  March 
and  the  23d  of  September.  These  pe.iode  are,  therefore,  called  the  A./^i- 
noxes. 

HI.  When  docs  the  Sun  rise  and  set  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 

The  Sun  rises  in  the  Tor- 
rid Zone  at  about  six  in  the 
morning  and  sets  about  six 
in  the  evening. 

112.  How  ninny  Fcasons  ar» 
there  in  the  Torrid  Zone? 

There  are  in  the  Torrid 
Zone  two  seasons  .  the  Wet 
and  the  Dry. 

During  the  wet  oeason  it  rains 
nearly  every  day;  during  the  dry 
season  little  rain  falls. 

113.  Whnt  kinds  of  animals 
EL£PHANTb  AND  THE  TIGER.  are  found  in  the  Torrid  Zone? 

There  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone  many  beast*  of  prey,  such  us  tho 


THE    ZONES. 


21 


f  any  kind 
n  the  parts 


AMge  tribes, 
[ion. 

Frigid  Zono. 
b  expeditions 
Lieutenant  Do 
irpose. 

arly  vertical 
jrcat  power, 
of  the  Sun 

imes  exactly 
the  Equatot 

2nth  of  March 
Ucd  the  Eiiui- 


;s  in  the  Tor- 
lutsix  in  the 
lets  about  six 

)• 

ny  pcnaons  nra 
id  Zono? 
I)  the  Torrid 
)ns.  the  "Wet 

<t  oeason  it  riiinH 
;  during  the  dry 
I  falls. 

inds  of  jinlmnln 
Torrid  Zono? 


lion,  tiger,  and  leopard;   also,  animals   of  enormous  size    and 
strength,  as  the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  and  hippopotamus. 

114.  What  is  said  of  the  reptiles  of  the  Torrid  Zone? 

The  reptiles  of  the  Torri J  Zone  are  large  and  numerous, 
powerful  and  dangerous.  Many  of  them  are  venomous  Anion.' 
the  serpents  the  largest  are  the  boa  constrictor  and  python  The 
crocodile  and  alligator  also  are  found. 

115.  What  is  said  of  the  birds 
of  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 

The  birds  of  the  Torrid 
Zone  are  of  great  variety, 
of  graceful  forms,  and 
beautiful  plumage.  The 
largest  birds  are  the  os- 
trich, cassowary,  and  emu : 
these  do  not  fly,  but  run 
swiftly;  the  condor  and 
lanimergeyer  wing  their 
flight  to  the  summits  of 
the  loftiest  mountains. 

116.  What  is  said  of  vege- 
tation in  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 


OSTRICHES. 


The  Torrid  Zone  is  remarkablo  for  the  luxuriance  of  its  ve^^e- 
tation  and  the  variety  of  its  products.     J.uscious  fruits  abound 
such  as  oranges,  i)ineapples,  bananas,  and  others  called  tropica) 
iru.ts.     Hoautiful  flowers  of  many  kinds  bloom  in  the  tropics 
without  culture.  * 

117.  AVhat  is  said  of  the  inhahitnnts  of  the  Torrid  Zone? 

The  inhiibitants  of  the  Torrid  Zon(>  are  generally  dark  in 
color,  and  indolent  in  habit  both  of  body  und  mind. 

Thcso  clfeots  arc  in  a  measure  pr..duf..d  l,y  the  intonn..  ho  't.  whirh  ronderr 
cx.rH.m  irksome.  In  s.mo  parts  the  po.plo  aro  much  subject  t^  fevers  und 
oilier  uangoroufl  diseases. 


TI 


118.  To  what  storms  is  the  Torrid  Zono  subject? 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  subject  to  violent  storms  of  wind  callod 


urricantH  or  Joiiiatiocs.     ihesc  are  very  destr 


ructivu  to  veire- 


tiitioii,  to  housi^H  on  land,  and  also  to  sliips  at  sea. 
Uurricines  aro  particularly  violent  among  tho  West  India  Islands.     In 


tli« 


28      IMAGINARY   LINES    USED   ON   GLOBES,  MAPS,  ETC. 

East  they  are  called  typhoons.     They  blow  generally  in  a  circle,  and  on  ihis 
uccount  are  called  whirlwinds. 

119.  What  is  said  of  earthquakes  in  the  Torrid  Zone? 

In  the  Torrid  Zone  earthquakes  are  more  frequent  and  vio- 
lent than  in  the  other  zones.  Many  flourishing  cities  have  been 
destroyed  by  earthquakes. 


AN  EARTHQUAKE. 

120.  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Temperate  Zones? 

The  inhabit  lilts  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  generally  stronger 
(n  body  and  more  cultivated  in  mind  than  those  of  the  other 
Zones.  They  are  of  fairer  complexion,  and  have  greater  energy 
of  character.  In  the  Temperate  Zones  only,  has  the  highest 
civilization  been  achieved. 

121.  Why  is  it  less  warm  in  tlic  Temperate  Z mos  than  in  the  Torrid  Zone? 
It  is  less  warm  in  the  Temperate  Zones  than  in  the  Torrid 

Zone  because  the  Run's  rays,  ialling  in  an  ol)li(|ue  direction, 
are  less  powerful  than  whon'falling  almost  vertically,  as  they  do 
in  the  Torrid  Zone.  The  climatic  of  the  Temperate  Zones  ia 
milder  and  more  eijuable  than  that  of  the  others. 

122.  IIow  many  sensons  are  there  in  the  Tompcrnto  Z  nos? 

i  lici'o   are    lour    Hea:s»)iirs   in    vim    xuuipurai.u    /jonto .   (^prJU;^, 
Summer,  Autumn,  and  Winter. 


les:  bprmg, 


MAPS. 
123.  What  is  said  of  the  animals  of  tho  Temperate  Zones? 


29 


T     ^,       m  r,         —"'"""  J- emperaie  zones? 

In  the  lemperute  Zones  there  are  few  wild  ho-.^t^  nr.A 
ou»  reptile.,  a,  compared  with  those  of  the  TorrdloL      uS 
:;Z     "''"""''  '""''  "  ""  '"'^^«'  '"'".  'J-',  shoop":  ™d  many 

many  rsspoots  from  those  of  tho  South  Tempcnito.  '  """  ^"""  "''T"  "' 

124    Mention  ,omo  of  the  wild  animal,  of  tho  North  Temperate  Zone. 

Some  of  the  wild  animals  of  the  North  TemD=ra*o  7n„„  n 
the  bear,  wolf,  buffalo,  elk,  deer,  and  fox.     "^""P"'"-"  ^"•"'  "'" 

^•^- — "^^^  consideration  of  the  effects  of  fho  <3„«'<, 
vc,eta.,e  Hfe  belongs  properly  to  ptlrJ  altZVyZl  "tCr  7^^ 
Zones  m  regard  to  their  form  and  position  belongs  to  Asf  ronL      ,  i  ^       *^^ 
It  has  been  thought  best,  howeve'r,  f^r  tUeZ  o    tTyT7ltT^^^^^^ 
8ul)ject  under  the  latter  head.  ^'  '"''  *^°  ^^"^^ 

Only  a  sufficient  number  of  princiolos  ami  *!»«„:*• 
fonn  an  intoiligent  introduction  1o  thlt-eral  .Srof  OooTra^v"  '""° 


ANTARCTIC     OCEAN 


125.  What  is  a  Man? 


AM 


face, 


»p  is  a  (Irawiri 


a 


MAP.— MERCATOR'S  PROJECTION. 

MAI'S. 

presents 


part  or  the  whole  of  the  lOarth's'^urfaea 


I  plane  or  level  sur- 


8« 


r 


1 


30      IMAGINARY    LINES    i^SED    ON    GLOBES,  MAPS,  ETC. 

126.  How  are  Mupj  representing  the  whole  of  the  Earth's  surface  made? 
Maps  representing  the  whole  of  the  Earth's  surface  are  made 

in  two  ways :  oy  Mercator's  Projection,  and  by  two  IIemisj)hercSj 
the  Eastern  and  Western. 

127.  What  is  meant  by  Mercator's  Projection  ? 

Mercator's  Projection  is  a  rectangular  map  of  the  world,  in 
which  the  meridians  and  the  parallels  of  latitude  are  represented 
by  straight  lines. 

As  the  surface  of  the  sphere  is  supposed  to  be  rolled  out  on  a  plane,  the 
parts  most  distant  from  the  Equator  are  distorted,  and  appear  too  large  com- 
pared with  those  near  and  upon  it. 

A      C  128.  IIow  is  the  whole  of  the  Earth's  surface 

represented  by  Hemispheres  ? 

The  whole  of  the  Earth's  surface  is 
represented  by  Hemispheres,  by  a  map 
in  which  the  Earth  is  supposed  to  be  cut 
into  halves,  and  these  halves  are  supposed 
to  be  placed  alongside  of  each  other,  with 
the  flat  side  down. 

We  may  Fuppose  the  Earth  to  bo  cut  into 
halves  by  a  plane  passing  through  its  axis,  as 
in  the  figure.  The  two  hemi- 
spheres, A  li  and  C  D,  are 
then  supposed  to  be  turned 
upi)n  their  flat  sides.  If  upon 
these  hemisiiheres  thus 
placed  we  describe  the  divi- 
sions of  the  land  and  water, 
the  outlines  of  countries, 
and  the  more  striking  na- 
tural features  of  the  Earth's 
surface,  we  shall  haro  a  map  of  the  world  in  hemispheres.  Upon  these  are 
usually  placed  the  meridians  and  parallels,  the  equator,  the  zones,  and  all  tht 
important  circles  and  lines  already  mentioned. 

129.  How  are  Maps  of  a  part  of  the  Earth's  surfnce  made? 

Maps  of  a  part  of  the  Earth's  surface  are  nu»de  by  taking 
only  a  portion  of  the  Mnp  of  the  whole  Earth,  and  enlarging  it, 
80  that  nu)re  minute  details  may  be  placed  upon  it. 

ir;0.  In  what  directions  arc  the  tup,  bottoin.  .nnd  sides  of  the  Map  supposed 
to  be  placed  ? 

The  top  of  a  3Iap  is  usually  towards  the  North  Pole,  the  bottom 


r4 


MAPS. 


31 


]]arth'9  surface 


SI:  t  W:^  ''The'Ej'''.'"'"^'"  "'•'  ^-'-  -<•  ""»  'eft 

.„d' WoJ?""  """"  °"  '^"""  '°  '"»"'  '■■'"'  "'-«»-.  North,  South,  E»„, 

of  «rco,f;f '  ^"''  """^  '^''"'  "^  -"'^'^  «-  Cardinal  Pointa 

132.  What  is  the  Mariner's 
Ciirnpass  ? 

Tlie  Mariner's  Compass 
is  an  instrument  consist- 
ing of  a  needle  of  ma-^^net- 
ized  iron  turninf^  freely 
over  a  card  divided  into 
thirty-two  points.  Tliie 
is  placed  in  a  box,  which 
is  so  arranged  that  the 
needle  cannot  lose  its 
horizontal  position. 

i;5;5.  In  what  riiiection  does 
thfi  needle  always  point? 

The  needle  always  points 
towards  the  North.  mariner's  compass. 

134.  Docs  it  point  exactly  to  the  North  Pole  ? 
The  needle  does  not  always  point  exactly  to  the  North  Pole  • 

This  property  is  said  to  have  been  first  observed  bv  rn^„.»u       •    u- 

135.  What  is  a  Chart? 


32 


CIVIL   OR   POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


The  Boundaries  of  Countries  are  usually  represented  by  a  dotted 

or  broken  line. 

Deserts  and  Sand-banks  are  represented  by  numerous  dots, 
closer  together  on  the  edges  than  in  the  centre,  and  made  to  re- 
gemble  sand. 

Mountain  Ranges  are  represented  by  lines  which  radiate  from 
the  summit  or  upper  ridge  on  both  sides :  the  steeper  the  descent 
the  closer  and  darker  are  these  lines.  , 

A  City  is  represented  by  a  small  circle  and  dot. 

Capitals  are  usually  represented  by  small  stars. 


CIVIL  OR  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


THE  RACES  OF  MANKIND. 

The  human  family,  now  spread  over  the  Earth  in  various? 
races  and  nationalities,  all  sprang  from  the  first  created  pair. 
The  consideration  of  Man,  as  the  highest  order  of  animal  life, 
belongs  properly  to  Physical  Geography,  and  in  a  more  extended 
course  would  be  so  treated ;  but  as  the  highest  of  created  beings, 
capable  of  civilization,  progressive  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  and 
creating  the  political  divisions  and  forms  of  government,  he  con- 
stitutes the  foundation  of  Civil   or   Political  Geography. 

136.  What  arc  the  causes  of  the  diversities  of  race  among  men? 

All  the  causes  of  the  diversities  of  race  among  men  are  not 
known.  Cliiiiate,  food,  modes  of  life,  all  have  some  eifect  in 
producing  these  diversities. 

ir.7.  In  what  do  the  various  races  differ? 

The  various  races  differ  in  color,  form,  feature,  and  mental 
capacity.     Numerous  varieties  are  thus  formed. 

l."8.  To  how  many  races  may  they  all  ho  reduced? 

The  races  may  be  reduced  to  five  in  number :  the  Caucasian, 
or  White  race;  the  Mongolian,  or  Yellow  race;  the  African, 
or  Black  racej  the  Malay,  or  Brown  race;  and  the  American, 
or  Red  race. 


THE    RACES    OP   MANKIND. 


by  a  dotted 

lerous  dots, 
made  to  re- 

adiate  from 
the  descent 


1:^9. 


lY. 


1  in  various? 
reated  pair, 
animal  life, 
•re  extended 
ated  beings, 
ciences,  and 
ent,  he  con- 

len? 

men  are  not 

lie  effect  in 


and  mental 


e  Caucasian, 
:he  African, 
e  American, 


83 

What  may  be  said  of  the  Caucasian  race  ? 

They  are  the  most  im- 
proved iind  intelligent  of 
the    human     family,   and 
seem  cajiable  of  attaining 
the  highest  degree  of  pro- 
gress and  civilization.  The 
nations  of  Europe,  Western 
Asia,  Northern  Africn,with 
the  white   inhabitants  of 
America,  are  included   in 
this  division  of  mankind. 
This  is  also  called  the  Eu- 
ropean race. 

140.   What  is  known  of    >' 
the  Mongolian  or  Mongol 
race? 

The  Mongolian  race  ^1 
are  of  a  yellow  com-  3^ 
plexion,  with  the  eyes  ''~ 
sot  obliquely  ill  the  face. 

In  disposition  they  arc 
patient  and  in- 
dustri  ms.  but 
limited  in  "^en Ilia 
and  slo'-,  in  jiro- 
e:res,'^^.  The  Chi- 
'■  "      iP- 

ese  ■   a 

large  ,,  .^ 

the  Mor  ,o. 

The  Finns  and 
Ti.'iplanders  of 
Europe, also,  are 
said  to  belong 
to  it. 

U].  What  is 
siidofllieEla-ik 
or  Negro  race  ? 


Thu    Black 

•if'e  are  of  a 

coni- 


(1 


ex  ion,  V 


ary 


34 


CIVIL   AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Generally,  they  are  strong  and  active  in  body,  but  indolent  in  habit,  an^ 
have  not  attained  to  any  high  degree  of  civilization.  They  inhabit  nearly 
all  the  districts  of  Africa  south  of  the  Great  Desert,  and  are  found  also  in 
America,  whither  they  were  carried  as  slaves.  A  peculiar  race,  called  Papuan 
negroes,  are  found  in  New  Guinea  and  Australia. 

142.  What  is 
said  of  the  Ma- 
lay race  ? 

The  Malay 
race  are  of  a 
dark  brown 
complexion, 
fierce  and  re- 
vengeful in 
disposition, 
and  have 
made  but  lit- 
tle progress  in 
civilization. 

This  race  is 
found  in  most  of 
the  islands  of 
the  Pacific  0- 
cean  near  the 
coast  of  Africa, 
There  are  many 


THE  MALAY  RACE. 
(A  New  Zealand  Chief.) 


THE    RED    RACE. 
(Ad  Indian  Chief.) 


and  in  the  peninsula  of  Malacca  south  of  Farther  India, 
pirates  among  luo  Malays. 

143.  What  is  said  of  tne  American  or  Red  race  ? 

The  American  or  Red  race  are  of  a  copper  color,  with  straight 
black  hair,  tall  and  well  formed,  but  revengeful  and  warlike. 

They  are  fast  disappearing  before  the  progress  of  white  civilization.  This 
race  comprises  the  Indians  of  both  North  and  South  America.  The  Esqui- 
maux, who  inhabit  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  have  sometimes  been 
confounded  with  them,  but  are  supposed  to  be  of  the  Mongol  race. 

N.B. — A  consideration  of  the  racru  of  men  according  to  these 
divisions   is  called  Ethnograph}/.      This  forms  a  science   apart 
from   Geographji^  and,  to  he  thoroughly/  understood,  it  must  bl 
ttudied  separately. 


in  habit,  an^ 
ihabit  nearly 
bund  also  in 
ailed  Papuan 

142.  What  is 
d  of  the  Ma- 
race  ? 

The  Malay 
ce  are  of  a 
rk  brown 
luplexion, 
rce  and  re- 
ngeful  in 
sposition, 
d  have 
ide  but  lit- 
;  progress  in 
v^ilization. 
This  race  is 
and  in  most  of 
e  islands  of 
e  Pacific  0- 
an  near  the 
ast  of  Africa, 
ere  are  many 


^ith  straight 
warlike. 

lization.  This 
.  The  Esqui- 
metimcs  been 
ice. 

ling  to  these 

ience   apart 

it  must  hi 


THE   STATES   OP   SOCIETY. 


THE  STATES  OF  SOCIETY. 


85 


14 1.    Into    what 

f  '.wociasscsmayman- 
1  kind  be  divided,  in 
i  respect  to  their  social 
i       condition? 

I         Mankind,      in 

I  respect    to    their 

(  social    condition, 

*  may  be  divided  in- 

I  to  two  great  class- 

1  es,    viz.,    Savage 

I  and  Civilized. 

I  The    first    named 

4  includes  all  those 
I  tribes  who  have  no 
f  permanent  dwelling, 
but  roam  from  place 
to  place  with  their 
flocks  and  aerds,  or 
in  quest  of  game. 
Civilized    nations 


THE  ENLIGHTENED  STATE. 


.  ,      _  ..w.>i.t.     JI«IC, 

m.  How  may  these  two  classes  be  still  further  divided  9 
U6.  What  U  meant  by  Saroge  lift,  ? 

Now  Guinea,  and  iuSia    ""  "''*'™'  "^  ^™'"''  ^f"™.  of 

147.  How  do  savages  live? 

wild  f^ui,«.  T  ov^Lk/Cn"™'  T"  'r"""'  '""''•  »^ 
cruel  and  sunerstttio,,.,  s  *""'  "''"''  """"••  ""<•  »re  very 
human  flesh  '^'-     ®'"°"'  ""^S'^''  ^"^  "^mbals  and  ea^ 


I'!  • 


36 


CIVIL    OR    POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


148.  Do  savages  ilwollinhc.uses?  j       „^i 

Savage,  sometiu.es  live  in  huts  of  the  ™de»t^kn,d;  and  a^col^ 

constitutes  a  vil- 
lage, where  they 
live   for   a  short 
time,  until   their 
nomadic  or  wan- 
dering     instinct 
prompts  them  to 
leave  it.  They  pay 
little  or  no  atten- 
tion   to    agiicul- 
ture,  and  are  usu- 
ally    naked,     or 
have  veiy  scanty 
clothing. 

149.  What  is  said 
of  their  kn<;wleclge? 

Savages  are  al- 
most entirely  ig- 
norant: they  have 
no  knowledge  of 
letters,  no  system  of  laws  or  morals,  and  no  division  of  land 

150.  IIow  are  savages  governeil?  i   ♦„  „„,1 
ravages  are  governed  by  chiefs,  who  are  usually  absolute  and 

cruel  despots. 

151.  What  is  said  of  the  Barbarous  state?  ^ 

The  barbarous  state  is  the  second  stage,  not  ^";^f«  ^^^^^^^^^ 
the  savage.  The  Tartars,  the  Arabs,  and  some  North  Atucan 
tribes  are  in  this  state. 

152.  How  do  Barbarians  live?         '  .T.^„r««vr^ 
Barbarians  live  in  tents  or  rude  hoases    wlwch  they  mo^c 

about  from  plaee  to  place  i..  seareh  of  pasture  fo.  tbe.r  flock, 
and  herds. 

153.  What  do  Barbarians  cat?  i    i   •    i. 
Barbnrlnns  eat  the  flesh  of  their  flocks  and  herds  <?nd  drink 

their  milk.     They  also  pay  some  attention  to  agriculture,  and 
raise  various  kinds  of  grain  for  food. 


THE  SAVAGE  STATE. 


THE   STATES   OP   SOCIETY. 


87 


\d;  and  a  col^ 
ion  of  these 
stitutes  a  vil- 
3,  where  they 
!  for  a  short 
e,  until  their 
nadic  or  wan- 
ing instinct 
inipts  them  to 
veit.  They  pay 
Ic  or  no  atten- 
n    to    agiicul- 


149.  What  is  said 
their  kn<;wletlge? 

Savages  are  al- 
3st  entirely  ig- 
•rant:  they  have 
»  knowledge  of 
ion  of  land 


quite  so  low  as 
North  African 


lich  they  move 
for  their  flocks 


lerds  and  drink 
agriculture,  and 


154    What  is  said  of  the  knowledge  of  Barbarians? 
iJarbarians  have  written  lanL'uafos    hut  ii.„r  i 

to  read  and  write.  ''^"•^o^^-  but  lew  among  them  learn 

Their  progress 
even  in  the  sim- 
plest mechanic 
arts  is  limited. 

155.  How  are  Bar- 
barians governed  ? 

Barbarians  are 
governed    by  pa- 
triarchal    chiefs, 
called        Sheiks, 
Khans,  and  other 
names.   These  ru- 
lers are  occasion- 
ally very  despotic, 
and  their  laws  arc 
severe   and  arbi- 
trary.    The  Tar- 
tars, Arabs,   and 
some  of  the  Afri- 
can tribes  are  of  this  class 

156.  What,  is  said 
of  the  Half-Civilized 
state  ? 

The  Half-Civ- 
ilized state  is  a 
decided  improve- 
ment, in  life  and 
manners,  upon 
the  barbarous 
I  state. 

157.  What  are  the 
signs  of  this  im- 
provement? 

In  the  half-ci- 
vilized state  agri- 
culture  is  con- 
ducted with  some 
degree  of   skill, 

THE  HALF-CIVILIZED  STATE. 


38 


CIVIL    OR    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


k 


H 


the  useful  arts  arc  practised  and  improved,  cities  and  towns  aro 
built  and  adorned,  and  a  considerable  advance  is  made  in  learning 
and  literature. 

Ilalf-civilizcd  nations,  however,  are  jealous  of  strangers,  and  treat  their 
women  as  slaves.  China,  Japan,  Turkey,  and  Persia  aro  the  principal  coun- 
tries of  this  cla!<s. 

158.  What  is  meant  by  civilized  and  enlightened  nations? 

Civilized  and  enlightened  nations  are  those  which  liave  made 
the  greatest  progress  in  morals,  justice,  and  refinement,  among 
whom  the  arts  are  constantly  being  improved  and  the  sciences 
are  diligently  cultivated. 

1J9.  What  great  interests  aro  systematically  conducted  by  civilized  and 
cnrghtenod  nations  ? 

Civilized  and  enlightened  nations  systematically  conduct  the 
great  interests  of  agriculture,  mechanical  industry,  and  the  fine 
arts.  i 

In  this  way  comforts  and  luxuries  aro  provided,  and  the  bulk  of  the  pcopio 
arc  r.ndorod  contented  and  prosperous.  The  best  examples  of  enlightened 
nations  aro  the  United  States,  Eng'and,  Franco,  and  Germany. 

100.  Aro  all  such  nations  equ:.My  civilized? 

All  enlightened  nations  are  not  equally  civilized.  The  de- 
grees are  various. 

In  Russia  and  in  L^me  parts  (ff  Germany  the  people  aro  oppressed  and 
i-rn.rant,  while  th-i  nobles  live  in  luxury.  In  tlio  I'r.ited  States  the  people 
are  educated  and  fre^  all  power  is  limited  by  luw,  and  those  who  live  vir- 
tU!)U3ly  m  ly  live  happily. 

There  aro  many  grades  of  condition  in  cnoh  of  the  clashes  just  m.  n- 
tionod.  Some  niitions  arc  more  savage  than  others;  Hc.rao  barbarous  nations 
i.pproneh  the  half-civilized  state;  and  among  those  which  are  called  enlight- 
ened, some  are  much  more  so  than  others.  The  division  which  has  been  stated 
Is  exact  enough  for  practical  purposes. 


iuid  towns  aro 
lade  in  learning 

■8,  find  treat  their 
ho  principal  coun- 


licl)  liave  made 
ncnicnt,  amon^ 
id  the  sciences 

1  by  civilized  nnd 


bulk  of  the  people 
(lea  of  enlightened 
luny. 

lizcd.     The  do- 

nro  oppressed  and 
I  Stalt-8  the  people 
those  who  live  vir- 

clas^cs  just  m<  n- 
)  barbarous  nations 

are  called  enlight- 
licb  has  been  stated 


181.  How  is 
the  Earth  divi- 
dcj  politically? 

The  Earth 
is  divided  po- 
litically into 
countries. 

162.  How  are 
3ountric3  divi- 
ded and  classi- 
fied ? 

Countries 
are     divided 
ii»fo     States, 
and  are  classi- 
fied,   accord- 
ing'  to  their 
forms  of  gov- 
ernnient,    into    Em- 
pires, Kingdoms,  Du- 
cliies,  Principalities, 
and  Kepublics. 

163.  What  is  an  Em- 
pire ? 

An  Empire  is  a 
State  governed  by  a 
^i"^^lo  individual, 
sailed  an  emj)eror. 

Russia,  Austria,  and 
Germany  are  empires. 

164.  Wbat  is  a  King- 
dom ?  * 

A  Kingdnni  is  a 
^tate  governed  by  a 
king  or  queen. 

Orcnt     Uritnin      p.... 

|«a,  and  Spain  aro  king- 


POLITICAL   DIVISIONS. 

POLITICAL  DIVISTOXS. 


39 


FRANCIS  JOSEPH 


NAPOLEON  IK. 


Alexander  n. 


QUilN    VICTORIA. 


■  -f 


40 


CIVIL    OR    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


'f 


H 


165.  What  is  a  Duchy? 

A  Duchy  is  a  small  State  governed  by  a  duke.     Somethnes 
such  a  State  is  called  a  Grand  Duchy,  and  the  ruler  a  grand 

duke. 

166.  What  is  a  Principality  ? 

A  Principality  is  a  small  State  governed  by  a  prince. 
There  are  many  principalities  iu  Geriiiaay. 

167.  How  are  States  subdivided  for  the  purposes  of  government? 
States  are  subdivided  into  provinces,  counties,  shires,  &c. 

The  larger  divisions  are  usually  called  provinces,  and  the  smaller,  counties 
or  shires.  France  is  divided  into  departments;  England,  into  shires  or  coun- 
ties. Most  of  the  United  States  are  divided  into  counties.  Counties  iiro 
sometimes  divided  into  townships.  The  divisions  of  South  Carolina  arc  called 
districts,  and  those  of  Louisiana,  parishes. 

168.  Where  do  the  inhabitants  of  a  country  live  most  closely  together? 
They  live  most  closely  together  in  cities,  towns,  and  villages. 

169.  What  is 
a  City  ? 

A  City  is  a 
place  whore  a 
ixreat  number 
of  people  re- 
side cKjsc  to- 
gether,   with 
houses 
ranged 
•■ '"rtiv'-'i   streets 
'       lU    •''^uares 
New 
riiiludelphia, 
l?(i!<l()n,      IJalti- 
nion;,  and   New 
Oileiins,  art- 

lartrccItieHinthc 
Inited  Slates. 
The  Hitoof  acit.v 
isu^'Uiillyc'hosiii 
The  chief  officer  of  a  city  is  gone 


ar- 
il! 
and 

York. 


CITY  OF   NEW  ORLEANS. 


with  reference  to  Its  oommorcial  facilities. 

rally  called  a  mayor. 

170.  What  U  a  Town?  i      M    „ 

A  Town  is  a  cullection  of  houses  less  than  a  city,  and  with  a 


sely  together  ? 


FORMS   OF   GOVERNMENT.  4J 

sixiuller  number  of  people.     Towns  have  not  the  same  municinal 
rights  and  privileges  as  cities.  luunicipal 

Many  towns  are  incorporated  as  cities  after    hpv  hwr^  u 

171.  What  is  a  Capital  city  oi  town? 

A  Capital   city  or   town    is  the   seat  of    government   of   « 
country  or  State.  government   ot    a 

Washington  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States      TKa  =     *    e 
of  a  county  is  called  a  County  Town  '""*  "^  e«^"ntnent 

172.  What  is  a  Village? 

a  tir"''"  "  '  ''"'^'^°"  '^  ^^"'^^«  ^"^  i"^^-l>^tants  less  than 

173.  What  is  meant  by  the  population  of  a  country? 

Jiy  the  population  of  a  country  is  mo'^nf  t\.^  ^  *• 
of  its  inhabitants.  ^  *^""*  ^^^  ^"^'^e  number 

The  population  of  a  country  it  «««  «<•  *i. 
men.ioned  in  describing  it  ^  *^'  """'^  important  things  to  bo 

174.  How  is  the  extent  or  area  of  a  country  stated  ? 

The  extent  or  area  of  a  country  is  always  stated  in  square  miles 

square  miles.  ^  """*'  '"  "'^^J*  ^«»Jd  contain  one  hundred 


FORMS  OP  GOVERNMENT. 

m.  W„Ar  is  meant     '  Form  of  Government? 

a  so^el;  oi:  nJ!::TX^r'''  ''^  ^^^^"  «^  ^-«  ^^  -'-»» 

m.  irow  many  kinds  of  Oovornmont  are  there? 

crucy.  '^^^  ''''^^"  •  Monarchy,  Aristocracy,  and  Demo- 

177.  What  is  a  Monarohv? 


..y,nna  win, ,,  iin^.fti':j  t:^z:::iL;;' -!;:'-^  "--p--  p- 


person,  called  a  monarch. 


is 


42 


CIVIL    OR    POLITICAL    GKOGRAPHY. 


II 


Sometimes  the  monarch  is  a  king  or  queen,  us  in  England;  sometimes  an 
emperor,  us  in  Austria,  Russia, and  Germany.  In  some  countries,  as  in  France 
a  woman  cannot  rule.    Monarchs  inhabit  magnilicent  buildings,  called  Palaces. 

178.  How  many  kinds  of  Monarchy  are  there? 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Monarchy :  Limited  and  Absolute. 

179.  What  is  a  Limited  Monarchy? 

A  Limited  Monarchy  is  a  government  in  which,  by  an  esta- 
bhshcd  system  of  laws,  called  the  constitution,  the  whole  power 
d'les  not  lie  in  the  hands  of  the  monarch,  but  is  shared  by  a 
parliament  or  leji:islature. 

Great  Britain,  Holland,  and  Spain  are  limited  monarchies. 

180.  What  is  an  Absolute  Monarchy  ? 

An  Abso- 
lute Monar- 
chy is  a  gov- 
ernment   in 
which     the 
monarch  ex- 
ercises    the 
whole    pow- 
er ;  the  lives 
and  proper- 
ty of  every 
subject  may 
be  disposed 
ofas  he  plea- 
ses.    When 
an    absolute 
monarch  ex- 
ercises    his 
powerharsh- 
ly,  he  is  call- 
ed a  despot. 
Russia.Tur- 
key,  and  China 

THE  UNITBD  STATES  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES.  monurchlTs."  ^ 

181.  What  is  an  Aristocracy? 

An  Aristocracy  is  a  government  in  which  the  supreme  power 
18  ID  the  hands  of  a  nrivilcLred  lew. 


sometimes  an 
I,  as  in  Franco, 
called  Palaces. 


A.bsolute. 


,  by  an  esta- 
vhole  power 
ihared  hy  a 


An  Abso- 
lute iMonar- 
3hy  is  a  gov- 
jrnnient    in 
svhich     the 
Monarch  ex- 
u'cises     the 
k^hole    pow- 
sr;  the  lives 
md  proper- 
y  of  every 
ubject  may 
>e  disposed 
fashcplea- 
es.     W}ien 
n    absolute 
iionarch  cx- 
rcises     his 
owerharsh- 
^,  he  is  cnll- 
J  a  despot. 
Russia.Tur- 
sy.and  Chinn 
*e       nbsoluto 
onarchics. 

erne  power 


VARIETIES   IN   LANGUAGE. 


—  43 

182.  What  Is  a  Democracy? 

in  ioZ27  L'^^r^'^'  ■"  «•»<"•  «>o  ™p.on>e  power  i, 

183.  What  is  a  Republic  ? 

A  Republic  is  a  State  ffoverned  bv  r„l««     i. 

The  „„,..d  S.„.e,  fo,„,  .|!;„I"r    ^  "'"'"'"  ^-^  "'^  P^"?'"' 

The  !hlf  "°  '^'f  ""Stara,.  of  the  United  S..,c,? 

tensive  powers.  ^^'*^^'  ^nd  has  very  ex- 

nati„„„|  legislature,  S  thVcon!!";^'  ^"""  '^  ^-'^O  i»  « 

187.  What  is  a  Confederation? 

Switzerland  is  a  Confederation      tT  ^""'"''^  prosperity, 

called  Cantons.  "'^'''^'•at.on.     The  several  States  of  Switzerland  are 


VARIETIES  IN  LANGUAGE. 


3500 


•  ■ff 


44 


CIVIL    OR    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


189.  In  what  manner  were  languages  multiplied  ? 

We  are  told  in  the  Bible  that  God  confounded  the  speech  of 
those  who  built  the  Tower  of  Babel  to  defy  Him,  and  they  began 
to  talk  different  languages.  This  is  called  in  history  the  con- 
fusion of  tongues. 

190.  What  is  meant  by  a  dialect  ? 

A  dialect  is  a  diversity  in  the  forrr  ,r  ^t  knguiige,  or  a  mode 
of  speaking  or  writing  it  peculiar  to  ice, 

About  1600  dialects  belong  to  the  languag  of  the  At.erican  Indians. 
Almost  every  language  has  various  dialects. 

191.  What  is  said  of  the  English  language? 

The  English  language  is  spoken  in  England  and  its  colonies, 
and  in  the  United  States,  It  is  more  widely  spread  than  any 
other  language,  and  is  spoken  by  a  greater  number  of  Christian 
people. 

192.  What  may  be  said  of  the  Chinese  language  ? 

The  Chinese  language  is  spoken  by  a  greater  number  of  people 
thau  any  other.  More  than  300  millions  of  the  population  of 
the  globe  use  this  language. 

193.  What  is  said  of  the  French  language  ? 

The  French  language  is  spoken  in  France  and  its  colonies, 
and  is  used  more  generally  by  well-educated  persons  than  any 
other  in  Europe. 

194.  Of  the  Spanish  ? 

The  Spanish  language  is  spoken  in  Spain  and  its  colonies,  in 
Mexico,  and  in  the  greater  portion  of  South  America.  Next  to 
the  English,  it  is  the  most  widely-spread  language. 


SYSTEMS   OF   RELIGION. 

SYSTEMS  OF  RELIGION. 


45 


A  MONO  all 
races  of  men, 
and  in  all  ages, 
the  untaught 
mind  of  man 
has  sought  af- 
ter the  Deity, 
who    is   con- 
sidered to  be* 
the  Giver  of 
life,  the  Dis- 
penser of  hap- 
piness.andthe 
Judge  of  hu- 
man   actions. 
This  has 

given  rise  to 
numerous  sys- 
tems of  reli- 
gion, as  differ- 
ent as  the  va- 
rieties of  man. 
I9J.  How 
ojitiy  kinds  of 
religion  are 

I  ho  re  ? 

There    are 

four  principal    kinds  of  religion  •    ChristiMn     T     •  i     .»,  , 
lucdan,  and  Pagan.  *"  ^imstmn,  Jewish,  Moham. 

196.  In  what  doos  Christianity  consist' 


A  CHRISTIAN    CHURCH-.NrERIOR  Of   ST.  PAUL'S,   LONOON. 


198.  Into  what  threo  Church 


Uonian  Catholic,  Protest 


OS  nro  Christiiins  divided? 

uit,  and  Greek  churches. 


^■"'•f'  "f 


46 


CIVIL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


i     I     : 


The  Pope  of  Rome  is  the  head  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
and  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople  that  of  the  Greek  Church 

199.  How  arc  Protestants  divided  ? 

Protestants  are  divided  into  various  denominations,  of  which 
the  principal  are  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Episco- 
palians, Lutherans,  and  Friends 

200.  Who  are  tha  Jews? 

The  Jews  are  a  people  descended  from  Abraham,  who  believe 
in  the  Old  Testament  scriptutes  but  reject  the  New,  and  stili 
expect  the  coming  of  a  Saviour,  They  exist  as  a  distinct  people, 
and  are  scattered  among  other  nations  over  all  parts  'of  the  world : 
they  number  about  four  millions. 

201.  Who  are  the  Mohammedans? 

The  Mohammedans  are  those  who  believe  in  Mohammed,  a 
false  prophet,  who  lived  about  600  years  after  Christ. 


MOHAMMECAN   MOSQUE-ST.  SOPHIA,  CONSTANTINOPLE. 

lie  stated  his  creed  in  those  wv-rd-:  "There  is  npn  (}r,,\,  Rr,-\  M^hnmtr.H 
is  his  j)roj)hit."  The  places  of  wonship  of  the  Mohammediiiis  are  culled 
Mosques,  and  their  scriptures  are  contained  in  a  book  called  the  Koran. 


ns,  of  which 


[ohamnied,  a 


SYSTEMS   OF   RELIGION.  47 

202.  In  what  parts  of  the  world  does  Mohammo.lanism  provaiP 

inSrb"?rStir'f-'  "  '^"^^^'  ^"  "^"^  P-^«"-f  Asia, 
in  tne  iiarbarj  btates,  and  in  some  other  parts  of  Africa. 

203.  Who  are  Pa- 
gans or  Heathens 

Pagans       are 

those  who  believ 

in  false  gods  an 

worship  idols. 

Idols  are  eithe 
living  creatures,  a: 
bi'.asts,  birds,  an^ 
reptiles,  or  imago 
uiadeof  wood,  stoae, 
or  metals,  or  the  sun 
and  other  heaven  1,> 
bodies. 


204.    Mention 
pome   of    the    prin 
cipal    Pagans,    and 
Btate  thoir  mode  of 
worship. 

The  Brahmins . 
and  Buddhists  oi; 
India  and  Chin  1 
worship  the  cow 
an;!  other  ani- 
mals. The  people 
of  Thibet  wor- 
ship a  man  called 

practise  human  s-icrifico    ..n?  '^"''^^'    ^^'''  inlanders 

iMunan  being       Th  1  who  tHL"'  T-^^  ^^"'^^^^  ^"^  «^^' 
nibils.  '^  ""''^  ''"'"^^»  beings  are  called  can- 

various  portions  0/ the  Earth.  demrvption  of  ike 


A  PAGAN  TEMPLE. 


m. 


QUESTIONS  ON  MA?  NO.  1,  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 

1.  What  two  Grand  Divisions  in  the  Western  Hemisphere?  Ans. 
North  America  and  South  America.  A  part  of  Oceanica  is  also  in 
the  Wfistern  Hemisphere:  where  is  it?  Ans.  West  of  North  and 
'South  America,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  What  ocean  lies  east  of  North 
and  South  America?  South?  West?  North? 

2.  Where  is  Baffin  Bay?  Hudson  Bay?  Gulf  of  Mexico?  Caribo 
bean  Sea?     Kamtschatka  {kamt-shaVkah)  Sea? 

3.  Where  is  Iceland?  Newfoundland?  Where  the  Bermudas? 
West  Indies?  Terra  del  Fuego  {ter'rah-del-foo-ee'go)!  South 
Shetland  Islands?  Victoria  Land ?  Juan  Fernandez ?  Galapagos 
Islanls?  Aleutian  Archipelago  (ar-ke-pcl'a-go)l  Sandwich  Islands? 
C.>ntral  Archipelago?    New  Zealand? 

4.  Through  what  does  the  Equator  pass  in  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere? Atas.  Atlantic  Ocean,  South  America,  Oceanica,  and  Pacific 
Ocean.  The  Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  Arctic  Circle?  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 
Antarctic  Circle?  Where  is  the  North  Pole?  South  Pole?  On  a 
p :>lar  projection  of  the  Map  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  where  is  tho 
North  Pole  ?     iScQ  small  map. 

Which  are  tho  liighest  mountains  in  America?  Ans.  The  A.  ies 
{marked  I,  %  3).  Which  is  the  highest  in  North  America?  (4.)  How 
high?  Which  is  the  largest  river  in  North  America?  (1.)  Which 
in  South  America?  (3.) 


QUESTIONS  ON  MAP  NO.  2,  EASTERN  HEMISPHERE. 

1  There  are  three  Grand  Divisions,  and  part  oi  a  fourth,  in  the 
Eastern  Ilemispl  ore :  name  them.  Ans.  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and 
part  of  Oceanica.     Where  is  Europe ?  Asia?  Africa?  Oceanica? 

2.  What  ocean  west  of  Europe  and  Africa?  North  of  Europe  and 
Asia  ?     South  of  Asia  ?     In  what  ocean  is  Ooeanica  ? 

3.  Where  is  the  Sea  of  Japan?  Yellow  Sea?  China  Sea?  Bay  of 
Bengal  (6<?w-va«-Z^)?  Arabian  Sea?  Red  Sea?  Mozambique  (»u» 
2rtw/-/yce//)  Channel?  Gulf  of  Guinea?  Mediterranean  Sea?  Bay 
of  Biscay?  North  Sea?  Black  Sea?     White  Sea?  Baltic  Sea? 

48 


[EMISPHERE 


Mexico?    Caribo 


THE  EARTH. 


49 


Tropic  of  Capricorn?    aS  cTrcW     •  ',     ^'"P'? "f  «■"-,  p,.,J 
the  North  Pole?    South  Pde»  -atarcfe  Crcle  ?    Wh.re  i, 

in  the  world  ?    Ans   ffi^.j^       / z.  !         ^  highest  mountains 

pea.  of  the  HiXri'ri^Z:  ^^l^hictrl'^f  ^'■''' 
meri„theEa.tornHe„.phere?    Horljuf  '^httT?" 


SMISPIIERE. 


THE  EARTH. 


to  be  an  e.^„3i.e  flat  aurZ:   ^t:  1"    iTorr" 

2.  It  IS  also  called  the  World   nnri  fv,«  r^i  u 
not  quite  round,  but  an  ohlZtr}       '^''  ^"^  ^'  ^  ^^«*  ^^1^' 
at  the  poles.  «pheroid.-tuat  is,  flattened  slightly 

^^et!;^^:^;^^^''  °^*'^^  ^^""^--  ^'  t^e  earth  is  fur- 
first  effecid  brareaC  n'avT  7""'  '^'^"^^  """^^ '''  ^^^  -- 
round  South  America  t  3  bl;  ""''  ""^^^"^^  ^"  P^^S 
of  Terra  del  rue.oa;dthri  ^^^^.^^^  ^^^^S^^^a  and  the  i.iand 
of  Magellan        ^  '  '*  '^"""'^  is  called,  after  him,  the  Straits 


F.u'r.Tl'^^H  *¥  «^rth  ?     What  WM  it  form.rlv  ..,..„,  .^  ..  ,     »     _. 

n..  t,,  „«  f     i.   vVhat  also  called  ?     W}.„"rJiV  "T^";''''',,''''"  "°  ^     ^^''"■t  8ino« 
^«  round ?     Who  fir.t  s.iled  around  itV   WhaUhLn;i  ?',V^  ^'^  ^"«^  '*  *' 

w  nat  channel  did  ho  pags  through  f 


**'>**if^«mmmm-'^iixatummmim/m 


50 


THE    EARTH. 


STRAIT    OF  MAGELLAN. 


4.  The  entire  surface  of  the  globe  contains  about  200,000,000  square 
miles,  and  is  diversified  by  land  and  water.  The  land  comprises 
about  50,000,000  square  miles. 

5.  The  population  of  the  earth  is  estimated  at  upwards  of  1100  mil- 
lions,—of  whom  500  millions  are  of  the  Mongolian  race,  550  millions 
of  the  Caucasian  or  white  race,  51  millions  of  the  African  race,  26 
millions  of  the  Malay,  and  the  remainder  of  the  American  Indian  or 
Red  race.  These  are  all  descended  from  the  three  sons  of  Noah,  of 
whom  Shem  is  supposed  to  have  settled  in  Western  Asia,  Ham  in 
Africa,  and  Japhet  in  Northwestern  Asia  or  Europe. 

6.  For  convenience  of  representation  on  maps,  the  earth  is  sup- 
posed to  be  divided  into  two  equal  parts  by  a  plane  passing  through 
its  axis.  One  of  these  parts  is  called  the  Western  and  the  other  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere. 


4.  What  is  the  extent  of  the  surface  of  the  <,'lobe?   How  diversified?    How 
.much  land?     5.  What  is  the  population?     How  many  of  each  race?     From 
whom  descended?   6.  On  maps,  how  do  we  divide  the  eartl?    What  are  ths^e 
parts  called  ? 


9 


M 


THE   EARTH. 


rdsof  llOOmil- 
ce,  550  millions 
Lfrican  race,  26 
rican  Indian  or 
)ns  of  Noah,  of 
Asia,  Ham  in 


61 


.HORTH  Pot, 
'KOCEA 


^J^    OCF.AJV 

•ot/TH  pote 
WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 


*<'t'rn    POLE 

EASTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


ern  IIemraphores"ht  north   "'"'"°^™*e  Northern  and  South- 
centre  of  eLripoetivei;  ^'"  """«  f'""'"^  '"  "« 


SOUTHERN  HEMISPHERE. 


NORTHERN  HEMISPHERE. 


rica  111?'"'"'  "r""""™"  '='""P""=^  North  and  South  Ame 

Snran7?::;r;t:  :'";r  rr-n'T''"^''™-^'''" 

ively  called  Occa^n     T      ■  .°'^'  '"  *"  ^"'"■'^''  "">  -'°"«'='- 

J  Uccan,oa.     Amenca  wa^  discovered  by  Christopher  Co- 


V.'^T^l-Sj-^r^A  ,*■" 


52 


THE   EARTK. 


lumbus,  in  1492:  in  consequence  of  the  lateness  of  its  discovery,  it 
is  called  the  New  World.  The  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  called  the  Old 
World.  North  and  South  America  are  known  as  the  Western  Con- 
tinent. 

9.  North  America  ranges  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Polar  Sea  to 
within  eight  degrees  of  the  equator,  and  presents  almost  every  variety 
of  climate,  soil,  and  product.  It  has  vast  natural  resources.  It  was 
originally  inhabited  by  Indians,  but  is  now  nearly  all  peopled  by 
Europeans  and  their  descendants,  before  whom  the  red  men  are  fast 
disappearing.  The  principal  country  of  North  America  is  the 
United  States. 

10.  South  America,  also  originally  peopled  by  the  Red  race, 
was  conquered  and  is  now  principally  settled  by  Spaniards  and 
Portuguese  and  their  descendants.  It  ranges  from  eight  degrees 
north  of  the  equator  to  fifty  degrees  south,  and,  like  North  America, 
has  vast  natural  resources. 

11.  Oceanico,  lying  partly  in  the  Western  and  partly  in  the  East- 
ern Ilemispb-jre,  contains  many  islands  and  groups  of  islands.  The 
Sandwich  'ind  Society  Islands  and  New  Zealand  are  the  principal  in 
the  Western  Hemisphere. 

12.  The  Eastern  Hemisphere  comprises  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Australia,  with  the  Indian  Ocean  and  portions  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific,  containing  also  numerous  island  groups. 

13.  Europe  is  the  smallest,  but  the  most  densely  peopled,  grand 
division.  It  has  played  an  important  [)art  in  apcicnt  and  modern 
history.  Its  inhabitants,  and  the  numerous  peoples  in  various  parts 
Df  the  Earth  who  have  sprung  from  them,  are  the  most  refined  and 
intelligont  of  the  human  race.  Christianity  is  the  prevailing  reli- 
gion in  all  parts  of  Europe  except  Turkey. 

14.  Asia,  the  largest  grand  division,  was  the  cradle  of  the  human 
race.  Here  was  Paradise,  in  which  man  was  placed  after  boin«? 
created  in  the  likeness  of  God ;  and  h(!re,  after  the  floo<l,  the  descendants 
of  Noah  went  forth  to  people  the  earth.     Asia  contains  about  half 


covered  Amorioa,  anil  when  ?  What  is  the  Eastern  lloniisplicro  called  ?  North 
nnil  South  America  are  known  ns  what?  1).  DcKcribo  North  America.  Whit 
of  the  inhabitants?  I'rincipal  country?  10.  DcMcrihe  South  America.  It- 
extent.  II.  De»crihe  Occanioa.  12  What  docs  the  K«ntorn  iicniispht-rc 
oimpriee?  l:!.  Whul  of  Enn.po?  Of  its  inhiihitanta?  Of  religion?  14.  What 
cf  Asia?     What  of  ths  populaliun?     Of  religion  ? 


^ORTH   AMERICA.  53 

tho  population  of  the  world      JVparlv  ^ii  +>,^  •  u  ... 

M.,,.a.„,eaa„s  or  Pagan,;tdX^f .    ^^  ^^'^l^  TZ 
or  barbarous  condition  "^  half-civilized 

ward  into  ,ho  Atlantic  oZT    T,^      t."''  ""''  '""^■"'ing  aouth- 
territory.     For  a  W  tteth^      .       ""^f "  ^'""  ''  "  ^'""  ^eMrt 

TI.0  people  of  i^lSra"^;:^  ^tc::::'- '"'  ^^^'r-- 

tl.o,e  of  ti,e  other  gran,!  division,  ^    ""''  'S"""""  """' 

..ave  increased  i.:p„pu,„,?ri:",::«l,f-:-/-v„r.c,„fg„,d 

r^.i.™,  without  inhabitant,  andt:,::  n^  \::::  "'i  ,,tt': 


QUKSTIONS  OX  MAP  NO.  3,  NORTH  AMERICA. 

'  — ■^""^       t<"iitrul     America? 

''•  ^^'^^tolthoAutarcMoC.ntlnS     H^!:^  of  ilSSViS'"   '''•^^- 

ft* 


flMWBWBU'mnatiBMliH 


54 


QUESTIONS   ON    MAP   OP 


West  Indies  ?    Through  what  countries  does  the  Arctic  Circle  pass? 
The  Tropic  of  Cancer? 

3.  Seas,  Bays,  &c,— Where  is  the  Open  Polar  Sea?  Kane  Sea? 
Lancaster  Sound  ?  Baffin  Bay  ?  Davis  Strait  ?  Hudson  Bay  ? 
James  Bay  ?  Frobisher  Strait  ?  Hudson  Strait  ?  Strait  of  Bclleislo 
(bdl-iW)'i  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ?  Grand  Bank?  BayofFundy? 
Gulf  Stream?  Gulf  of  Mexico?  Caribbean  Sea?  Gulf  of  Tehuante- 
poc  (/ay-tmAn-%-pcA;')?Gulf  of  California?  Behring  Strait?  Polar 
8ea  ?     Melville  Sound  ?    Gulf  of  Boothia  ? 

4.  Capes. — Where  is  North  Cape  ?  Closterbay  ?  Farewell  ?  St. 
Lewis?  St.  Johns?  Sable  (at  the  east)?  Cod?  Sable  (at  the 
south)?  Gracias  a  Dios  (grah^se-ahs-ah-de''oce)2  St.  Lucas?  Morro 
Hermoso?  Mendocino?  Orford?  Flattery?  Icy  Cape?  Demar- 
cation Pt.? 

5.  Islands. — Where  is  Iceland  ?  Greenland  ?  Prince  William 
^■iand?  Newfoundland?  Cuba?  Hayti  {hai/^ie)1  Jamaica?  Van- 
couver Islaud?  Queen  Charlotte  Islanda  ?  Baranoff  Island  ?  Kodiak 
Island  ?  The  following  islands  are  in  a  group :  Baring,  King  Wil- 
liam, North  Somerset,  North  Georgian.  Where  are  they  ?  On  which 
of  these  islands  did  Sir  John  Franklin  die?  Where  is  Southampton 
Island? 

6.  Mountains. — Where  are  the  Alleghany  Mountains?  Ans. 
The  Alleghany  Mountains  are  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  Slates, 
and  nearly  parallel  with  the  Atlantic  coast.  Wliere  are  the  Rocky 
Mountains  ?  The  Sierra  Madro  {se-er^rah-ma¥dray)  ?  The  Sierra 
Novivla  (nay-vah^dah)l  Cascade  Range?  Peak  Mountains?  Beavcsr 
Mountains?     Where  is  Mount  St.  Elias? 

7.  Lakes.— Whore  is  Great  Bear  Lake?  Groat  Slave?  Athabascn? 
Winnipeg?    Superior?    Michigan?    Huron?    Erie?    Ontario?    Ni 
caragua?  * 

8.  Rivers. — Describe  the  Mackouzii'  Iliver.  Ans.  The  Mackenzie 
River  rises  near  the  Peak  Mountains,  in  liriiish  America,  Jlows  east,  and 
then  north  info  the  Polar  Sea.  Describe  the  Athabasca— Churchill  - 
Nelson — St.  Lawrence— MisHissippl — Rio  Grande  {re^o-grahj/day)  - 
Colorado — Cobinibia — Simpstm — Kwich^pak. 

U.  Greenland  and  Iceland. — W!int  mountains  in  Greenlaml? 


iiri 

TT  liurc 


LJ It.-'- 


1 1  9 


\V, 


ishin^t"n  IavvA  ?    Where  is  Di"-'' 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


65 


ctic  Circle  pass? 


Island?    Where  is  Lievely?    Godthaab?    Upernavik?    What  island 
east  of  Greenland  ?    What  mountain  in  Iceland  ?    What  towns  ? 
To  whom  do  Greenland  and  Iceland  belong?    Ans.  To  Denmark. 

10.  Alaska.— round  Alaska.  What  mountains  in  Alaska?  What 
rivers  ?  What  Point  north  ?  What  Point  at  the  northeastern  bound- 
ary? Strait  west  ?  What  Grand  Divisions  does  this  Strait  separate? 
Where  is  Norton  Sound ?  Where  is  Alaska  Peninsula?  Where  is 
Kodiak  Island  ?     Baranoff  Island? 

11.  British  America.— British  America  includes  all  the  territory 
north  of  the  United  States,  except  Alaska,  Greenland,  and  Iceland 
Bound  British  America.  What  division  in  the  centre  and  north  ? 
Ans.  The  Hudson  /%  Countty.  Bound  the  Hudson  Bay  Country. 
What  great  body  of  water  in  this  division  ?  What  bay  in  the  south 
part  of  Hudson  Bay  ?  Where  is  the  province  of  Manitoba  ?  What 
provmcen  the  southwest?  Bound  British  Columbia.  What  rivers 
in  British  Columbia?  What  mountains?  What  islands  oiF  tl.o 
coast?  What  town  in  the  south?  Where  is  the  Gold  Region  i* 
What  town  on  Vancouver  Island?  Where  is  the  Gulf  of  GeerLna? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Fuca? 

12.  Where  is  Labrador?  What  are  the  stations  on  its  coast? 
Whore  ,s  Nowfoundlanr  ?  What  separates  Newfoundland  from 
Labrador  ?  Where  is  P.ince  Edward  Island ?  Bound  the  Dominion 
01  Canada. 

Further  questions  on  Canada  and  other  British  Provinces,  the  United 
States,  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the  West  Indies,  will  he  found 
unmediately  preceding  the  pages  where  these  several  countries  are 
treated  of. 


\  in  Greonliuur 


] 


(' 


63 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


1.  Position  and  Extent. — 

Nor^h  America  is  the  largest  and 
most  northern  grand  division  of 
the  western  continent.  It  extends 
from  the  Arctic  Ocean  southward 
a  distance  of  nearly  5000  miles, 
and  towithineight  degveesof  the 

equator.     It  is  united  to  South  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Area,  H,ir)0,(K)0  square  miles. 

Although  the  western  hemisphere  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  it 

receives  its  name  from  Amerigo  Vespucci  [ak-may-re^ go  ves-poot'ckce), 

a  later  navigator,  who  coasted  along  its  shores. 

2.  Natural  Featurea. — North  America  presents  a  great  variety 


Nonrn  Amkimca. — 1.  What  is  said  of  North  Aitiorioa?   Extent,  Ao.?    Aiou? 
What  i)f  it!  iiaiuo?     2.  What  of  its  natural  foaturos? 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


57 


tl.r„„,h  the  .h„,e  length  ofTlLtt  TlZ  h'l  °"  •"■■ 
.nd  the  United  State,  it  i,  known  artheR^r     Z        ^"""'" 

Mount  St.  Elias,  in  i^Iaska  is  17  Qon  <v>«i.  u*  i 

land  in  North  America.     pVoSYh  m''''- ""'"  *^  ^ 
height,  and  i,  17,720  feet       "P"™'"'"'"'  '°  Mexico,  ,s  the  next  in 

..LtrharricrLTdi'^e^rnrr^^^^^^^^ 

The„o,textensive,o.io„ofiti,known:sTeAVtw^::^^^^^^^^ 

on';he'lan«o"::d"t:ife^TheT  "^  >'T  ""^  "' -^^o 
Bay,  Baffin  Bay  the  G^lf  o^  St  ll  ^'^^  ■"dentation,  are  Hudson 
thoGulfof  Caim-rnia  «'•  ^''™»-.  *«  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 

Atha,.a«..a.e..  British  An-erie^^^^-^^-;--- 

Mi-ouri.  with  their  nnmerons  tril.utajer  aT     r  l'''T  """'  ""■ 
.;;;;- S.t.,Co,or.o  ana  KioOrandelTnZU^^^ 

mated  at  982,400  snu.ro  milo,      T.  ^'''''*  '"'•'^•"  ^«  ^'^''' 

«•  -'^•-•-»-n-;!:fs:r:::^^^^^^ 

3.  Mountains:  what  vast  ranire?     Hn^  Vj,n^r  !- ^^ 

-t  f,o,nto  f    w  i.„t  ,.f  Mount  St.  KUtiH  T  7  if,?,^"  J,"  "'^^'•^n^  P'irls  ?      High. 
...  Uken  in  tho  Unite!  Htato.  ?     O     .^  Uu^J/'^l  """"  '''"'""um  •'•  ^''"*''*  ""«  ? 

|-«.rp>  and  Mi.ouHP .  or  tho  oJ;^::u  l;:xji^^i^-^ 


68 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


P 


warm  water  which,  issuing  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  passes  between 
Florida  and  the  Bahama  Islands  northward  along  the  coast  to  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland  ;  thence  it  crosses  the  ocean  to  the  shores  of 
Northwestern  Europe,  the  climate  of  which  it  so  modifies  in  winter 
that  the  sea  there  remains  unfrozen  even  beyond  the  Arctic  Circle. 

This  stream  or  ocean  river  flows  for  a  distance  of  6500  miles,  with 
a  width  of  from  GO  to  400  miles.  It  is  of  a  deep  blue  color,  with  a 
warmth  of  from  70°  to  80°  even  in  winter.  Its  velocity  is  from  2  to 
5  miles  per  hour. 


IM 


(        <        1 


OTTAWA. 

9.  Divisions. — North  America  comprises  Danish  America,  British 
America,  the  United  States,  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the  West 
Indies. 

10.  Products. — The  products  of  North  America  will  be  treated  of 
in  doscril)insi;  the  different  countries. 

11.  Population. — The  entire  population,  composed  of  numerous 
varieties  of  whites,  Indians,  and  negroes,  representing  many  rice^- 

mnto  of  Northwcstorn   Kurojio?     What  of  its  length,  bn-adth,  color,  and  ve 
looity?     9.  What  (livisiuiiH?     10.  Products ?     II.  Population? 


GREENLAND. 


td 


and  nationalities,  is  estimated  at  58.000  000     Th«  oKn  •  • 
A.e™.  I„a..,  a.  e„..ou,ae.oaf,\e^:  t^iZ^J 

O^.X:.:i:'!'^Tof  1^°  capital  of  .he  UnUed  State,, 
Y„.PHnaae,p.;B:Z;aL^r„„.r^^^^^^^ 

for  their  rapid  growth  and  proLS;     I„  o      "T"  "'l  «'»"'"''>le 
cities  of  uLL.  QuebecTd'Cnto  ""''  '"■  *"'  '"P-"""' 

13.  Governmenta. — Thp  TJrifioV,  n  .i     • 

Ciofly  Protestaot^rrt  arth„we':or''ran:  r''^   n"f  T'  •-"'  '' 
Me^o  .d^Centra,  ..eriea'the  ^^^^^^^^1^^: 


ill  be  treated  of 


DANISH  AMERICA. 


^  J.  Danish  America  oo.„prises  Greenland  and  tl.e  island  of  Ice- 

GREENLAND. 

BalnC"' ut  t;r"'°"  ,T  'l'".^"^''-'  ™  «-o  west  by 
'•r  an  ard  ipe la"     f  il  ','  'T       "  "  "  P™'"'"'"  ™  ""  "'»"''• 

3-   The  elimatej^^^^™,^  ,„„  i„  ^„^^.„„  thormon>ete. 

".: —  '^''  - t.iics  ana 


WMMftfa 


.     • 


:     II 


n  i 


60 


DANISH   AMERICA. 


sometimes  indicates  a  temperature  of  (18°  below  zero.  The  soil  is 
sterile  and  almost  without  vegetation.  The  settlements  are  chiefly 
on  the  west  coast;  the  interior  is  unexplored. 

4.  The  sea  freezes  in  January  and  the  entire  shore  is  fringed  with 
glaciers,  and  yet  in  July  the  thermometer  often  stands  as  high  as 
84°,  and  mosquitos  abound.  Fish,  whalebone,  train-oil,  and  the 
skins  of  the  seal,  fox,  and  deer,  are  exported  to  Denmark. 

5.  Population. — The  population  consists  of  Esquimaux ;  their 
pursuits  are  chiefly  seal-hunting  and  fishing.  The  whole  number 
of  Europeans  is  only  about  250.  The  population  is  estimated  at 
10,000. 

6.  Government. — The  Danish  Government  exercises  but  little 
sway,  Christianity  has  been  introduced  by  the  Moravian  mission- 
aries. 

7.  Chief  Towns. — Godthaab  [god^tdhh),  in  South  Greenland,  is 
the  oldest  Moravian  mission  station,  having  been  founded  in  1723. 
Lievely,  or  Goodhope,  on  Disco  Island,  is  the  most  important  fishing 
station.     Upernavik  is  the  most  northern  town  in  the  world. 

ICELAND. 

8.  Iceland,  though  connected  historically  with  Europe,  and  treated 
of  generally  as  a  part  of  that  continent,  yet  belongs  geographically 
to  North  America,  being  distant  at  the  nearest  point  only  140  miles 
from  Greenland.  It  was  discovered  and  colonized  in  the  ninth  cen- 
tury by  adventurers  from  Norway,  bu^  is  been  subject  to  Denmark 
since  1380. 

9.  It  is  a  large  island,  lying  east  of  Greenland.  It  is  about  200 
miles  long,  by  an  equal  breadth.  Area,  40,000  square  miles.  It  is 
cold  and  barren,  and  is  noted  for  its  volcanic  action,  and  the  social 
condition  of  its  people. 

10.  In  the  midst  of  glaciers  and  snow  fields  are  volcanoes  and 
boiling  springs.  Mount  Hecla  is  an  active  volcano,  5100  feet  high. 
The  Geysers  or  boiling  springs,  near  it,  thi'ow  up  from  time  to  time  | 
jets  of  boiling  water  from  70  to  200  feet  high. 


4.  What  of  the  sea?  Exports?  6.  Who  are  the  people?  How  many? 
6.  Government?  7.  Chief  towns  ?  What  of  Upernavik  ?  Iceland. — 8.  What 
i8  said  of  Iceland?  By  whom  colonized  ?  9.  Whftt  further?  Area?  Climate, 
Ac?    10.  What  of  glaciers?    Mt.  Hecla?     Geysers? 


ICELAND. 


3n,  and  the  social 


GEYSER 


61 

11.  There  are 
no  trees  in  Ice- 
land.  Drift- 

wood    which    ia 
brought    to    the 
shores     by     the 
polar       currents 
affords       scanty 
:  supplies  of   fuel 
and  timber.   The 
horse  and  other 
domestic    cattle, 
with    the     rein- 
deer, were  intro- 
duced       during 
the  last  century. 
The  reindeer  are 
numerous,      and 
i"un    wild.     The 
exports  are   sul- 
phur, hides,  salt- 
ed fish,  and  Ice- 
land  moss. 

12.    During 
every  clear  win, 
ter  night  the  au- 


,  =s  given  Hd  ""^  ,T  c;:,":;:';  "•"'*■  "^-^  ''"™'- 

can  show  ,„  large  a  nronorhnn    f  y  ^''"""  ""  ""'"  """"^'y 

I  write.  M'versal,  and  alnmst  every  one  can  read  and 

|«o  ea„ed  rro.  tHeG^^eT^:::;^--- ^  H  . 

What  of  the  horse,  Ac?     Of 


clear  nisht  ?     1^ 


T» ,1.-. 


Oiiulation  7 


6 


62 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 


.    !| 


ALASKA : 

THE  NEW  TERRITORY   OF   THE   UNITED  STATES. 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Alaska  lies  in  the  extreme  northwest 
part  of  North  America,  and  is  separated  from  Asia  by  Behring 
Strait.     Area,  including  the  islands,  567,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — The  Beaver  Mountains  range  through 
Alaska ;  Mount  St.  Elias  is  the  loftiest  peak.  Little  is  known  of 
the  interior,  except  that  it  Is  wild  and  barren.  The  few  settlements 
are  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

3.  The  coast  is  remarkably  indented,  and  has  several  bays  and 
sounds.  The  principal  river  is  the  Kwichpak,  tributaries  of  which 
flow  from  the  Rocxy  Mountains. 

4.  The  peninsula  of  Alaska  is  in  the  south  ;  at  its  extremity  the 
long,  curving  chain  of  the  Aleutian  {ah-Wshan)  Islands  extends  to- 
wards Arfia.  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  is  the  farthest  west  point  of 
North  America. 

6.  Products. — Fish  and  fur-bearing  animals  are  abundant.  The 
exports  are  the  skins  and  furs  of  seals,  foxes,  and  ouher  animals. 
Grain  is  cultivated  at  the  south  in  small  quantities.  The  soil  is 
sterile,  and  the  climate  severe. 

6.  Population  and  Chief  Settlements. — The  population,  which 
is  estimated  at  54,000,  is  composed  of  Indians  and  Esquimaux,  and 
a  few  whites.  The  whites  are  principally  fur-traders.  There  are 
some  trading-posts,  but  no  towns,  except  Sitka,  on  BaianoflF  Island: 
it  has  a  population  of  1500. 

7.  Government. — The  Executive  is  appointed  by  the  President 
of  the  United  Stut'^s. 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 

1.  British  America  comprises  all  the  northern  part  of  North 
America,  except  Danish  America  and  Alaska  Territory.,  down  to  the 

Nkw  Territory  op  tiir  United  States. — 1.  What  is  the  position  of  this 
territory?  Area?  2.  Morntains?  What  of  the  interior ?  'A.  What  of  the 
coast?  Prijicipal  river  ?  4.  What  peninsula?  Whatislands?  6.  Products? 
ouil  :  o.  r'upuia.uuii :  ir;iuiiig  pusis  r  <•  uuVcriiuicni:  x>::i:'isi:  ^iMi':Rii.  A. 
^-1.  What  does  it  oompriso ?    Area? 


HUDSON   BAY   COUNTRY. 


63 


by  the  President 


United  State  ,  and  includes  more  than  a  third  of  the  North  American 
continent.    Area,  2,817,000  square  miles.    Population,  3,800,000 

2.  British  America  includes  the  Hudson  Bay  Country,  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Newfoundland  and  Labra- 
dor. 

3.  In  the  western  part,  about  350  to  500  miles  from  the  Pacific 
the  Eocky  Mountains  range  from  north  to  south.    The  surface  is 
generally  flat,  and  covered,  except  on  the  prairies  and  in  the  Arctic 
regions,  with  thick  forests,  traversed  by  large  rivers,  and  containing 
numerous  lakes  and  swamps. 

4.  In  the  southern  part,  various  grains  and  vegetables  are  pro- 
duced, but  in  the  inclement  north  the  people  are  chiefly  occupied  in 
hunting  for  furs. 

THE  HUDSON  BAY  COUNTRY. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-The  Hudson  Bay  Country,  called 
also  Rupert  s  i.and,  is  an  immense  region,  equal  to  nearly  half  of 
Europe  It  extends  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  from  Alaska  Territory  and  British  Columbia  to 
Labrador. 

2.  Natural  Peatures.-The  Rocky  Mountains  range  through  the 
western  part  It  is  a  diversified  country,  containing  prairies  and 
forests,  with  fine  rivers  and  lakes,  and  numerous  swamps.  Hudson 
Bay  IS  a  great  inland  sea,  connected  by  Hudson  Strait  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The  southern  portion  of  it  is  called  James  Bay. 
The  principal  lakes  are  Great  Bear,  Great  Slave,  Athabasca,  and 
H  mnipeg.  The  largest  rivers  are  Mackenzie,  Athabasca,  Severn. 
Nelson,  and  Churchill.  '   ' 

^•J^^Z'"'^^^^  ^^^  long  and  severe.    The  cold  is  excessive,  often 
reaching  68^  below  zero.    North  of  70°  latitude  the  earth  is  covered 
with  perpetual  ice  and  snow.     Hore  the  small  delicatP  Snow  Plant 
red  m  color,  is  seen  in  perfection.     The  principal  fur-bearing  ani' 
mais  are  the  beaver,  marten,  sable,  wolf,  beai-,  an.i  muskrat. 

4   Settlements  and  Population.- York  Factory,  a  considerable 
trading  depot,  is  on  the  western  shore  of  Hudson  Bay.    The  population 

d«cJ''li.tL^S'fniri?^?^^1?,L.^-.^  Surface  ?_4,Pro- 

ret^entaT'''""""^'''  ^'°^     What  beautiful  plant  ?    Ani.nair?  1.  What 


r 


1    *'. 

1 1 


IMSimiiitiuMmmm 


'n 


f  ii 


64 


BRITISH    AMERICA. 


of  the  Hudson  Bay  Country  consists  mainly  of  roving  tribes  of 
Indians  and  Esquimaux,  the  latter  occupying  the  shores  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean. 

5.  Government. — The  whole  territory  is  under  the  government  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada.  It  was  long  nnder  the  control  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company,  which  had  the  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade, 
but  it  was  opened  to  the  trade  of  the  world  in  1860. 


QUESTIONS  ON  MAPS  NOS.  4  AiND  5,  DOMINION  OF 

CANADA. 

Dominion  of  Canada. — Name  the  provinces  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.  Ans.  Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia, 
Manitoba,  and  British  Columbia.  Bound  Ontario.  Bound  Quebec. 
Bound  New  Brunswick.  Bound  Nova  Scotia.  Bound  Manitoba. 
Bound  British  Columbia.     Where  is  Cape  Breton  Island  ? 

Gulfs  and  Bays. — Where  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?  Gasp6 
{yas-pay^)Biiyt  Chaleur  (s^a/i-Zoor^)  Bay?  Miramichi  (mir-m-we- 
shee^)  Bay  ?  Northumberland  Strait  ?  Bay  of  Fundy  ?  Cape  Roziere 
{ro-zeer^)1  Farther  Point?  Gibraltar  Point  ?  Nottawasaga  (no^^a-wa- 
saio^^ra/i)  Bay ?     Matchedash  (maZc/Ze-das/^)  Bay?    Georgian  Bay? 

Mountains. — What  mountains  in  the  northeast?  Wh»t  from 
Vermont  extend  into  the  province  of  Quebec  ? 

Islands. — Where  is  Anticosti  Island?  Prince  Edward  Island? 
Montreal  Island?  The  Thousand  Isles?  Amherst  Island?  Long 
Point  Island  ?  Sisters  Islands  ?  Pelee  Island  ?  Grand  Manitoulin 
{man-e-too^lin)  Island  ?     Drummond  Island  ? 

Lakes. — Where  is  Lake  St.  John?  Manouan  {man-oo-an^)t 
Kempt?  Grand?  St.  Peter?  Nepissing  {nep^is-sing)^  Simcoe? 
Ontario?    Erie?     St.  Clair?     Huron? 

Rivers. — What  great  river  in  Canada?  Describe  the  St.  Law- 
rence. Saguenay.  St.  Maurice.  Kichelieu.  Ottawa.  Trent. 
Niagara.  Grand.  Tliames.  Detroit.  St.  Clair.  Severn.  Where 
are  the  Falls  of  Niagara  {ni-ag^ d-rah)  ?  Of  Montmorency  {monP 
mo-ren^se)  ? 


'What  of  the  population? 
pany  ? 


5^  Government?     What  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 


CANADA. 


65 


OMINION  OF 


fu,  u  "•  '^°  ""P""'  "*■  "-^  I^'"'°'»"  of  Canada  1    Ans 

ma,m  How,,Hs.tuated?  What  i.  the  capital  of  the  provincTof 
Ontario?  Ans.  Toronto.  Uo^  situated?  Where  is  Hammon, 
London?  Windsor?  Goderieh?  CoUingwIod  Wlfat"  the 
oapual  of  the  proving  of  Qnebee?  Ans.  Queiec.  How  s  tult^? 
W  ere  ,s  Three  Rivers  ?  Montreal  ?  St.  H.acinthe  ?lore  ?wt 
8  the  eap,tal  of  the  provinee  of  New  Brunswiek  1    Ans.  i-Xfcfo,? 

o":r?™S    AnTr'e''"'?'  Wk"-°'    ^°°=""'"'''    ^hath^"  i 
Where  is  Piet„„?<  ./ruroT  wLdstr";-  uH^U./"^  ^""^'^^' 
THE   DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


NEW  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS  AT  OTTAWA. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— The  Dominiov  of  Tana-ha   iU. 

"'i'ri:dt:afe'''''?"'"7'"'"'  °'  ^"^^^'^^ 

\t  ,h!  f  •  ""''  "'"'  '^'■"""1  '■■'  1867  by  the  confederation 

|f  the  prov.nees_of  Onterio(Can_„daWe«),  QueLc  (Canada  Eas")! 

'  «o«.-.,o»  0,   C.....~^>i::;~:-,    when  unT^,  f„,„,e,,    ^rea? 


66 


BRITISH  AMERICA. 


New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia.  To  these  were  added  in  1870 
Manitoba,  and  in  1871  British  Columbia.  Area,  625,000  square  miles. 
2.  Natural  FeatUTes.— Mountains.— The  Green  and  Notre 
Dame  Mountains,  in  the  east,  are  the  principal.  The  surface  is 
generally  undulating. 

3.  Rivers. — 

The     principal 
rivers    are    the 
St.    Lawrence, 
which  is  theout- 
let  of  the  great 
lakes,  the  Otta- 
wa,  Saguenay, 
St.  Maurice,  Ri- 
chelieu, Trent, 
Thames,      and 
Niagara.    Nia- 
gara  Falls,  on 
the  river  Nia- 
gara,is  the  most 
magnificent  ca- 
taract   in     tho 
world :  tho 

whole  body  of 
the  river  falls 
precipitously 
158  feet.     Tho 
river     at     tho 
Falls  is  divided 
by  Goat  Island 
into    two    por- 
tions.    That  on  the  Canada  side  (known  as  tho  Ilorsn-Shoo  Fall)  is 
nearly  2000  f,,et  wide.     That  on  the  United  States  side,  known  as  tho 
American  Falls,  is  1000  feet  wide. 

4.  Tho  Saguenay  River  exhibits  in  the  last  00  miles  of  its  course 
tho  most  sublime  river  scenery  in  tho  world.     The  banks  vary  from 

2.  Mountains?     Surfncc?     3.   Riv«r8?     What  \a   ani.l  of  Niiigar.    Falls? 
4.  Jsagucnay  River?     Other  rivori? 


SAGUENAY  RIVER. 


CANADA. 


3  added  in  1870 

X)0  square  miles. 

reen   and  Notre 

The  surface  is 


67 


500  to  1500  feet  m  height,  and  are  not  only  often  perpendicular  but 
^met,m„.  absolutely  overhang  the  deep,  dark  river  below     The  St 
John  St.  Cr„.x  (.ent-kro,').  and  Restigouohe,  in  New  Brunlwict 
are  also  important  streams.  ""swiok, 

^nl""*^"';"^'^''  ^"P'""''  ""'°"'  ^"«'  ^"'^  ^"^^"0  are  on  the 
southern  and  western  boundary.     Their  total  length  is  1150  miles 

and  they  cover  an  area  of  80,000  square  miles,  no!  including  LaS 

Muh.gan  which  is  of  the  same  chain  but  is  wholly  in  the  United 

Mates.     There  are  numerous  smaller  lakes. 

mildo?!lT^'~^.".^''°*'^^^^'  ^''"''"^  ^''  ^""S;  but  the  climate  is 
milder  in  the  west  than  m  the  east.  For  about  five  months  in  the 
year  the  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  closed  by  ice 


-— _  ■— -<^: 


H  of  its  course 
iiks  vary  from 

Niagara    Falla ' 


VICTORIA  TUBULAR   BRIDGE,  MONTREAL. 


,..N....     '"''"" 


l:;;"''  "■"•  r"-  °"''''"'  ■""'  I"""''-"-    ^un-ber  a„a  coal 


uro  larjrelv  oxnortod 


B.  Lako«?     Wh«tl.ngth?    Area?     0.  ClimaU,?     r.  P 


nxlucta  f 


68 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 


1   ^-f^^'oads  -There  are  numerous  railroads,  with  an  affgregate 
length  of  more  than  3500  miles.     The  two  principal  ones^L^rh 
Grand  Trunk  and  the  Great  Western.     The  Grand  Trunk  line  extends 
1092  miles,  and  includes  the  Victoria  Tubular  Bridge  at  Montreal, 
nearly  two  miles  long.     The  Suspension  Bridge,  over  Niagara  River 
on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  is  a  wonderful  structure 

9.  Ocean  Steamers.-A  line  of  ocean  steamships  is  established 
running  to  England  and  Ireland,  from  Montreal  and  Quebec  in  sum! 
mer,  and  from  Portland,  Maine,  in  winter. 

10.  Capital.-Ottawa,  on  Ottawa  River,  is  the  capital.    New  and 
elegant  Parliament  buildings  have  been  erected 

11.  Oovernment.-The  Crown  of  Great  Britain  appoints  the  chief 
executive  authority,  whose  title  is  Governor-General.  The  legis- 
clZ  ^^%''?P'''''  ^  Senate  and  a  House  of  Commons,  and  is 
called  the  Parliament.  The  Governor-General  appoints  the  senators 
from  among  the  citizens  of  the  various  provinces;  the  members  of 
the  House  of  Commons  are  elected  by  the  people.  Each  province 
has  a  local  government,  administered  by  a  Lieutenant-Governor  and 
a  Legislative  Assembly. 

12  Population—The  population  of  Canada  is  3,600,000,  com- 
posed  in  the  east  of  descendants  of  the  French ;  in  the  west,  chieHy 
of  British  and  Americans.  On  the  borders  of  the  great  lakes  are 
Indians,  mostly  of  the  Chippewa  and  Iroquois  tribes. 

13  Educatlon.-Throughout  Canada  there  are  abundant  facili- 
ties for  education  in  the  public  schools,  and  in  the  colleges  and  uni- 
versities,  which  are  numerous. 

14  Religion  -There  is  no  establishtd  church  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.  The  Roman  Catholics  are  numerous :  in  the  province  of 
Quebec  they  are  a  majority  of  the  people.  The  largest  Protestant 
denominations  are  the  Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  and  LXethodists. 

♦1,    n  f."  ?*f  *^^"  ''*^*°^»'  ^  g"*"P  Jy'"K  n^"--  the  centre  of 
the  Gulf  of  8t.  Lawrence,  f,.rmerly  belonged  to  Newfoundland,  but 
are  now  under  the  Government  of  Canada. 
IG.  Antlcoati  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  an 


^At  ^"if'^'^u    ,."'■'''«''''  ?     »   Ocean  stranierf.  ?     10.  Canitnl  ?     What  i»  «ai,I 

tan ve  body  (*     (Jovcrninonf  oi  «../.».  ».r"""- '     "»     »»        •  -•      •■     --'     —    ♦*' 

Hon?     u:  Religion?     I,: Mn^il^^  I^hil^J.?   1«.7E:^;ri»lani ?""'""" 


ONTARIO. 


69 


important  fishing-station,  though  having  but  few  inhabitants      It 


1.    New  and 


ONTARIO. 


ence,  is  an 


NEW  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  lORONTO. 

2.  Natural  Feature..-Tho  surface  is  generally  undulating,  and 
1.  .  lver,s,hed  by  n.unorous  rivers  and  lake..  The  Fulls  of  Niagara, 
partly  .n  the  prov.nee  of  Ontario  and  partly  in  the  United  States,  ar^ 
u.  ^mgara  K.ver,  whn-h  Hows  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario 

ana  l«r,s.      Ihe   coppor-nunes  of  Lake   Superior   are   rich.      The 


70 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 


5.  Chief  Towns—The  capital  of  Ontario  is  Toronto      TTnmJu; 
Kingston,  and  London  are  the  chief  towns      M  tTT'-   /,  ^"'^*^°' 
new  University  College.  ^'°''*^ ''  ^'^^  ^'^^'^^^ 

QUEBEC. 


CITADEL,  QUEBEC. 


*K  IT  •!  I  .  *""  E*tent.-The  province  of  Quebec  lies  north  of 
the  United  htatos,  and  is  separated  from  the  province  of  Ontario  bv 
the  Ottawa  River.     Area,  202,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Featurw—Thoro  are  no  mountains  of  considerable 
hmght.  I  he  surface  is  genorully  undulating,  but  is  sometimes  level 
ior  great  distances.     The  St.  Lawrence  and  its  chief  tributaries  are 

4.   PoDulatJon?     il.  CiAnU.a\9     ntk...  *>>,-.•     «....,. 

WtBBKC.-l.  Where .« It?    Area?    2.  Surfuoo?    Rivers?    FuUa? 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


71 


magn  Scent  streama.  On  the  .  lontmorenoy  River,  which  flows  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  seven  miles  below  Quebec,  are  tLe  Falls  of  M™t 
morency,  which  are  much  visited  by  travellers.  The  water  faHst 
a  single  sheet  250  feet.  "*  '" 

3.  Produote—The  products  are  the  usual  grains,  lumber  wbi^h 
IS    irgo^y  exported,  and  furs.    The  fisheries  afe  valuabkand  Tuca 

;r;i„r„ro::r """'  ■"  ^""'''  ■^-^  '^  -'<■- "-  '^^  «f  «■■: 

lom  tranie.     Ihe  people  are  descendants  of  the  French  an<I  J 
inghsh  and  other  emigrants.    They  number  1.190^  "  "' 

o  Chief  Towna.-The  city  of  Quebec  is  the  capital  of  Ouebee 
and  lies  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver.  It  is  stron.lvT  t'«  j  .  °' 
called  the  Gibraltar  of  America.  Mont!::ronTn' ^1  "nd t; l"!": 
name  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  Domintn 
of  Canada.  Here  is  a  famous  cathedral,  one  of  the  larL^^n  b" 
Continent,  and  the  Victoria  Iron  Tubular  Bridge  aero  s  he  St  , 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

i^oLrrcaTai^'rero^The  ^uif  Trr' " ''"''""' '"  "•» 

Of  F„„dy,  and  south  'of  Quew'  a1  y,  O^^^r  mT, l'"-"  '"^ 
2.  Natural  Peatures.-The  surface  is  diversified  wi.rMn      ., 
dale  with  a  few  picturesque  lakes,  and  many  r     "       lie    1? 
deeply  indented  with  bays,  of  which  the  Bay  of  Fundy  is  tt  arl't' 

iZt^^  T-  '"^■«-™'<'-"'»  wcirth:  fd^ 

ox.e'n:ive""and"'t7°"  T  f' ''''''"  '""'  ^''-  <'™-     "T''"  «-«"  are 
X  ensue,  and  the   soil  along   the  river-vnlleys   is  fertile       The 

3.  Produotg?     ri{n,«**» 


-X. 


xllu^ihVu,^- R^'^'^Tl   M..ntroal?     Other 

liay  (if 


t"wn8?    New  UarvswH'K  "i  ""u^r""? '..  ,"•  Q"«'»>oo?    M..ntroal 


>  I 


72 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 


il 


3.  Products. — The  chiet  products  are  agricultural.  The  fisheries 
are  importaat.     Coal,  iron,  lead,  granite,  and  marble  are  abundant. 

4.  Chief  Tovrns. — Fredericton,  the  capital,  is  on  the  river  St. 
John,  84  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  well  laid  out,  and  has  many 
fine  buildings.  8t.  John,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  John,  is  the 
chief  commercial  city  of  New  Brunswick.  The  harbor  is  free  from 
ice  in  winter;  the  tide  rises  from  30  to  40  feet. 


ST.  JOHN,  NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

5.  Education. — There  are  many  academies  and  grammar  schools, 
Hnd  a  university:  also  numerous  elementary  schools,  and  a  normal 
school,  supported  by  the  Legislature. 

6.  Population  — The  population,  numbering  280,000,  is  composed 
of  Acadians,  who  are  descendants  of  the  first  French  settlers,  Ame- 
ricans, English,  and  Irish,  and  a  few  Indians  and  negroes.  The 
French  ai-e  chiefly  in  the  northern  part. 

Until  the  year  1783,  New  Brunswick  wa^  united  with  Nova  Scotia 
under  one  Governor. 


8.  Products?     4.  Capita)?      St.  John?      6.  Education?      3.  What   of  tUo 
population? 


rt 


NOVA   SCOTIA. 


73 


NOVA  SCOTIA. 

1.  Position  and  E^tent.-NovA  Scotia,  a  province  in  the  Do 
mm,on  of  Canada,  .s  almost  an  island,  extending  three  hundred 
mdes  from  northeast  to  southwest.  It  is  connected  witn  New  Bruns' 
wick  by  an  isthmus  only  16  miles  wide,  and  is  separated  from  it  in 
the  rest  of  its  extent  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

2.  At  its  northeastern  extremity  is  the  island  of  Cape  Breton  It 
IS  under  the  Government  of  Nova  Scotia.  Area  of  Nova  Scotia  aud 
Cape  Breton  together,  21,800  square  miles. 


ith  Nova  Scotia 


3.  What  of  tUo 


:-=s>^-i^.  g;r;-S--.— tfr"^-:^' 


hALII  AX, 


*    quo'it'tiea.     Coal  is  abundant  and  exported 


,i 


•M 

I 
lit 


11 


74 


MANITOBA. — BRITISH    COLUMBIA. 


extensively.    Iron  and  gypsum  are  found ;  also  small  quantities  of 
gold.    The  fisheries  afford  a  lucrative  traffic. 

5.  Population. — The  population  numbers  388,000,  and  consists 
cf  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Germans,  and  Swiss,  with  a  few  of  French 
descent. 

6.  Chief  Tov7ns. — Halifax,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  on  the 
southern  coast.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  a  fine  dock-yard,  and  a 
military  hospital.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  stations  of  the  British 
navy  on  the  American  coast. 

Pictou,  Lunenburg,  and  Truro  are  important  towns. 

1.  Religion. — The  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Roman  Catho- 
lics, Baptists,  and  Methodists  are  the  most  numerous  religious  de- 
nominations. 

MANITOBA. 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Manitoba,  admitted  into  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  in  1870,  and  formerly  known  as  the  Selkirk  settlement, 
lirs  north  of  the  United  States,  and  south  of  Lake  Winnipeg.  Area, 
14,340  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — The  surface  in  the  western  part  is  level; 
in  the  eastern  part  it  consists  of  prairie  and  woodland.  The  soil  is 
moderately  fertile.  The  climate  is  healthy;  but  the  winters  are 
long,  and  exceedingly  cold. 

3.  Population. — The  population,  composed  principally  of  English 
and  French  half-breeds,  is  engaged  in  farming,  cattle-raising,  hunting, 
and  fishing.     They  number  about  12,000. 

4.  Chief  Town. — Fort  Garry,  at  the  junction  of  the  issiniboin 
and  Red  Rivers,  is  the  capital. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Brit?.  Columbia  embraces  the  ter- 
ritory between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
between  the  United  States  on  the  south  and  Finley  and  Simpson 
Rivers  on  the  north;  also  Vancouver  Island  and  Queen  Charlotte 
Islands.     Area,  213,500  square  miles. 


6.  Population?  6.  Capital?  Othor  towns?  7.  Religion?  Manitoba. 
— 1.  "Vvhurw  is  it?  Area?  2.  Burfiice?  Soil?  Climate?  3.  Population? 
4    Capital?     BniTrsn  Cohimbia.— 1.  Whem  is  it?     Area? 


PRINCE    EDWARD    ISLAND. 


mall  quantities  of 


76 


..  ;  K  T  ft  T'^^^'  Rocky  Mountains  are  on  the  east 
the  highest  peak,  Mt.  Brown,  being  16,000  feet  high-  the  Cascade 
Mountains  are  on  the  west.  Frazer  River,  700  m^  s  long  flows 
be  ween  these  two  ranges,  and  empties  into  the  (,.lf  of  Lrgia 
Columbia  River  rises  in  British  Columbia,  flows  through  Oregon,  f  nd 
there  empties  into  the  Pacific:  it  is  1200  miles  long  S     ,  ana 

3   Soil    Climate,  &c._In  the  west  the  soil  is 'fertile  and  well 
adapted  to  pasturage;   m  the  north  the  climate  is  cold,  and  the 
winters  are  long.     The  chief  attraction  of  this  region  is  its  Jld 
winch  IS  fouud  mainly  in  the  alluvial  deposits  of  Frazer  River         ' 

Island,  IS  the  ^pital  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  sheltered 
harbor  New  Westminster,  near  the  mouth  of  Frazer  River  was 
formerly  the  capital.  '  ^^^ 

5.  Vancouver  Island.  Position  and  Bxtent.-This  isknd 
named  after  Captain  Vancouver,  a  British  navigator,  is  separated 
from  the  mam  and  of  British  Columbia  by  the  Gulf  of  Georja.  It 
IS  about  280  miles  long  by  60  broad.  Area,  13,500  square  miles.  It 
IS  noted  for  being  the  largest  island  on  the  Pacific  coast 

6.  ProductB.-Gold  has  been  discovered;  coal  is  found  in  large 
quantities,    lish  abound  on  the  coast,  and  furs  are  obtained 


)f  the  -issiniboin 


QUESTIONS    ON    MAP    NO.    5,    PRINCE    EDWARD 

ISLAND. 

Prince  Edward  Island.-Bound  Prince  Edward  Island.  What 
baysouth?  What  strait  south?  Gulf  north?  What  cape  north? 
East?  Southeast?  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is 
Oeorgetown? 

PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 

Net  bT°°  ,^"^,=^*«f -P^^^'ck  Edward  Island  lies  east  of 

.!2l    T«;    ■  ^".^r^'*'  "^  ^"'^  ^^^*'^'  ^"d  i«  ^^P^'-ated  from 
both  by  the  Strait  of  Northumberland.     Area,  2100  .sqliare  miles. 

2.  Mountain!*?     Pra^oo  p;,.__9      n_i t.     tj.       -      -     _    _ 

thief  attraction?    l"c^it^\V' k  ^"^""'."'^  River  r     3.  «oiI  and  climate? 


76 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 


2.  Natural  Features. — The  coast-line  is  so  indented  that  no 
part  of  the  island  is  more  than  8  miles  from  the  sea.  The  surface  is 
level,  and  the  soil  fertile,  Tho  r^limate  is  mi?der  than  in  the  adja- 
cent Colonies.  From  tae  sAff'ii  iorests  considerable  quantities  of 
lumber  are  obtained  and  tlio  fiaheries  on  the  coast  and  neighboring 
banks  are  productive,     Ship-building  is  carried  on  to  t  /iie  extent. 

3.  Population. — ^The  population  numbers  81,000,  and  is  composed 
of  English  and  French. 

4.  Chief  Town. — Charlottetown,  the  '.lispU?;.],  is  three  miles  north 
of  Ililisborough  Bay. 

5.  This  island,  settled  by  the  French,  and  originally  called  St. 
John,  was  named,  in  the  year  1780,  after  Prince  Edward,  afterwards 
Duke  of  Kent,  and  father  of  Queen  Victoria. 

QUESTIONS  ON  MAP  NO.  6,  NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Ne-wfoundland. — Bound  Newfoundland.  What  strait  separates 
it  from  Labrador?  Where  is  White  Bay?  Notre  Dame  [not'r-dahm'') 
Bay?  Trinity  Bay?  Placentia  Bay?  St.  George  Bay ?  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence?  Cape  Race?  Cape  Ray?  Name  the  two  largest 
lakes.  What  range  and  what  hills?  What  two  rivers?  What  and 
where  is  the  capital? 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Newfoundland  is  a  large  island, 
separated  from  the  mainland  of  Labrador  by  the  Strait  of  Belle- 
isle.  It  is  the  largest  island  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Area,  46.000 
square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — On  the  coast  the  surface  is  low  and 
marshy.  In  the  interior  it  is  varied,  being  rocky  and  uneven  at  tho 
north,  while  in  other  parts  are  dense  thickets  and  extensive  lagunea. 

3.  The  Great  Bank,  lying  southeast  of  Newfoundland,  is  a  vast 
shallow,  or  sujbmarine  plateau,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  GOO  miles 
long  by  200  broad.  The  cod-fishory  is  carried  on  here  from  June  to 
October,  and  employs  more  than  1000  boats  and  larger  vessels, 
producing  fish  and  oil  annually  to  the  value  of  6,000,000  dollars. 


2.  Coast-line?  Climafo?  Products,  Ac?  3.  Population?  4.  Capital? 
5.  What  further  about  this  islnnd?  Newfounoland. — 1.  AVhereisit?  Area? 
2.  Surface?     3.  What  of  tho  Great  Dank  ?     Cod-fishory?     About  fogs? 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 


77 


The  bank  is  often  covered  with  dense  fogs,  occasioned  by  the  meet- 
ing of  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  Stream  with  the  colder  polar  currents. 
4.  Products. — Cod,  herring,  salmon,  and  other  fish  abound.  The 
seal,  8oa-hors(\  and  grampus  are  found  on  the  coast.  The  well- 
kuown  Nowfuundland  dog  was  first  fi)und  here. 


ree  miles  north 


COD-FISHING. 


5.  Population.— The  population,  composed  chiefly  of  English  and 
Irish,  numbers  about  123,000. 

6.  Chief  Town.— St.  John's,  on  the  southeast  coast,  is  the  capital. 
It  is  only  1656  miles  from  Valentia  in  Ireland.  Nearly  all  its 
inhabitants  are  fishe   nen. 

The  United  States  and  France  have  obtained  rights  to  fish  on  the 
coast  and  banks,  and  to  cure  the  fish  on  the  shore. 

7.  Government.— The  Government  is  vested  in  a  Governor,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Crown,  assisted  by  Councils  and  by  an  Assembly 
elected  by  the  people. 


*;  Jf '■"'^"';^'' **'■  •     5-  Population?    0.  Capital?    What  of  the  United  State* 
and  France?      7.  Government? 


78 


ISLANDS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


8.  Rellglon.-About  one-half  of  the  population  are  Protestants 
of  vanous  denominations;  the  remaining  half  are  Roman  Catholics 

J.  Education—There  are  numerous  elementary  schools  and  a 
normal  school,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Government,  besides 
many  academies  and  grammar  schools. 

10.  Labrador  is  an  extensive  but  barren  region  lying  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  east  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Country.  It  is  fnhfbited  by 
Esquimaux  and  a  few  Moravian  missionaries.  It  is  noted  for  its 
seal-fisheries,  which  are  carried  on  from  June  to  September.  Nain 
IS  the  principal  missionary  settlement.  The  mean  temperature  for 
he  year  is  7°  below  the  freezing-point.  Labrador  is  attached  to 
the  Government  of  Newfoundland. 


ISLANDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
1.  The  islands  of  North  America  are  numerous,  and  many  of 

Edrr7TT°]'  v^*''  ^"'^'^  "^'"'^'  ^^^^""^'  Newfoundland,  pice 
Edward  Island,  Vancouver  Island,  and  the  West  Indies,  are  de- 
scribed  elsewhere. 

2  The  following  are  of  less  importance,  and  lie  nearly  all  in  the 
Arctic  Ocean  The  North  Georgian  Wands  and  North  Devon  are 
north  of  MelvUe  and  Lancaster  Sounds.    They  were  discovered  by 

yea'rlTsS;        ™'""'  ""  °°'  "'  *'  '''*°''"'»''  S'<»>P  -  the 
3.  The  islands  called  Banks's  Land,  Prince  Albert'sLand,  Victoria 

0r.tT»""  r'';  '"  '"""'  °f  **''"»»  ■'"''  !'-«-'«'  Sounds. 
On  the  latter  were  found  remains  of  Sir  John  Franklin's  unfortunate 

e>tpcd,t,o„.    All  these  islands  lie  north  of  the  mainland  of  North 

An,.,r,ca,  ma  fr,g,d  climate.     The  inhabitants  consist  of  a  few  wan 

dcnng  Lsqu.mau):  scattered  over  a  great  e:ttent  of  territory. 

Alaska  L^th  A  •'l*""'  """"'''  "'■  '"'"•"'  8""P'  lyi-g  ''»"'«'=■' 
^etnhlf  ?  As,at,c  continent.  They  are  rocky  and  volcanic. 
The  inhabitants  are  a  mixture  ofAsiatics  and  North  American  In- 

A»pn,^.      1    ^TTx..  ,_      .,    '1'™'^^®/     Wovernment?     Island.s  op  Nn«T» 

People.    4.  Orth„A,e:;L7l„",SSr''whl!;':f  ZiSit'at"?'  '"""•"" 


Inhabitants? 


ARCTIC   EXPEDITIONS  AND  EXPIORATIONS.  79 

dians.    Their  occupation  is  fishinirnnil  l>.,„f!         t       . 
in  house,  under  ground  to  nro  LmI         ?     ^;    1°  »'"'"  »l>ey  live 
The,  number  abolt  90oi    Ctla  dT.  I"    T,  ""^  "^'''^  «"'<•• 
5.  The  Archipelagoes  of  Ge'  ™    n  if  !u«  1° '"  ^"'""^  """o^- 

near  the  southernmtt  poiuTo?!"!!  1^""™  »'  '^'""  "" 
islands  of  the  Jrst-named    Bar»„„ff         Territory.    On  one  of  the 

of  Alaska.     The  inhaWtants  .1       ^  "  "'""""'  ^'*'"^  ""^  ™Pi"" 
lt..,sians,  and  Indians.  "^"'°"'  '^'°"'  "^^  l'""^''  St'tes, 

ARCTIC  EXPEDITIONS  AND  EXPLORATIONS 

attLSd  il:t::oZ:Z'''^''''1-  >«'-*— --Igators  have 

Oceanf  so  as  to  re^h  ChtnTa  T  't"  ^"^"""  *"  "^^  ^-'«» 
routes.  ""^  *  ''""■'«'  ™y  than  the  usual 

ofir^pTit'TLtredr  t'^r^T"^  "■'"'°' »"  *^  -™- 

Ael'indit  :tTiin':«t  ^th^fr  t?t""r  °^  ^"-- 

32^    The  winter  in  ih.Jf    T  ^""^^'^  ^^''^^'  ^^^it^^Je  GG° 

the  sea  freer;:^:;':  ?te;T37rTtr'''"""t^ 

ice  in  the  more  onpn  nn.fo  k      ,  .  ^"  *^®  ^P^'^ng  tli<^ 

ice  .—g  ^srdiSLTrgir  "^  ™^  '-"^'  - 
wotrtoTiir;i';';to~tr  r- '-  -  - 

century,  Henry  Hudcnn   '        ^  .1         ,  °  ^'''"^^  P^^*  ^^  ^^^  17th 

whichLrs  hfsre-Xrhe'tr ""  ""''  """  '*  '^^  ""^ 

-™i,e  .  Jd,  and  in  a  slnd^C^  "CerfSf:: 

.i°h  ?:o'vf;:?:'';htEr:;'f  "fr'''™'."^*°  ''^"'">  *-^.  ^i-- 


■e  fUdrts  been  made  ?     ,3. 


i-  What  of  the  Cnb 


What  do  the  Arot 


iwest  pussiipc  ?     2.   VVh 


Capt 


am  Sir  John  Franklin  ? 


'ts  and  Hudson  ?     5 


Capt 


ic  regions  include  ?     Climate  ? 


ain    Ross?     Captain    Parry? 


; !     ^I'i 


;    i 
I    I 


I 


,1    ..,. 


I  i 


80 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 


7.  As  he  did  not  return  after  the  three  years  that  ho  haa  intended 
to  be  absent,  several  small  expeditions  were  fitted  out  tt)  discover  his 
fate  and  that  of  the  138  persons  who  sailed  with  him,  and  also  for 
the  purpose  of  further  discoveries. 

8.  Of  these  expeditions,  six  have  sailed  from  the  United  States, 
the  first  under  Lieutenant  Do  Haven,  of  the  navy,  the  second  and 
most  remarkable  under  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  who  had  sailed  with  Lieu- 
tenant De  Haven,  the  third  under  Dr.  L  I.  Hayes,  who  had  accom- 
panied Dr.  Kane,  and  the  last  three  under  Captain  Hall. 

9.  Dr.  Kane  penetrated  to  within  519  miles  of  the  North  Pole.  It 
was  his  opinion  that  Smith's  Sound  opened  into  a  polar  sea  always 
fv'^e  from  ice ;  but  this  has  not  been  substantiated. 

10.  The  principal  recent  British  expeditions  were  made  by  Cap- 
tains Collinson,  McCluro,  and  McClintock.  The  latte  •,  in  the  yacht 
*'  Fox,"  found  some  relics  of  Franklin's  party  on  King  William's 
Island,  where  thoy  had  been  for  20  months  b)  jcked  in  the  ice. 
Every  man  of  the  party  had  perished. 

11.  Captain  Sir  Robert  McClure  succeeded  at  last,  in  18," 2,  'v.\ 
effecting  the  passage  from  ocean  to  ocean  ;  but  it  remains  a  ba~ren 
discovery,  the  ice  and  the  intricacy  of  the  passage  forbidding  its 
ever  becoming  of  use  for  navigation. 


qup:sttoxs  on  map  no.  7,  united  states. 

United  states. — 1.  Bound  the  United  States.  Between  what 
parallels  of  latitude  does  it  principally  lie?  Between  what  mei"- 
dians  of  lon"!;itudc? 

2.  Bays,  Gulfs,  and  Sounds. — AVliore  are  Pasaamaquoddy, 
Penobscot,  and  (^asco  Bays?  Where  is  Long  Island  Sound?  New- 
York  Bay  ?  Dchiwart  ihiy  ?  Chesapeake  Bay  ?  Where  are  AUic 
nmrle  and  Pamlico  Sounds?  Where  is  St.  Helena  Sound?  Wher<' 
are  Chatham,  Tampa,  Apalachce,  St.  Andrews,  and  Pensaeoh;  Bayx ' 
Wliere  is  Mobile  Bay?   Black  Bay?  Whore  are  Barataria,  Timballli^r 


7  What  Hoaroh  was  mado?  S.  Name  the  tliroo  oxpcditJons  from  iho  Uiiittl 
Rtatp!<,  3.  How  fur  <iiil  Knno  pcnotrato?  What  of  the  upon  Polar  Soa?  U 
What  lato  exiiptlitioiiHr     II.   Whiif  of  Caplain  Sir  Itobori  MoClure'B? 


1 

if 


3  mado  by  Cap- 


)  forbidding  its 


QUESTIONS    ON   MAP   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  81 

(/*».-6a-;.e,-a  Atohafalaja  {atch-a-fa-U^ah),  and  Vermilion  Bays? 
(Ktlvoston  Matagorda  and  Aransas  Bays?  Wiiere  in  the  Gulf  of 
M0X.C0?  Inhere  are  Monterey  {mon.iay.-ay%  San  Francisco,  and 
Bodega  Bays?  ^^V  here  is  Page.  [pr,jet)  Sound?  Admiralty  iLlet? 
3    Capes-»Vhere   are  Capes  Ann   and  Cod?     Where  is  Cape 

St.  Bias  Cape  Meud<,cmo  {men-do-see^ ao)  ?  Capes  Orford,  Arago 
Ivmhveather,  Lookout?     Capo  Flattery?  '^'^''S^. 

4.  Islands.-Where  is  Mt.  Desert  Island?  Nantucket?  Martha's 
A.noyard  Longlshu.d?  The  Bahamas?  The  Flonda  Reefs ?  iC 
liigi         ilie  tMintu  BurUras? 

.5.  MountalU8.-Wlmt  mountains  in  tho  east?  An».  There  m 

./;.»„<,,™     What  vast  range  i„  the  west?    An,.  Tke  ImJmoZ 
mrthm  Montana,  i„^,e.  ll„-ou.,h  ike  Vailed  *„fe,  ,„  MeL    Jl 
riio  Cascade  M.iuntains?    The  Cast  Mrantains? 
,anV''"'ltio''*srrr''Tn    *'""■"'"""'  ''"""^    Champlain?    On. 

.s;™,p?'T;l'e.j:r^^^^^^^^^^^^         •^''.e0.en„,.ee(,a,.,,w4 

aJ.  nr:rw-x  tM%frr/'"  ^"■'^"  ■'""•™ «-' 


f  1 

1    I 

" 

1    ! 

!    1    i 

1    ' 

'    f  -■ 

'  ■ 

1 

-■ 

!  ^ 

'   ;., 

,     1 

II 

1.1  u 


lil 


III 


82 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Describe  Lhc  St.  Lawrence.  Hudson.  Delaware.  Susquehanna 
Potomac.  James.  Cape  Fear.  Savannah.  Altamaha  (ait'/./a-mo- 
haw').  Mobile.  Mississippi.  Name  five  affluents  of  the  Mississippi 
on  the  east.  Five  on  the  west.  Which  is  th-  larges^t  of  all  these 
affluents?  Describe  tho  Sabine  {mh-been').  Colorado  of  Texas.  Rio 
Grande.  Colorado  of  Mexico.  San  Joaquin  [ho-ah-keea').  Sacra- 
mento. Columbia.  Ohio.  Name  five  affluents  of  the  Ohio  in  Ken- 
tucky. Two  in  West  Virginia.  Two  in  Pennsylvania.  One  in  Ohio. 
One  between  Indiana  and  Illinois.  Name  five  affluents  of  the  Mis- 
souri on  the  north.     Five  on  the  south. 

8.  States.— Name  the  first  five  States  on  the  Atlantic  border, 
beginning  with  Maine.     Next  fi  Next  four.     Five  States  on  the 

Gulf  of  Mexico.  Two  on  the  Paciti.  Name  eight  States  that  border 
more  or  less  on  the  Great  Lakes.  Wliere  is  Vermont?  AVest  Vir- 
ginia? Arkansas?  Tennessee?  jventucky  ?  Missouri?  Iowa? 
Kansas?  Nevada?  Nebraska?  These  last-nam..  .en  States  do  not 
border  on  the  Ocean,  Gulf,  or  Groat  Lakes. 

Bound  the  following  States,  and  name  their  Capitals.— Ma':H\ 
N(;\\  liampshire.  Vermont.  Massachusetts.  Khodo  Island.  Con- 
necticut. New  York.  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania.  Delaware.  Mary- 
land.    Virginia.     West  Virginia. 

North  Carolina.  S  )uth  Carolina.  Georgia.  Florida.  Alabama. 
Mississippi.  Louisiana.  T(^\as.  Arkansas.  Tennessee.  Kentucky. 
Ohio.  Michigan.  Indiana.  Illinois.  Wisconsin.  Missouri.  Jowa. 
Minnesota.  Kansas.  Nevada.  California.  Ore};on.  Nebraska. 
Ildw  manv  States?  Ans.  .'57. 

'.).  Territories.— Bound  the  following  Territories,  and  name 
their  Capitals.— Colorado.    Dakota.    Wyoming.    Montana.    Idaho. 
Washingtt)n.      Ttah.     Arlztma.      New   M.'xic(».      Indian   Territorv 
How  many  Territories?     Ans.  12.     Bcmnd  the  Territory  of  Alaska. 
(See  Map  No.  3.) 

What  is  the  Capital  of  the  United  States  ?     TIow  situated? 

Wliat  is  th(^  ditfcrcncc  bctwoon  the  capital  and  the  capitol  of  a 
country?  Aninrvr.  The  capitrfl  is  the  chief  town  or  city,  where  the 
Legislature  meets  to  make  the  laws,  and  it  is  called  the  smt  of 
ijorernmcnt.  In  the  I'nitetl  States,  tlio  word  capitol  is  applied  to  tho 
buildiny  in  whicli  the  Li'gislature  usaoniblus. 


:i^ 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


ba 


CAPITOL  AT  WASHiNG'^ON. 

THE  CMTEl)  STATES. 

;.  Position  and  Extent.-Tho  United  States  of  America  em- 
prises that  portion  of  North  America  lying  between  the  British 
possessions  on  the  north  and  Mexico  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the 
south,  and  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east  and  the  PaciHc 
Ocean  on  the  'vest,  together  with  Alaska,  in  the  northwest  part  of 
JVorth  America.  ^' 

2  Without  including  the  Territory  of  Alaska,  it  extends  about 
-/o 0  mdcs  Irom  east  to  west,  and  ITCO  from  north  to  south.  It  in- 
chulos  niore  than  half  the  land  lying  in  the  ten.perate  .one  of  North 
Amenca.     Ihe  frontier-line  is  nearly  Kl.OlK)  n.iles  in  length,  and 

H'  J-oast-hno,  on  the  Atlantic,  the  PaciHc,  the  Oulf  of  Mexico,  and 
t '"  (Jroat  Lakes,  about  12.600  n.iles.  Area,  .'{.OlO.OOO  square  miles. 
Area,  with  Alaska  and  its  islands.  3,r)77,00()  square  miles. 

-'!•   Natural  FeAtmea.—Mounfains.—Tho.  Kocky  Mountains, 

r,l:.^y''"l'''r  "i° .!^"''«'>  '^•«t<'«  ""inpri,-..?     2.  It.  oxiTnt?     Fron.i,.r.lin„» 
-    'i.:t.    Arrii-   ...  ^\li,u,n.„infftinB?    bcrtU.st  |.niU»i'   What  of  »hi.<  chain  ^ 


.  ^^ 


84 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


with  tlu>  Sierra  Madre,  form  the  most  extensive  range.  Thei- 
oftiest  points  are  Fremont's,  Long's,  and  Pike's  Peaks,  from  12,000 
to  13,. oO  feet  in  height.  They  are  the  northern  portion  of  the  vast 
chain  <,f  mountains  extending  1)800  miles,  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to 
the  Strait  of  Magellan. 

4.  A  more  western  system  extends  through  California,  Oregon,  and 
Washington,  in  several  parallel  ridges  and  spurs,  bearing  distinct 
names,  as  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  Cascade  Range,  and  the  Coast  Moun- 
tains. Of  these.  Mount  St.  Helens,  Mount  Hood,  Mount  Shasta,  and 
some  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California,  rear  their  sno^v^ 
summits  from  12,000  to  14,000  feet.  Mount  St.  Elias,  in  the  Coast 
Kange,  is  l/,900  feet  high,  and  is  the  highest  land  in  North  America. 

5.  The  Alleghany  Mountains  begin  in  the  State  of  Maine,  in  the 
form  of  detached  peaks,  and  extend,  in  a  southwest  direction,  to  the 
State  of  Alabama.  In  the  eastern  and  central  part  this  cliain  com- 
pn,  OS  several  parallel  ridges,  bearing  local  names,  as  the  White  and 
Green  M,)untains  in  Now  England,  the  Blue  Ridge  in  Virginia, 
Nt.rth  Carolinii,  and  Georgia,  and  the  Cumberland  Mountains  iii 
Kentucky.  Tennessee,  and  Alabama. 

0.  Surface.— The  surface  may  bo  divided  into  three  parts:  Isf. 
Tho  Atlantic  slope,  e.vtending  from  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ;  2d.  The  Pacific  slope,  comprising  all  the  ccm.Ury 
lying  between  the  \Wky  Mountains  and  tho  Pacific,  at  a  distan... 
of  from  six  hundred  to  a  thousand  miles;  lid.  The  Mississippi  Vallev. 
including  the  region  between  the  Alleghany  Mountains  on  the  ea^t 
and  the  Rocky  M<.untaip.8  on  the  west,  its  breadth  the  40th  paral- 
lel being  about  1400  miles. 

7.  The  United  States  is  one  of  the  best-watered  regions  on  tho 
globe;  its  lakes  and  rivers  arc  of  the  first  magnitude,  and  furni.sh 
an  inland  navigation  of  more  than  20.000  miles  in  extent. 

H.  Lakes.— The  great  lakes.  Superior.  Huron.  Eri;>,  Ontario,  and 
Michigan,  form  a  remarkable  feature.    They  aro  very  deep,  are  con 
nect«Ml  with  each  other  by  straits  and  riv<>rs,  and  pi.ur  tlieir  unite<l 
waters  ihnmgli  the  St.  Lawrence^  River  into  tiie  Athintio  Ocean. 

9.  Tho   international    boundary-lino  uf   the   United   States   an<l 


THE   UNITED   STATES.  g. 

Canada  passes  through  the  middle  of  them  all  wi.h  fh„  .        .■ 
of  Lake  Michigan,  which  is  wholly  i„  the  Uniw  Stt         T"" 
lakes  form  the  largest  bodv  of  frei       .      ■      J  '"'•     ^^"^^ 

an  area  of  94,000  square  Z,.  2- ™' '"  "■  "'""'  '""'  ""^'^ 
numbers  „f  steam  Id  o"r  vestr^l''" 'V'-""™^'' '  «'»■" 
flourishing  „itie„  adorn  theb  Ln\T'''  "'^  "P™  "'^"  -'-•  "1 

the"-  •'"::-"'"  •^"""^  ^-'--^  «-"■  "  ™«e  watershed  for 
which      flow- 
east  into   tho 
..lley  of  tlie 
Mississippi 
and  w^est   to- 
wards the  Pa- 
cific    Ocean. 
The  Allegua- 
ny  Mountains 

form  another 

groat    water- 

slied,       from 

which  the  ri- 
vers fall  into 

the    Atlantic 

Otoan  on  the 

east,  and  into 

the  valley  of 

the  Mississip- 
pi on  the  west.  LAKE  ITASCA.  THE  SOURCE  OK  T„E  MlSsis'sitp" 

11.  The  Mississippi,  ^vith  its  chief  afflmmt  the  Al^n  nrl    ;    m 
lonjrost  r  ver  in  flu.  itrnri,i      t*    i  .  .^u.^o  ,urj,  ih  the 

u  I,  wiB  i/ea  M0I..J9,  Arkansas,  anc    Red  Jiiv.M.      ti.« 
lated  waters  of  all  theso  l.^^e  rivers  are      r.i        ..  """" 

into  the  Gulf  of  Moxi.o  """  ^^  ^'"'  *'"«  ^^--^""^ 

This  vast  river  svstc-ii  waters  the  eroat  wostnrn  ,.  ii 
J-.»  i.0„  ."^."^fn^..  U,e^,ok^.^^^ 


I 


66 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


■ 


with  an  area  of  more  than  1,200,000  squar»-  miles.     Its  settled  por 
tion  is  one  of  th€  most  productive  regions  in  America :  it  is  ol'tea 
called  the  ''Garden  of  the  West." 

12.  The  most  noted  rivers  east  of  the  Alleghanies  are,  the  Con- 
necticut,   Hudson,    Delaware,     Sunriuehanna,    Potomac,    Putanoke, 
James,   and    Savannah.      These,   though    important   commerL-ially, 
are  of  but  moderate  length :   thoy  will  be  treat*}d  of  in  the  geo 
graphy  of  the  State:*  m  which  they  principally  li*. 

13.  Near  the  west  coast,  the  Columbia  and  tL«  Colorado  rit?o  ii-. 
the  R  H-kv  MountainH  ;  the  former  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the 
latter  into  the  *  rulf  of  California.  The  Rio  Grande,  having  iis  source- 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  forms  for  a  portion  of  its  course 
the  8outliwo:st  boundary  of    ho  United  States. 

14.  Soil,  Climate,  and  Products. — In  a  region  so  extensive  as 
the  CJnit«}'l  State^^  almost  every  variety  of  soil  and  climate  will  bo 
fotiud.  Th«  agrl<  uUaval  products  are  greater  in  proportion  to  its 
population  than  tiiose  f  any  other  country.  In  1872  the  wheat  and 
corn  pffjduced  amounted  to  lOOO  million  bushels,  the  hay  to  27  mil- 
lion tons,  and  the  cottf>n  to  12'X>  million  pounds,  or  3  million  bales. 

In  the  Southern 
States,  sugar,  cot- 
ton, rice,  tobacco, 
and  various  tropical 
fruits  are  produced ; 
while  in  the  Middle, 
Northern. andWost- 
ern  States,  wheat, 
corn,  oatfi,  hay,  ap- 
ples, pears,  poach- 
es, in  short,  nearly 
pll  the  productions 
buc^HCANE.  of    the    temperate 

Bonos,  are  found.    In  Ohio  and  California  tliere  are  many  vineyards, 

and  considerable  quantities  of  wine  arc  made. 


Whore  rl.)o«  it  flow?     AVhat  ..f  this  vi.st  river  system?     What  of  its  Bettlel 
pirtioni'     12.  Wvi-f^  oast  of  (ho  Allp'xhanio'*?    13.  Wiiat  i-ivo'-s  iicnrtho  wet 
coast?    What  of  t'lo  Rio  Oriincio?    U.  AVhnt  of  tho  soil  ntid  cliinatp'    Aprlciil 
I  Ural  product  ■»'    How  ninoli  wheat  and  corn  in  1 ''72  '   H.'.y?    Conon  ?   What  nf 
the  products  of  I  ho  Southern  States?    Middle,  Northern",  and  Western  States/ 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


87 


15.  The  changes  of  temperature  are  greater  in  the  United  States 
than  in  Europe  in  the  same  latitudes,  the  summers  being  generally 
warmer  and  the  winters  colder.  In  most 
parts  the  climate  seems  to  be  as  conducive 
to  health,  energy,  and  longevity  as  that  of 
any  other  country. 

10.  Minerals. — Minerals  of  almost  eve- 
ry variety  are  found.  Gold  is  obtained  in 
California,  Nevada,  Colorado,  Idoho,  and 
in  other  quarters  ;  copper  in  Michigan  ; 
load  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Mis- 
souri;  iron  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Virginia ;  and 
coal  in  Pennsylvania  and  other  States. 
The  coal-fields  of  the  United  States  are 
estimated  to  bo  thirty  times  greater  in  ex- 
tent than  those  of  all  Europe.  Many  varie- 
ties of  marble,  granite,  and  other  building- 
stono    are  found. 

17.  Manufactures.— Manufactures  are 
numerous  and  cxtenHivc.  The  principal 
arc  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  paper,  glass, 
leather,  fire-arms  and  machinery  of  all 
kinds.  In  ship-building  the  United  States 
is  not  surpassed  by  Jtny  other  country. 

18.  Commerce.— The  commerce  of  tlie 
I'nion,  both  foreign  and  domestic,  is  one  of 
tlic  most  extensive  in  the  Avorld.  This  com- 
nuM'ce  is  carried  on  by  grent  numbers  of  ves- 
sels, especially  steam-vess(>Is,  by  the  more 
than  70,000  niiloH  of  railroads,  and  by  the 
••anais  and  telegraphs  with  which  all  the 
"ettled  parts  of  the  country  are  interacted. 

1'^    Population. —The    population   of        Qolo-mining  in  nevada. 
the  Unit.'d  States  i^omposed  of  the  white,  negro,  and  Indian  race^. 

)»  gold  ?   Popppr.  ,t('.  '    What,  of  (l,co..HKnplds?   What  of  mnrMo   Ac''      7 

^f  ™!,"'ti'r';;.  ^^i.-^  -- 1>-  iTin-pni?  About  .hip.i,„"iLT  fi;- whi; 


88 


THE   UNITED   STATES. 


II 


\ 


The  whites  are  chiefly  of  English,  German,  Irish,  and  Scotch  descent. 
Between  the  years  1826  and  1869,  seven  million  emigrants  arrived 
from  Europe. 

20.  The  Indians  roaming  in  the  West  are  gradually  disappearing 
before  the  progress  of  civilization.  They  are  not  included  in  the 
population  or  enumeration  of  the  people. 

21.  In  1870,  the  entire  population  of  the  United  States  was  up- 
wards of  38,500,000.  The  negroes  are  one-eighth  of  the  number. 
There  are  about  300,000  Indians. 

22.  Language. — The  English  is  the  national  language.  In  a  few 
of  the  States,  German  is  used  to  some  extent.  In  Louisiana,  French 
is  extensively  spoken.  In  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  Spanish  is  the 
prevailing  tongue. 

23.  Division  Into  States  and  Territories.— When  Great  Britain 
acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  United  States,  in  1783,  there 
were  thirteen  States  leagued  together  in  a  Confederation.  The 
number  has  been  increased  by  the  admission  of  rew  States:  there 
are  now  thirty-seven  States,  besides  eleven  Territories,  and  Alaska, 
formerly  Russian  America,  The  Territories,  as  iheir  population 
becomes  sufficient,  may  be  admitted  as  States. 

24.  Chief  Cities.— Washington,  in  the  Territory  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  the  capital  of  the  United  States.  The  principal  cities 
on  the  Atli  ic  coast,  in  passing  from  north  to  south,  are  Boston, 
New  York,  1    iladelphia,  Baltimore,  Charleston,  and  Savannah. 

25.  Pitts))urgh  and  Cincinnati,  on  the  Ohio,  and  St.  Louis,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  are  flourishing  cities.  Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan, 
is  the  largest  grain-depot  in  the  world. 

26.  New  Orleans,  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  extensive  com- 
merce. Mobile  is  famous  for  its  exports  of  cotton.  San  Francisco, 
on  the  Pacific,  is  the  great  commercial  depot  of  the  west  coast  of 
America. 

27.  Education. — Education  is  more  generally  diflused  than  in 
any  other  country.  Besides  many  cUeges  unci  ot'.cr  institutions 
of  learning,  there  are  in  the  several  States  public  free  schools,  pro- 

20.  Whnt  of  tho  Indiana?  21.  Population?  22.  What  lanpuages  are 
spoken  ?  2.'5.  IIow  many  States  at  fir.sf  ?  Uow  many  imw  ?  How  many  ter- 
ritories? 24.  Capita!?  Cities  on  tho  Atlantic  coast  ?  1'5.  Other  cities?  26. 
Ab(U»  New  Orleans  and  others?  27.  What  of  education  ?  What  of  ool- 
le-jes,  Ac? 


I 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


S9 


videcl  bylaw,  in  which  nearly  all  the  children  receive  the  rudiments 
of  education. 

28.  So  general  is  education  in  the  United  States,  that  very  few  of 
the  white  inhabitants  are  unable  to  read  and  write.  The  press  is 
entirely  free.  There  are  more  newspapers  published  than  in  any 
jther  country  in  the  world. 

29.  There  are  various  national  scientific  institutions,  of  which  the 


SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION. 


>Sniith8onian  Institution,  and  the  National  Observatory  at  Wash- 
ington,  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  and  the  Naval  Aca- 
demy at  Annapolis,  are  the  principal.  Various  exploring  expedi- 
tions  have  been  sent  out,  who.e  labors  have  extended  the  d..main  of 
science.  The  Coast  Survey  has  been  prosecuted  for  more  than  i^C 
years  ;  it  is  highly  useful  to  the  commerce  of  the  world 

30    Governme:it.-The  United  States  is  a  Federal  Republic,  the 
people  of  the  various  States  being  bound  tc.gether  for  this  purpose  by 

Wh!;  ,7^*  Y^-^''  ?i  '^'!»°"ti"n  ?     Whnt  of  the  press  nn.l  newapnpors  '     "0 

8* 


90 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


a  Constitution,  whicji  was  framed  in  1787,  and  became  operative  in 
April,  1789,  Washington  being  the  first  President. 

31.  Each  State  has  a  separate  government  tor  the  management  of 
its  own  internal  affairs. 

32.  The  Federal  Government,  the  capital  of  which  is  Washington, 
is  divided  into  three  departments, — the  Executive,  the  Legislative, 
and  the  Judiciary. 

33.  The  Executive,  designed  to  execute  the  laws  of  the  country 
and  to  sustain  the  relations  of  the  country  at  home  and  a])road,  h 
confided  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  who  is  elected  by  the 
people  for  four  years.  With  him  is  associated  the  Vice-President, 
elected  for  the  same  term ;  who,  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or 
disability  of  the  President,  supplies  his  place. 


PRESIDENT'S  HOUSE. 


34.  The  President  appoints  various  Sfirrcturies,  to  assist  him  in 
his  duties.  Tb-^se  are,  the  Secretaries  of  State,  of  the  Treasury,  of 
War,  of  the  Navy,  and  of  the  Interior;  these,  with  the  Attorney-Gene- 
ral and  the  Postmaster-General,  constitute  his  Cabinet,  and  are  his 
counsellors  and  advisers. 


31.  What  of  each  Ptiitr?  :?2.  What  <tf  tho  Fcdenil  Government?  What, 
three  departmonfs?  .'^;{.  What  of  the  Executive?  With  whom  is  ho  associated? 
When  does  the  Vice-President  supply  the  idaco  of  the  Tresidcut?  3t.  What 
assistants  has  the  Proeident?     What  uro  they  culled? 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


91 


35.  The  L  gislative  department  is  so  called  because  it  makes  tha 
laws  wluch  the  President  and  his  officers  are  to  execute.  It  consists 
of  the  Striate  and  the  House  of  Representatives.  These  form  the 
Congress  cl  the  United  States.  There  are  two  Senators  from  each 
State,  ele.  ed  for  six  years.  The  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives  are  elected  for  two  years.  Congress  meets  at  the  capital 
every  year,  ua  the  first  Monday  in  December. 

30.  The  Judiciary  department  interprets  the  laws.  It  consists— 
1st,  of  a  Supreme  C  -t,  composed  of  a  Chief  Justice  and  eight 
Associate  Judges;  2d,  of  Circuit  Courts,  held  by  two  judges  in  each 
of  the  ten  circuits  into  which  the  country  is  divided ;  and  3d,  of 
District  Courts,  held  by  one  judge  in  every  district  in  the  Union.' 

37.  State  Governments.— The  government  of  each  State  is 
modelled  upon  that  of  the  Federal  ^'  )vernment.  The  great  depart- 
ments  are  similarly  constituted.  The  chief  executive  officer  is  called 
a  Governor;  and  the  legislative  bodies  are  called  Legislatures.  They 
meet  at  the  capitals  of  their  several  States,  to  make  laws. 

38.  Religion.— In  no  other  country  in  the  Avorld  are  the  people 
so  thoroughly  under  religious  and  Christian  influence  as  in  the 
United  States.  Yet  religion  is  not  established  by  law,  nor  has  the 
government  any  power  to  interfere  in  religious  affairs.  Perfect 
religious  toleration  exists,  and  every  man  may  w^orship  God  accord- 
mg  to  the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience. 

39.  A  great  majority  of  the  people  are  Protestants;  the  most 
numerous  are  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians, 
and  Lutherans. 

In  Maryland  and  Louisiana,  and  among  the  Irish  and  German 
emigrants  in  all  the  States,  there  are  many  Roman  Catholics.  In 
Pennsylvania,  and  some  other  States,  there  are  Friends  or  Quakers, 
Moravians,  and  Swedonborgians,  and  in  Utah,  Mormons. 

Note.— More  detailed  wformaiion  on  matu/ points  alluded  to  in  tJiis 
sketch  of  the  United  States  will  be  found  in  the  descriptions  of  the 
several  States. 


35.  AVhat  (Iocs  the  Legislativo  department  do?     Of  what  docs  it  con-ist? 

V  ^  \n'^  *^."  Judiciary  department  ?  What  of  the  Circuit  Court?  Of  the 
Z)i«ti.ct  Court?  :i7.  Whatof  each  State  Government?  What  i«  tic  State  chS 
executive  called  ?     What  are  the  State  legislative  bodies  cal le,  ?     Where  do 

'Jv^'l  •    f\  ^^^"^'  "^  r^T'""  ^    ^^-  ^^'^'"^  '^'^  ^  P"-*  ™«Jonty  ?    What  in 
Waryland  and  Louisiana?     In  Pennsylvania?     In  Utah  ?  '  "i^nn 


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92 


THE  CNITED  STATES. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  STATES. 

The  usual  division  of  the  United  States  has  been  as  follows  :— 
First,  The  New  England  or  Eastern  States,  including  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Con- 
necticut. Second,  The  Middle  States,  including  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware.  Third,  The  Southern  States, 
including  Maryland,  A^irginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and 
Texas.  Fourth,  The  Western  States,  including  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  all' others 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Some  geographers  have  made  but  two  divisions,  viz. :  according 
to  climate  and  productions:  thus,  all  the  States  lying  north  of  36° 
30^  north  latitude  are  called  the  Grain  States,  and  those  lying 
south  of  that  line,  the  Cotton  States.  Others,  again,  make  seven 
divisions,  viz.:  the  Northeastern  Slates,  Middle  States,  Southern 
Atlantic  States,  Gulf  States,  Lake  States,  River  States,  and  the 
Pacific  States.  As  no  one  of  these  divisions  is  quite  logical,  and 
as  the  admission  of  new  States  would  constantly  demand  new  divi- 
sions, it  has  been  thought  best  to  enumerate  the  States  according  to 
a  systematic  order,  as  they  are  arranged  upon  the  map. 

MAINE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  8,  Malne.-Bound  Maine  [see  map 
No.l).  Whore  is  Passamaqu.KKdy  Bay?  {Map  No.  ^.)  Penobscot 
Bay?  CascoBay?  Name  the  four  largest  islands  on  the  coast 
Which  18  the  largest?  What  mountains  on  the  northwest?  What 
three  mountain  peaks  in  the  interior?  What  four  lakes  north  of  the 
centre?  Of  what  lake  is  the  river  St.  Croix  the  outlet?  Into  what 
does  the  St.  Croix  flow  ?  Where  does  the  Penobscot  rise,  and  through 
what  lakes  does  it  flow  ?  AVhere  does  it  empty  ?  Where  does  the 
Kennebec  rise,  flow,  and  empty?  The  Androscoggin?  The  Sebago? 
The  Saco?  What  and  where  is  the  capitnl?  Where  is  Portland' 
Lewiston?  Saco?  Bildoford?  Bangor?  Bath?  Thomaston?  Rock- 
land?    Calais?     Belfast?     Kittery? 


-% 


1 


MAINE. 


93 


vi,;,:-. 


PORTLAND. 


'V«nZ*;lZ     '.ul^y,'  »""  i"  tl-  north  'hero  arc  mountain 
"f  11,0  Stl  Mho  hM       ]  K,,tah^'V,«,  north  „f  the  c.ntro 

foot,  *  ""•  ''"""8  ""  o'"™'""  "f  -Pwards  of  5000 

3.  r')a»^^,•,w._TI,o  cna»t-iino  in  more  than  "00  milo.  I 

,/^oo  Lt     '"°''"'""'  '""'"• ""'  '"«"^»'  "f  «•'"'"■  '»  "rwa;J. 

""Ml    4.  Lake?  "•  >."ast-linc?     I.lan.lai.     Urgcat,  and  for  what 


94 


THE   UNITED    STATES. 


: :  'r, 


head  is  the  largest.  Others  are  the  Chesuncook  (che-sun'kook). 
Millinoket  {mil-le-no'ket),  Schoodic  (skoo'dik),  Umba'gog,  and  Se- 
bago. 

5.  It ivers.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Saco  {saw^ko),  Andros- 
coggin, Kennebec,  Penobscot,  and  St.  Croix.  These  flow  in  a  south- 
erly direction  and  empty  into  bays  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

6.  Soil  and  Climate.— T\\q  soil  is  good,  and  well  adapted  to 
grazing.  The  climate  is  cold,  but  salubrious ;  the  winters  are  lon.^ 
and  severe.  " 

7.  Products.— The  vegetable  products  of  Maine  are  chiefly  re- 
quired to  supply  the  needs  of  the  people ;  hay,  potatoes,  appjes,  and 
hops  are  largely  exported.  Other  exports  are  marble,  granite,  lime, 
and  ice.  Luxuriant  forests  of  pine,  hemlock,  cedar,  and  spruce,  cover 
the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

8.  The  grand  staple  and  source  of  wealth  is  lumber.  It  is  cut 
in  the  great  northern  forests  in  winter,  floated  down  the  rivers  in 
the  spring,  prepared  for  market  in  the  extensive  saw-mills  near  the 
yoast,  and  thence  largely  exported, 

Maine  leads  any  of  the  other  Stites  in  ship-building.  The  vessels 
built  here  amount  in  tonnage  to  one-third  of  all  that  are  built  in  the 
United  States.  The  manufactures  are  important,  and  consist  of  cot- 
ton and  woollen  fabrics,  leather,  pig  iron,  castings,  and  paper.  There 
are  extensive  fisheries  of  cod,  mackerel,  herring,  and  salmon. 

0.  Population.— The  people  are  principally  of  English  descent- 
they  number  627,000,  and  reside  chiefly  in  the  southern  and  central 
parts.  At  the  Madawaska  settlement,  in  the  north,  the  inhabitants 
are  chiefly  of  French  descent.  A  few  Indians  are  found  on  the 
Penobscot  River  and  Passamaq noddy  Bay. 

10.  Chief  Towns.—Augusta,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Ken., 
nebec  River,  about  fifty  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  several  hand- 
some public  buildings,  among  which  are  the  State-House,  the  United 
States  Arsenal,  the  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  the  County  Jail. 

11.  PorHand,  the  largest  city,  is  situated  on  a  fine  harbor  in  Cascr 
Bay,  and  ie  the  principal  depot  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  State. 


5.  River;?  Whcro  do  thoy  flow  and  empty?  ft.  Roil  nnd  climate?  7.  Veffo- 
tablo  produnts.  Ac.  ?  Exports  ?  8.  What  ^raiid  staple  ?  What  is  said  of  it  ? 
What  of  phip-hnildiiiR?  Of  manufnetnres?  Of  fisheries  ?  9.  Of  thn  popu- 
lation ?  Of  Mad.iwnska?  Indians  »  10.  rapital?  What  is  Raid  of  it?  li  Of 
Portland  ?   Of  Lowiston  and  other  towns  ?    Bangor  ?    Bath  and  other  townn » 


NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 


95 


A  line  of  steamers  sails  from  Portland  to  Liverpool.  Lewiston,  Saco, 
and  Biddeford  are  noted  for  their  manufactures. 

Bangor,  On  the  Penobscot,  about  sixty  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  a 
great  lumber-market,  nearly  two  hundred  million  feet  having  been 
exported  thence  in  a  single  year. 

Bath  is  noted  for  its  ship-building,  and  Thomaston  for  ita  trade  in 
lime,  marble,  and  granite;  Rockland  for  ship-building  and  exports 
of  lime.  Calais  (kaVis)  and  Belfast  are  other  important  towns.  At 
Kittery  is  a  United  States  Navy- Yard. 

12.  Education.—There  are  numerous  academies  and  seminaries, 
and  ft  State  Normal  School  at  Farmington.  The  public  schools  are 
under  an  excellent  educational  system,  and  there  are  but  few  inha- 
bitants who  cannot  read  and  write. 

Waterville  College  is  at  Waterville,  Bowdoin  {bo^din)  College  at 
Brunswick,  and  Bates  College  at  Lewiston. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  8,  New  Hampshire.— Bound  New 
ilampshiro.  What  mountains  in  New  Hampshire?  Where  are 
they?  What  lakes,  and  where  are  they?  What  river  between 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont?  What  other  river  in  the  north? 
Where  is  the  Gocheco  {ko-chee'ko)?  Merrimac?  Flscataqua  (joiV 
kaVa-kioay)  ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is  Ports- 
mouth? Manchester?  Nashua?  Dover?  Exeter?  Claremont? 
Haverhill  ?     Conway  ?     Keene  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— New  Hampshire  lies  southwest  of 
Maine.  It  is  about  IGO  miles  Jong  by  an  average  of  50  broad. 
Area,  0280  square  miles. 

2.  NaturalPeature«.—.¥o«n<oi'n.?.— In  the  north  are  the  White 
Mountains,  containing  numerous  clusters  and  peaks,  which  are  inter- 
spersed with  lakes  and  abound  in  beautiful  and  picturesque  scenery, 
hence  this  State  is  sometimes  called  "  the  Switzerland  of  America." 

wP"  ^^v  "^"'^  of  education?  Of  the  colleges ?  Nk"w  Hamp8H.re.-1. 
Where  13  New  Hampshire?  Length  and  breadth?  Area?  2.  What  moun- 
tarns  7    What  of  tho  higher  peaks  ?     How  high  ?    Other  mountaias  ? 


il 


96 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


i    'U 


The  higher  peaks  of  the  White  Mountains  are  covered  with  snow 
nearly  the  whole  year.     Mount  Washington,  the  loftiest,  is  6234  feet 


SUMMIT  OF  MOUNT  WASHINGTON 

high,  and  is  the  highest  land  in  New  England.  Further  south  an 
the  Grand  Monad'nock  and  Kearsarge  {keer'sarj)  Mountains,  which 
are  of  considerable  height. 

3.  C'o  a  s^^i  we.— The  sea-coast  of  New  Hampshire  is  only  1«  miles 
in  extent,  and  affords  but  one  seaport,  Portsmouth. 

4.  Lakes.—Tha  principal  lakes  are  Umbagog  and  Connecticut,  in 
the  north ;  and  Winnipiscogee  {witi-ne-pe-sock'ee)  and  Os^sipee,  near 
the  centre.     The  scenery  on  these  lakes  is  picturesque. 

6.  Bivers.—The  Connecticut  River  separates   New  Hampshlrp 
from  Vermont;  many  flourishing  towns  are  situated  upon  its  banks 
The  Merrimac  flows  south  through  the  State ;   the  Androscoggin 
flows  south,  an<1  afterwards  east  into  Maine.     Other  rivers  are  the 
MargaKloway,  Ossipoe,  Cocheco,  and  Piscataqua. 

6.  Soil  and  Climate.— Tho  soil  is  generally  productive,,  but  is 

hJ1;.T^*«  ""i  -^  ^■';'^«V^'"f  ^  4-  Of  t^e  lakos  and  their  scenery?    6.  What 
rivers?    6.  Soil  and  climate?  "^ 


VERMONT. 


97 


suited  to  grazing  rather  than  agriculture.     The  climate  is  similar 
to  that  of  Maine,  but  is  somewhat  milder. 

7.  Products.— Lumber  is  an  important  product,  and  is  exten- 
sively employed  in  ship-building.  Wheat,  rye,  barley,  and  Indian 
corn  are  the  principal  grains.  Granite  is  largely  quarried  and  ex- 
poited,-so  largely  that  New  Hampshire  is  sometimes  called  "the 
Granite  State."     Iron  is  found  in  various  localities. 

8.  Population.--The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  English  descent, 
and  number  318,000. 

9.  Chief  Towns.-Concord,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Merrimac  River.     It  has  numerous  public  buildings 
of  which  the  State-House  and  the  State  Prison  are  the  finest. 

10.  Portsmouth,  on  the  Piscataqua  River,  three  miles  from  its 
mouth,  has  a  fine  harbor.  At  Kittery,  in  the  State  of  Maine,  oppo- 
site Portsmouth,  is  a  United  States  Navy- Yard. 

Manchester  and  Nashua,  or.  the  Merrimac,  and  Dover,  on  the 
Cocheco  River,  are  noted  for  their  extensive  manufactures:  the  last- 
named  18  the  oldest  town  in  the  State.  Keene,  Exeter,  Bristol, 
Chireinont,  Haverhill,  and  Conway  are  flourishing  towns. 

11.  Education.— New  Hampshire  has  an  excellent  *  system  of 
public  schools.  Dartmouth  College,  Chandler  Scientific  School  at 
Hanover,  and  the  Methodist  Biblical  Institute  at  Concord,  are  the 
chief  educational  institutions  above  the  rank  of  academies. 


VERMONT. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  8,  Vermont.— Bound  Vermont.  What 
mountain  range?  Where  is  Mansfield  Mt.?  Camel's  Hump?  As- 
cutneyMt.?  KlUington  Peak?  What  lake  in  the  northwest?  What 
islands  in  Lake  Champlain?  What  river  on  the  east?  What  river 
flows  from  Lake  Champlain  into  Lake  St.  Peter,  in  Canada  East? 
What  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Champlain?  What  into  Connecticut 
River?  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Burlington? 
St.  Albans?  Northfield?  Middlebury?  Rutland?  Norwich? 
Windsor?     Bellows  Falls?     Bennington?     Brattleboro? 


l/nTn*  f  *'"^^,''°'^"°*l'!    ^-  P«P"'ation?    9.  What  is  said  of  Concord? 
»0.  Of  Portsmouth?     Of  Kittery  ?     Other  towns?     II.  Of  education  ? 


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98 


THE   UNITED   STATES. 


1.  Position  and  Extent. — Vermont  lies  west  Df  New  Hamp- 
shire, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Connecticut  River.  Its 
length  is  about  150  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  about  00  miles. 
Area,  9056  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — Mountains. — The  Green  Mountains  tra- 
verse the  State  from  north  to  south;  from  this  range  [Veris  Monts) 
the  State  derives  its  name.  The  highest  peak  is  Mansfield  Moun 
tain,  4389  feet  above  the  sea.  Camel's  Hump,  Ascutney  Mount,  and 
Killington  Peak  are  next  n  height.  The  scenery  in  many  parts  is 
very  beautiful. 

3.  Rivers. — The  Connecticut  River  bounds  it  on  the  east;  the 
other  principal  rivers  are  the  Missisquoi,  Lamoille  {lah-moiV),  Wi- 
nooski.  Otter  Creek,  and  White  River.     Vermont  has  no  sea-coast. 

4.  Lakes. — L.;.ke  Champlain,  in  the  northwestern  part,  is  noted 
for  its  beautiful  scenery.  Through  it,  and  by  the  Richelieu  River, 
communication  is  had  with  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  the  Atlantic 


LAKE    CHAMPLAIN. 


Vermont.— I.  AVhcro  is  Vermont?  Length  and  breadth?  Area?  2. 
Mountains?  Highest  peaks?  Other  i)er.ks?  3.  Rivers?  What  about  the 
sea-ooastr    4.  What  of  Lake  Champlnin  ? 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


99 


Ocean.  It  has  communication  also  with  the  great  seaport,  New 
York,  by  canal  and  the  Hudson  River. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  on  both  sides  of  the  Green 
Mountains  is  fertile ;  the  mountain-slopes  are  suited  to  the  breeding 
of  cows,  horses,  and  sheep.  The  climate  is  not  so  cold  as  that  of 
Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  and  is  very  hctalthy. 

0.  Products. — Wheat,  rye,  barley,  Indian  corn,  and  other  grains, 
arc  produced.  Wool  is  a  principal  article  of  manufacture  and 
export.     Maple-sugar  and  butter  are  made  in  large  quantities. 

7.  Population. — The  population,  chiefly  of  English  origin,  with 
a  few  of  French  descent,  number  330,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns. — Montpelier  [mont-peeVyer],  the  capital,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  right  bank  of  the  Winooski  River.  Burlington,  on  Lake 
Cliamplain  near  the  mouth  of  the  Winooski,  is  the  largest  town  in 
the  State,  and  is  surrounded  by  picturesque  scenery. 

9.  Bennington,  in  the  southwest,  is  famous  for  the  victory  obtained 
by  General  Stark,  with  the  '*  Green  Mountain  Boys,"  over  a  detach- 
ment of  Hessians,  belonging  to  Burgoyne's  army,  in  1777. 

Northfield,  Brattleboro,  Middlebury,  Rutland,  Norwich,  Bellows 
Falls,  St.  Albans,  and  Windsor  are  flourishing  towns. 

10.  Education. — There  are  excellent  colleges  at  Middlebury  and 
Northfield.  The  University  of  Vermont,  at  Burlington,  is  a  flourish- 
ing institution.  There  is  also  a  well-organized  school  system,  which 
prevails  throughout  the  State. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  9,  Massachusetts. — Bound  Massachu- 
.sotts.  What  three  bays  on  the  coast?  What  sounds?  Where  is 
Oapc  Ann  ?  Nahant^  ?  Cape  Cod  ?  What  islands  on  the  southern 
coiist?  What  mountains  in  the  west?  AVhero  are  Mt.  Tom  and  Mt. 
Ilolyoke?  Where  is  Mt,  Wachusett?  Assawampset  Lake  ?  Where 
are  the  following  rivers? — Morrimac?  Taunton  {tan'tnn)!  Charles? 
Nashua?     Connecticut?     Ilousatonic  (/wo-sa/i-fo^i''//,)  ?     Westficld? 

5.  Soil  and  climate?  6.  Products?  7.  Population?  8,  What  of  the  capi- 
tal?   Of  Burlington  ?    9.  Bennington?    Other  towns?    10,  What  of  education? 


I 


' 


I 


100 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Chicopee?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is  Lowell  ?  Law- 
rence?  Newburyport?  Taunton?  Fall  River?  Near  what  city  are 
Charlestown,  Chelsea  (cheVsee),  and  Cambridge  {kame^brij)  ?  Where 
18  New  Bedford?  Gloucester  {gloyter)?  Worcester  wooa^ter)? 
Springfield?  Holyoke?  Northampton?  Amherst?  Pittsfield? 
Lenox?    Williamstown  ?    Medford? 

1.  Position   and  Extent.— Massachusetts  lies  south  of  Now 
Hampshire  and  Vermont.     Its  length  is  about  125  miles,  and  iti 
breadth  about  60  miles.    It  includes  the  islands  of  Nantucket  and 
Martha's  Vineyard,  and  some  smaller  islands  on  the  coast.     Area 
7800  square  miles.  ' 

2.  Natural  Teaturea.— Mountains.— The  Taconic  and  Hoosic 
Mountams,  a  continuation  of  the  Green  Mountain  range,  traverse 
the  State  in  the  west:  the  loftiest  peak  is  Saddle  Mountain,  3500 
feet  high.  Further  east,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  River 
iire  the  -  twin  peaks"  of  Tom  and  Holyoke,-the  former  1200  and 
the  latter  910  feet  high.  Near  the  centre  is  Mount  Wachusett  2000 
feet  high.  The  southeast  part  of  the  State  is  low  and  sandy,  and 
the  northeast  hilly.  "^ 

3.  Coast-line.— The  coast-line  is  greatly  indented,  and  forms 
several  bays  and  excellent  harbors. 

4.  Hive  vs.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ilousatonic,  which  rises 
in  the  west  part  of  the  State,  and  flows  south;  the  Connecticut, 
which  flows  through  the  State  from  north  to  south ;  and  the  Merri- 
mac,  which  flows  through  the  northeast  part  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
These  rivers  supply  immense  water-power  to  large  and  flourish-'ng 
manufacturing  towns  on  their  banks.  The  other  principal  streams 
are  the  Chicopee,  Nashua,  Taunton,  Blackstone,  Concord,  and 
Charles. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate.— The  soil  along  the  valleys  of  the  Con- 
necticut and  Housatonic  is  rich  and  productive,  but  a  large  nor- 
tion  of  the  more  elevated  lands  and  those  on  the  long  sandy  coast 
are  sterile.  The  climate  near  the  coast  is  variable,  with  prevailing 
east  winds;  in  the  interior  it  is  more  equable,  but  in  the  moun- 
tainous parts,  west,  it  is  severe  in  winter. 

MAssAcnrsKTTs.-l.  Where  is  Mas^i^^husen^r~i;;;n'„th  and  breadth' 
Wha  tislamls/  Area?  2.  What  mountains?  Highest  peak  ?  Wha7  win 
peaks?  What  other  mountain?  What  of  the  surface?  3Coast-lS 
4.  Rivers?     Other  streams  ?     5.  Soil  ?     Climate?  v.oast-line  r 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


101 


0.  Products.— The  agricultural  products  are  chiefly  Indian  corn, 
.»iits,  potatoes,  hay,  tobacco,  apples,  butter,  and  cheese.  Granite 
from  numerous  quarries  is  exported,  and  beautiful  marble  is  found 
in  the  western  part.  Ice  is  also  an  article  of  export.  The  fisheries 
of  whale,  cod,  and  mackerel  are  lucrative  and  important,  and  em- 
ploy more  than  20,000  persons. 

7.  The  crowning  source  of  prosperity  to  this  State  is  in  her  vast 
manufactures;  cotton, woollen,  carpets,  flax,  machinery,  paper,  shoes, 
and  leather  being  the  principal.  Massachusetts  stands  among  the 
first  of  the  Union  as  a  manufacturing  State,  and,  in  proportion  to  her 
population,  compares  favorably  with  any  other  part  of  the  world. 

H.  Population. 
—  Massachusetts 
is  the  most  dense- 
ly peopled  of  all 
tlK  States.  The 
inhabitants  are  to 
a  great  extent  de- 
scendants of  the 
English  Puritans, 
known  as  the  Pil- 
grim Fathers,  and 
numbcrl,457,000. 
9.  Chief  Towns. 
^Boston,  the  cap- 
ital and  chief  citj-, 
is  situated  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the 
State,  on  Massa- 
chusetts Bay.  It 
is  the  seventh  city 
in  the  Union  in  population,  and  the  second  in  commerce.  It  is  noted 
for  the  active  part  it  took  in  the  Revolution,  and  for  its  literary  so- 
ciety. There  are  numerous  fine  publis  buildings,  among  which  are 
the  State-House,  Faneuil  {funnel)  Hall,  Music  Hall,  Merchants'  Ex- 
change, City  Hall,  City  Library,  and  the  Natural  History  buildings. 

6.  Products?  What  of  granite,  marble,  and  ice?  Fisheries?  7.  What  of 
mumfiictures?  What  rank  us  a  manufr.cturing  State  ?  8.  Population  ?  ft 
What  is  said  of  Boston  ? 

»■* 


STATE  STREET,  BOSTON. 


102 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


•  h 


'  ( 


10.  Lowell  and  Lawrence  are  celebrated 
for  their  extensive  cotton  and  woollen 
manufactories,  and  for  their  rapid  growth. 
Cambridge  and  Charlestown  adjoin  Boston," 
and  are  flourishing  cities.  Charlestown  is 
noted  as  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill:  a  monument  220  feet  high  marks  the 
locality. 

11.  Worcester,  near  the  centre  of  the 
State,  and.  Springfield,  on  the  Connecticut 
River,  are  flourishing  inland  cities.  Now 
Bedford  and  Gloucester  are  noted  for  their 
fisheries  and  manufactures,  Salem  for  its 
foreign  commerce,  Lynn  for  shoes.  Othei 
„     .  important  towns  are  Fall  River,  Taunton 

Newburyport,  Chelsea,  Holyoke,  Northampton,  and  Pittsfield. 

12.  Education—Harvard  University,  at  Cambridge,  is  the  oldest 
and  best-endowed  literary  institution  in  the  United  States.     There 
are  colleges  at  Amherst,  Williamstown,  Worcester,  and  Medford 
I'ublic  schools  are  in  successful  operation  in  every  town  in  the  State 
and   the  plan  of  education  is  thorough  and  systematic.     Besides 
these,  there  are  normal  schools  and  numerous  public  and  private 
academies.  i'       vo 


BUNKER  HILL  MONUMENT. 


RHODE   ISLAND. 

1  ^"^  wff .°°  ^?  ^°-  ^'  "^^^^  iBland-Bound  Rhode  Is- 
knd.  What  bayon  the  coast?  What  points?  What  island  south ? 
Where  is  the  island  of  Rhode  Island?  What  rivers  in  Rhode  Island? 
Where  and  what  are  the  two  capitals?  Where  is  Bnstol?  Smith- 
field?     Pawtucket?     Natick?     Warren?     Lonsdale?   Woonsocket? 

^-  ^°^*"°"   and   E^tent-Rhode^sland^between  Massa- 

Springfield  ?    New  Bedford  and  Glfiuccster?   Vnl..,n  ?    t         -  *y,"r«cster  and 

12    What  university?     Colleges?     Xt'o^^h'et"ools^'"" "'    ^^^"*--? 

Rhode  Island.-I.  AVhero  is  Rhode  Island  ?    Length  and  breadth?    Area? 


RHODE    ISLAND. 


103 


chusetts  and  Connecticut.     It  is  the  smallest  State  in  the  Union, 
and  is  about  50  miles  long  by  40  broad.     Area,  1306  square  miles.  ' 

2.  Natural  Features.— *S^Mr/ac  e.— The  surface  is  generally 
hilly,  without  any  elevations  that  can  be  called  mountains. 

3.  Coast-line.— The  coast  is  very  irregular.  Narragansett  Bay 
divides  the  State  into  two  unequal  parts,  and  extends  north  from 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  a  distance  of  30  miles;  it  incloses  several  small 
islands.     Near  the  coast  is  Block  Island,  first  discovered  in  1524. 

4.  Bivers.~The  principal  rivers  are  the  Blackstone,  Patuxet, 
Pawcatuck,  and  Providence;  the  latter  is  an  arm  of  Narragansett 
Bay,  and  is  navigable  for  ships  to  the  city  of  Providence. 

5.  Soil  and  CI im at e.~The  soil  in  many  parts  is  difficult  of 
cultivation,  while  in  others  it  is  moderately  fertile.  It  is  better 
adapted  to  grazing  than  to  tillage.  The  climate  is  milder  than  that 
of  Massachusetts,  owing  to  its  proximity  to  the  sea. 

6.  Products.  — Indian  corn,  rye,  and  oats  are  the  principal 
grams.   Apples  and  garden  vegetables  are  largely  produced.   Cattle, 


CITY  OF  PROVIDENCE. 


2.  What  is  snid  of  the  surface?    3.  Of  the  coast-line?     Island''    4  Wha> 
"vers?    5.  Soil?     Climate?    6.  What  products ?    Fisheries?    Mills? 


II 


104 


THK    UNITED    STATES. 


3heep,  and  horsec  are  extensively  raised.  The  fisheries  are  important 
aid  iroductive.  The  rivers  furnish  abundant  water-power,  and  ex- 
tensive cotton,  woollen,  and  other  mills  are  in  active  operation. 

7.  Fcpiilation. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  English  descent, 
and  number  217,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— The  Legislature  meets  aKornately  at  Provi- 
der .e  and  Newport.  Providence,  one  of  the  capitals,  on  Provideisce 
Rivei",  is  the  largest  city;  it  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  and  its 
educational  institutions.  Newport,  the  other  capital,  lies  at  tho 
mouth  of  Narragansett  Bay,  and  h&'f  one  of  the  finest  harbors  on  the 
coast ;  it  is  a  famous  watering-place. 

9.  Bristol,  a  handsome  town,  is  noted  zz  the  place  where  King 
Phil-'p,  who  waged  war  with  the  New  England  colonies,  wa.j  killed  j 
this  piaie  was  bom.bard.^d  and  moptly  destroyed  by  the  British  in 
the  Revolutionary  war.  Smithfield,'Pawtucket,  Natick,  Warren, 
Lonsdale,  and  Woonnookei.  are  .flourishing  manufacturing  toMns. 

10.  Education.— Brown  University,  at  Providence,  is  a  famous 
institution  of  learning.  The  State  has  a  large  school  fund,  and  sus- 
tains a  normal  scho  )1.  There  are  also  public  grammar-schools  of  a 
high  grade,  and  numerous  primary  schools. 


CONNECTICUT. 


!    ^H 


Questions  on  Map  No.  9,  Connecticut.— Bound  Connecticut. 
What  souud  south?  Where  is  Sachem's  Head?  Stratford  Point? 
Fishery  Island?  What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  tho  Thames  R.? 
Wlu'ro  does  tho  Thames  empty?  D(.-scribe  tho  Connecticut  R. 
Wha",  is  its  principal  affluen*,  in  this  S^ate?  Whore  is  tho  Quin- 
nipiac?  Doscribo  the  flousai,oni(.  R.  Name  its  affluents,  w'liern 
and  what  are  tho  t-.vo  i-apitaln  ?  Who.c  is  Norwich  ?  l^ew  London? 
Bridgeport?  Waterb.'ry'  MiddlotoMm?  Norwalk  ?  Moriden? 
Stamfonl?  Gromiwiph?  Symington?  New  Britain?  Fairfield? 
Wii'Hted  ? 


r.   Population?     8.  Whnt  i>  foM  .  f  rrovidcncof     Newport?     9.  llristo!? 
O.hor  towns  ?     10.  What  d  cdiioation  ? 


CONNECTICUT. 


105 


1.  Position  and  Extent.— Connecticut  lies  south  of  Massachu- 
setts and  west  ot  Riiode  Island ;  its  length  is  about  93  miles,  and  its 
greatest  breadth  about  68  miles.     Area,  4674  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.— Mount ai7is.~The  Green  Mountains 
enter  the  State  at  the  northwest,  in  a  series  of  ranges  and  detached 
eminences,  noae  of  which  arc  of  great  height,  and  terminate  at  New 
Haven,  where  tvro  remarkable  peaks  receive  the  name  of  West  Rock 
and  East  Rock. 

The  surface  is  generally  hilly  and  broken,  with  many  very  fertile 
vrllcys. 

3.  Long  Island  Sound  lies  south  of  Conuecticut.  It  is  a  largo 
body  of  wafer,  110  miles  long  by  2  to  20  miles  wide.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  the  largest  vessels,  and  is  an  important  outlet  for  the  trade 
of  Connecticut  and  other  Eastern  States  with  the  great  commercial 
city  of  New  York, 

4.  Rivers.~The  principal  rivers  are  the  Connecticut,  which 
flows  through  the  State;  the  llousatonic,  in  the  west,  flowing  in  a 
course  almost  parallel  with  the  Connecticut;  and  the  Thames,  in  t\w 
east:  these  rivers  flow  from  the  north  into  Long  Island  Sound. 

The  principal  affluent  of  the  Conneciicut  i«  the  Farmington  River- 
■)f^thc  II)usatonic,  the  Naugatuck;  of  the  Thames,  the  Quinebaug. ' 

5.  Soil  and  Cli mate.— In  the  valleys  of  the  principal  rivers 
particularly  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  the  .oil  is  very  fertile 
and  productive.  The  northwest  and  eastern  parts  of  the  State  are 
well  adapted  to  grazing  ;  in  the  west  are  many  fertile  districts  where 
gram  is  raised.  The  soil  is  carefully  and  skilfully  ciltivated  TJie 
<;lMnate  is  severe  in  winter,  though  in  the  middle  and  southern  part 
It  IS  ui'.ldor  than  in  Massachusetts. 

6.  Produots.-The  chief  products  of  the  soil  are  Indian  corn 
liay,  ( uts,  i)otatoeH,  and  tobacco.     There  are  extensive  quarries  of 
i^erst-me  nnd  granite.      The  former  is  largely  exported.      Marble 
of  groat  beauty,  l,.a.l,  copper,  and    inm,  are  fo.ind.     The  leading 
mterost  of  the  people  Is  in  nutnufactums ;  thoy  include  cotton,  wool- 

«'n,  iron.  machi.M>ry,  wooden  and  tin  ware,  clocks,  carriages,  shoes 
iuits,  and  many  otbors.     The  rivers  furnish  ab.indant  water-power.  ' 

"r'::i:r::^:;:r7L:^:::r '''"'''''  '■'-'''''-'  Mineral./^!;:; 


106 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


7.  Population.  — The  population,  chiefly  of  English  descent, 
numbers  537,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— Connecticut  has  two  capitals,  New  Haven  and 
Hartford ;  the  Legislature  meets  in  each  on  alternate  years. 

New  Haven,  the  largest  city,  is  beautifully  situated  on  New 
Haven  Bay,  4  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound;  it  stands  on  a  plain, 
nearly  surrounded  by  high  hills.  It  is  well  built;  the  streets  are 
wide,  generally  straight,  and  seem  to  be  embowered  in  magnificent 
elms.    A  large  open  square,  called  "  The  Green,"  in  the  centre  of  the 


THE  GREEN,"  NEW  HAVEN. 


city,  gives  t<i  it  a  very  attractive  appearance.  Upon  and  around  this 
H(|uaro  stand  the  State-II<.uso,  several  elegant  churches,  Yale  College, 
and  the  City  Hall.  New  Haven  is  called  the  "  City  of  Elms,"  and  is 
noted  for  its  educational  institutions,  and  for  its  manufactures. 

9.  Hartford,  the  second  city  in  size,  lies  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Connecticut  River,  hO  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound,  and  at  the 
head  of  steiimboat  navipition.     Aiivmg  it«  attractive  public  edifices 

7.  Popiiliition?  R.  Whnt.  two  cftpltalK?  Whnt  U  said  of  Now  Tlaven? 
Whnt  in  it  c.tiWvn],  nml  for  what  iiotod?     9.  What  i«  suid  of  Hartford? 


NEW   YORK. 


107 


are  the  State-House,  City  Hall,  AtUenaeum,  and  numerous  churches. 
Here,  also,  are  a  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  and  an  Asvlum  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb.  Hartford  is  advantageously  situated  for  coastwise  com- 
merce, and  has  a  large  inland  trade  and  extensive  manufactures. 

10.  Norwich  lies  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Thames,  16 
miles  from  its  mouth :  it  is  a  beautiful  city,  and  is  noted  for  its  ex- 
tensive  manufactures, 

11.  New  London  lies  on  the  Thames,  and  has  a  good  harbor  It 
has  a  fine  custom-house,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  manufactur- 
mg.  Other  cities  in  this  State  are  Middletown,  Brid£,eport,  Water- 
bury,  Meriden,  New  Britain,  and  South  Norwalk. 

Stamford,  Greenwich,  Winchester,  Fairfield,  and  Stonington  are 
important  towns. 

12.  Education.— Yale  College,  at  New  Haven,  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  extensive  institutions  of  learning  in  the  United 
States.  Trinity  College  is  at  Hartford,  and  the  Wesleyan  University 
at  Middletown.  There  is  a  normal  school  under  the  patronage  of 
the  State  at  New  Britain.  The  public-school  fund  is  large,  and  the 
schools  are  numerous  and  eflicient.  There  are  also  many  superior 
private  seminaries  and  academies. 


NEW   YORK. 


Questlona  on  Map  No.  10,  New  York.— Bound  New  York 
What  isluiuls  off  the  south.'m  point  ?  What  luountaiiiH  in  the  m)rth  ? 
In  the  east?  Where  is  Mt.  Marcy?  What  lakes  i„  tiie  northeast? 
>Vhat  two  groat  lakes  in  the  west?  Name  three  small  lakes  near 
the  centre.  Where  is  tlie  Hudson  Rivor?  Describe  it.  Wiiat 
i.ffluont  ?  Whore  is  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  Th..  Oswego  and  Genesee  ? 
The  Niagara  River?  What  two  rivers  fh.w  into  Pennsylvania? 
\\  hero  are  the  Falls  of  Niagara  ?  Trenton  Falls  ?  Where  and  what 
!s  the  capital  ?    Where  is  Now  Y(,rk  City?     Brooklyn  ?     Newburg  ? 

10.  Norwich?     11.   Now  London?     Other  cities ?~0th7r towns?    lo   Whn* 
coil«go8?  What  of  normal  and  other  .chooU?  ^"'O" towns?    i2.  What 


'■  I'lit 


1    i  M^ 

V 

i 

108 


THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Poughkeepsie?  II  ad  son  ?  Troy?  Utica?  Syracuse?  Rochester? 
Buffalo?  Oswego?  Ogdensburg?  Plattsburg?  Saratoga?  Sackett's 
Harbor  ? 


FIFTH  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— New  York  lies  west  of  Vermont, 
Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut:  its  length  from  east  to  west  is 
about  330  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  300  miles.  Area, 
47,000  square  miles.  It  includes  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  in 
the  southeast.  It  is  the  most  populous  and  wealthy  of  the  United 
States,  and  is  sometimes  called  the  Empire  State. 

2.  Natural  FeatnteB.—M oti u tains.— Tha  Adinmdack,  Cats- 
kill,  Taconic,  and  Highlands,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  are 
an  irregular  chain  of  mountains,  forming  a  part  of  the  great  Alle- 
ghany range  Mount  Marcy.  in  the  Adirondack,  is  the  loftiest  peak, 
5.500  f.!ct  high,  and  is  the  highest  land  in  the  State. 

3.  The  western  part  8prea<ls  out  into  table-hinds  rising  from  Lake 
Ontario,  and  attaining  their  greatest  elevation  near  the  borders  of 
Pi.'unsylvania. 

Nkw  York,— 1.  Where  is  New  York?  Loimth  and  breadth  ?  Area'  What 
d,.e8  U  indudej  What  ..f  its  population  .-nd  wealth  v  2.  What  mountuiu-? 
What  IS  said  of  Mt.  Maroy?    3.  Of  tbo  surface  in  the  woat? 


NEW    YORK. 


109 


4.  Lakes.— Lake  Champlain  lies  between  New  York  and  Ver- 
mont :  it  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  studded  with  islands,  and  is 
noted  for  a  naval  victory  gained  by  MacDonough  over  the  British,  in 
1814.  Near  it  is  Lake  George,  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  sce- 
nery. The  great  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  are  on  the  northern  border, 
and  in  the  interior  are  Lakes  Oneida,  Skaneateles  {skan-e-aVlessi 
Canandaigua,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Crooked,  Chautauqua,  and  others. 

5.  Rivers.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Hudson,  which  empties 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  navigable  150  miles  for  large  steamers ; 
the  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  north;  Niagara,  which  connects  Lake  Erie 
with  Lake  Ontario;  Genesee  and  Oswego,  that  flow  into  Lake  Onta- 
rio ;  Mohawk,  an  affluent  of  the  Hudson ;  and  Susquehanna  and  Dela- 
ware, that  flow  south  into  Pennsylvania. 

0.  Soil  and  Climate.— The  soil  in  the  valleys  and  in  the 
centre  and  western  part  is  fertile  and  productive;  the  exception  is  in 
the  hilly  north.  Great  attention  is  given  to  agriculture,  and  locali- 
ties naturally  unproductive  are  made  by  careful  cultivation  to  yield 
excellent  crops.  The  winters  in  the  north  are  cold  and  severe.  In 
the  south,  in  consequence  of  its  proximity  to  the  sea,  and  in  the  west, 
owing  to  the  southwest  winds,  the  climate  is  much  modified ;  it  is  in 
general  healthy. 

7.  Cataracts.— On  Niagara  River,  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake 
Ontario,  is  the  famous  cataract  of  Niagara;  the  vast  body  of  water 
connecting  these  great  lakes  falls  perpendicularly  158  feet,  and  is 
one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world.  A  short  distance  below  the  Falls 
a  suspension  bridge,  800  feet  long,  spans  the  river.  Trenton  Falls, 
near  Utica,  are  beautiful  and  picturesque,  and  much  visited  by 
travellers. 

8.  Products, — Wheat  and  other  grains,  potatoes,  apples,  butter, 
cheese,  wool,  and  salt,  are  important  products.  Iron  ore  is  found, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  iron  New  York  is  second  only  to  Pennsyl- 
vania.    The  ninntjfnrtnres  of  cotton  and  woollen  are  extensive. 

9.  Population.— The  inhabitants,  chiefly  of  Dutch  and  English 
origin,  number  4,383.000. 


Ut 

iiiii 

lIlK 


4.  Wh.it  of   Lnko  riinmplain  ?      Of   Lnku  Ooorae?      Of  tho  "ronj  lakr-' 
small  lakes?     6.  Of  Hudson  River?     St.  Lawrence  an 
If  thoolimate?     7.  Of  Niagara  Falls?     Trenton  ] 
What  of  iron  and  it«  manufacture?     Other  aianufacturps?     9.  Popu- 


thors?     (1.  Of  tho 
I  ?     «.  What  pro- 


iution? 


10 


110 


l"  ., 
1.  I 


'! 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


10.  Chief  Towns.— Albany,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  145  miles  from  its  mouth.  Tt  is  a  beautiful  city, 
has  a  splendid  State-House,  and  is  the  centre  of  considerable  trade. 

New  York,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  is  the  largest  city  in  Ame- 
rica, and  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  It  is  the  great  mart  of  for- 
eign commerce  of  the  United  States,  and  has  a  vast  inland  trade. 
The  public  build'ngs  are  numerous  and  splendid,  and  many  of  the 
private  dwellings  rival  the  richest  in  Paris  and  London. 

Among  the  architectural  adornments  of  this  city  are  the  Mer- 
chants' Exchange,  Custom-House,  City  Hall,  Hall  of  the  University, 
Astor  Library,  and  many  splendid  churches  and  hotels.  The  Central 
Park,  inclosing  upwards  of  800  ac-es,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city, 
is  one  of  the  finest  pleasure-grounds  in  the  world. 


L.- 


; 

s     i 


li    1 


VIEW  IN    CENTRAL  PARK. 


Brooklyn,  separated  from  New  York  by  the  East  River,  is  the  third 
city  in  population  in  the  Union. 


in 


the 


,  •. ,.  n  ^o  ,  c-apita!.'  Of^^w-York?  rai.Jic  bulMiriKs?  Other  flno 
buildings?  Of  the  Central  Park  .'  Whiit  of  Brooklyn?  Buffalo'-'  Rochester 
and  Syracuse  ?   Troy  and  other  towns  ?    What  of  Oswego,  Utica,  and  Saratoga  ? 


NEW   JERSEY. 


Ill 


Buffalo,  on  Lake  Erie,  is  a  large  city,  noted  for  its  commerce,  and 
for  its  trade  in  wheat  and  other  produce.  Rochester,  in  the  interior, 
is  noted  for  its  rapid  growth  and  its  extensive  manufactories  of  flour! 
Syracuse  is  remarkable  for  the  most  extensive  and  valuable  salt-manu- 
factories in  the  United  States.  Troy  is  a  fine  city,  on  the  Hudson,  at 
the  head  of  navigation ;  Newburg,  Poughkeepsie  [po-kip'see),  Fishkill, 
Hudson,  and  Sing-Sing,  also  on  the  Hudson,  are  flourishing  towns.  ' 

Oswego,  on  Lake  Ontario,  is  the  centre  of  the  commerce  of  the 
lake,  and  has  a  large  trade.  Utica,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  80  miles 
west  of  Albany,  is  a  fine  city.  At  Saratoga  and  Ballston  are  celebrated 
mineral  springs. 

11.-  Educa- 
tion. —  There 
are  many  insti- 
tutions of  learn- 
ing. Among 
these  are  Co- 
lumbia College, 
the  University 
of  New  York, 
Manhattan 
College,  and 
the  Free  Aca- 
demy, in  New 

York  City;  there  9re  colleges  at  Schenectady,  Clinton,  Geneva, 
Rochester,  Fordham,  and  Poughkeepsie,  and  a  State  Normal  School 
at  Albany.  The  United  States  Military  Academy  is  at  West  Point. 
A  superior  school  system  of  a  high  grade  prevails  throughout  the 
State,  and  every  desirable  facility  seems  to  be  afforded  for  popular 
education. 


VIEW  ON  THE  HUDSON— WEST  POINT, 


NEW  JERSEY. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  10,  New  Jersey.— Bound  New  Jersey. 
Whore  is  Delaware  Bay?     What  cape  on  the  coast?     On  what  bay 

11.  What,  institutions  of  lonrninK  in  Now  York  City  ?  Where  are  other  col- 
U'tros?  Normal  school?  United  States  Military  Academy?  What  of  the 
school  system 


! 


112 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


18  It?  What  mountains  in  the  north?  What  river  is  its  western 
boundary?  Describe  Delaware  River.  What  river  forms  a  part  of 
Its  eastern  boundary  ?  Name  other  rivers.  What  and  where  is  the 
capital?  Where  is  Jersey  City?  Newark?  Elizabeth?  Princeton? 
Burlington?  Camden?  Glassboro?  Saiem?  Bridgeton?  Mill- 
ville?    Cape  Island  City?     Atlantic  City?    Long  Branch? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— New  Jersey  lies  south  of  New  York 
and  borders  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Its  length  is  about  160  miles,' 
and  its  average  breadth  about  60  miles.     Area,  8320  square  miles.  ' 

2.  Natural  Fe^tuieB.— Mountains.— The  northern  part  of  the 
State  IS  hilly  and  mountainous.  Several  parallel  ranges  of  the  Al- 
leghany Mountains  cross  from  R-nnsylvania  to  New  York,  of  which 
the  Blue  Mountains  and  Schooley's  Mountain  are  the  principal. 

3.  The  middle  and  southern  part  is  an  extended  plain.  The 
coast-line  is  long;  but,  owing  to  the  shifting  sands,  there  are  few 
good  harbors. 

4.  Bivers.—The  Delaware  River  separates  this  State  from  Penn- 
sylvania; the  other  principal  rivers  are  the  Hudson,  Passaic,  Hack- 
ensack,  and  Ravitan,  in  the  north,  and  Maurice  and  Great  Egg  Harbor 
River,  in  the  south. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate.— The  soil  in  the  north  is  well  adapted  to 
grazing.  The  central  part  is  the  most  productive,  and  forms  a  vast 
market-garden  for  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia-  the 
south  IS  not  naturally  fertile,  but  is  made  productive  by  the  applica- 
tion of  marl  found  in  the  neighborhood.  The  climate  in  the  north  is 
much  colder  than  at  the  south,  where  the  influence  of  the  ocean  is  felt. 

6.  Products.— Wheat,  rye,  oats,  Indian  corn,  buckwheat,  pota- 
toes, apples,  peaches,  and  garden  vegetables  are  the  chief  products 
of  the  soil.  The  minerals  are  iron,  zinc,  sand  for  glass-making, 
and  marl.  The  manufactures  are  extensive,  and  include  iron,  iron 
castings,  cotton,  woollen,  porcelain,  and  glass. 

7.  Population.— The  people  are  chiefly  descendants  of  the  ori- 
gmal  Dutch.  Swedish,  and  English  settlers.    They  number  906,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— Trenton,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware,  is 


Nkv  Ji;nsKY.— 1,  Where  is  New  .Torsov  ? 
2.   VVhiit  inountnins!'      ;{,  Of  the  surriice? 
rverH?     6.  Soil  ?     Climate?     6.  Proiliicfs  ? 
Po.iulation  ?    8.  Capita!  ?     For  what  noted  ? 


* 0 


Lonqth  nnd  hros'lth  ? 
Of  the  coast-line?      4.  Of  the 
Minerals  ?     Manufactures  ?     7, 
Wiiat  further  ia  said  of  it? 


NEW   JERSEY. 


113 


the  capital  It  is  noted  for  the  capture  of  the  Hessians  by  Wash- 
ington in  177b  It  is  a  flourishing  city,  and  has  a  fine  State-House 
and  many  other  handsome  buildings.  It  is  largely  engaged  in  manu- 
factures,  particularly  of  iron  and  porcelain 

9.  Newark,  on  Passaic  River,  is  the  largest  city;  it  "is  10  miles 
IVom  New  York  and  is  noted  for  its  manufactures.  Paterson,  on 
the  same  nver,  is  famed  for  its  beautiful  cataract,  the  Falls  .f  the 
Passaic,  and  for  its  extensive  manufactures 

10.  Jersey  City,  Camden,   Elizabeth,    Hoboken,    Orange,   New 
Brunswick,  Bndgeton,  Millville,  Burlington,  Salem  and  ofa  sbo  o 
are  importan  towns.    Cape  May.  Long  Branch,  and  AtlantTe  CUy 
are  celebrated  watGri!>2-pla -es.  ^      u  -txuauuc  i^ity 


-^! 


■^^^^-^^S^s?s^ 


COLLEGE  OF  NEW  JERSEY,  PRINCETON, 


11.  Bducation.-The  CUogo  of  New  Jersey,  «t  Princeton  Rut 
gor.  College,  at  New  Brunswick,  and  B„rlin/to„  CUege    a  Bu t 

gton,  are  the  ch.ef  »eat.  of  learning.    At  Trenton  i,  „  large  norm, 
-.1.  ol,  wh,ch  „  Lberally  ,„pp,rted  by  the  State.    A  w„lli?I" " 
l"."i.<.-scnooi  «yBtem  is  in  suecos^ful  operation. 

".  or  Newark  and  Piifcrsoii '     10    fWK....  .  ..     ^^ 

foUcgos?    Normal  school,  i"?     ^'^-  ^^'^^  t"«^»« ?    Watermg-plaoes  ?     n. 

10* 


h:    > 


!i 


I  li 


i;  I'l 


114 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


RITTENhOUSE  SQUARE,  PHILADELPHIA. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  10,  Pennsylvania.— Bound  Pennsyl 
vania.  What  lake  in  the  northwest  ?  What  island  in  Lake  Erie  1 
Where  is  South  Mt.  ?  Where  are  the  Blue  Mts.  ?  Bald  Eagle  Mts.  ? 
Alleghany  Mts.  ?  Where  is  Laurel  Ridge  ?  Chestnut  Ridge  ?  What 
river  between  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  ?  Principal  affluents  ? 
What  river  rises  in  New  York,  and  flows  through  the  State  into 
Chesapeake  Bay  in  Maryland  ?  Name  its  principal  affluents.  What 
two  rivers  in  *he  west  unite  and  form  the  Ohio?  Describe  the  Alle- 
ghany. The  Monongahela.  Where  is  the  oil-region?  What  and 
where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is  Philadelphia  ?  Pittsburgh  ?  Alle- 
ghany? Birmingham?  Pottsville?  Scranton?  Mauch  Chunk? 
Carbondalo?  Pittston?  Wilkesbarre?  Reading?  Lancaster?  Erie? 
MeadviUe?  Oil  City?  Titusville?  Washington?  Carlisle?  Gettys- 
burg?    Bedford?     Huntingdon?     Butler?     Williamsport? 


PENNSYLVANIA.  H^ 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-Pennsylvania  lies  south  of  New  York 
and  west  ot  New  Jersey.  Its  length  is  310  miles,  and  its  width  160 
uiilea.    Area,  46,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Featnxes.-M  o  u  n  i  a  i  n  s.-Seveval  ranges  of  the 
great  Alleghany  chain  traverse  the  State  from  northeast  to  south- 
west:  they  are  the  South  Mountain,  Blue  Mountains,  Alleghany 
proper.  Chestnut  and  Laurel  Kidges.  The  two  last  are  the  loftiest  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  attain  a  height  of  3000  feet.  These  mountains 
enclose  fertile  valleys,  sometimes  extending  20  "to  30  miles  in  width 

3.  Lakes.--Ltike  Erie,  on  the  northwest,  borders  on  the  State  a 
distance  of  45  miles:  there  is  a  fine  harbor  at  Erie,  by  which  com- 
munication 18  had  with  all  the  great  upper  lakes. 

4  liivers.-The  principal  rivers  in  the  east  are  the  Delaware 
and  Susquehanna.  The  Delaware  rises  in  New  York,  and  flows 
into  Delaware  Bay.  It  is  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  State.  Its 
two  principal  affluents  are  the  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  the  largest  ships  to  Philadelphia,  and  for  steamboats  to 
Trenton,  New  Jersey,  30  miles  beyond. 

The  Susquehanna  rises  in  New  York,  receives  in  Pennsylvania 
the  waters  of  the  West  Branch  and  Juniata,  and  flows  through  the 
State  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  Maryland.  In  the  west,  the  Alle- 
ghany and  Monongahela  Kivers,  both  navigable  for  60  miles,  unite 
at  Pittsburgh  and  form  the  Ohio. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate.^Tho  soil  in  the  valleys  is  rich  and  pro- 
ductive;  that  in  most  of  the  mountainous  districts  is  well  adapted 
to  grazing.  The  climate  is  variable  but  healthy:  in  the  west  it  is 
somewhat  milder  in  winter  than  in  the  east. 

6.  Products.— The  principal  products  are  wheat,  Indian  corn 
and  other  grains,  hay,  fruits,  and  tobacco.  The  vast  anthracite  coal- 
fields, in  the  northeast  part  of  the  State,  are  the  richest  and  most 
extensive  in  the  world.  The  bituminous  coal-fields,  in  the  west, 
and  those  in  the  north,  are  rich  and  apparently  inexhaustible' 
These  mines  are  worked  with  groat  energy,  and  are  exceedingly 
productive.  *  "^ 

PFNNsyLVANiA.-l  Where  is  Pennsylvania?  Length  and  breadth?  Area? 
2.  Of  the  mountains?  Which  the  highest ?  How  hth  ?  What  .f  v^vc  ' 
^.  \Vhat  lake/     4.    What  of  the  Delaware  River?    'Of  the  "SusquchaPua' 


116 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


>''V 


P  T;f 


I  Mi  I 


Petroleum 
"  has  been  lately 
developed  in 
the  west:  thou- 
sands of  wells 
have  been  open- 
ed, which  have 
yielded  great 
quantities  of 
oil. 

7.  Manufac- 
tures. —  Penn- 
sylvania ranks 
third  among  the 
States  in  varie- 
ty and  extent 
of  manufac- 
tures. Nearly 
one-half  of  all 
the  iron  made 
in  the  United 
States  is  pro- 
duced here.  The 

other  manufactures  are  principally  of  cotton,  wool,  pig  iron,  castings, 

nails,  and  paper. 

8.  Population. — The  first  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  were  Swedes, 
English  Quakers,  and  Germans.  In  some  parts  the  German  lan- 
guage is  spoken.     Population,  3,522,000. 

9.  Chief  Towns. — Harrisburg,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  t';e  e^t 
bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  is  surrounded  by  magnificent  sf^cn  »  v 
It  has  a  fine  State-House,  and  is  an  important  railroad  centi :. 

10.  Philadelphia,  the  largest  city  in  the  State,  and  the  second  in 
population  in  the  United  States,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Delaware  River,  and  on  both  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  96  miles  from 
the  sea.  It  wes  sr't.u  i  and  laid  out  by  William  Penn.  It  is  noted 
for  the  important  vu-'  it  took  in  the  Revolutionary  War.     The  De- 

7.  What  of  manufaotiiros?  Of  iron?  Other  manufnctures  ?  8.  Population? 
9.  What  of  the  capital?  10.  Philadelphia,  how  situated?  By  whom  settled 
and  laid  out?    For  what  noted?   What  of  the  public  buildings?    Trade,  Ac.  ? 


OIL-WELLS. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

claration  of  Independence  was  signed  here,  and  first  promulgated  to 
the  people  from  the  State-House,  which  is  still  standing  in  a  good 
state  of  presevvation. 

The  I  iblic  buildings  of  Philadelphia  are  numerous  and  splendid. 
Girard  College  is  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Grecian  architecture 
now  in  existence.  Other  notable  buildings  are  the  Custom-House, 
the  United  States  Mint,  the  Exchange,  a  magnificent  Cathedral,  many 
splendid  churches,  and  extensive  hotels.  Philadelphia  has  an  im- 
mense trade,  coiiaiderable  foreign  commerce,  and  extensive  railroad 
communication  with  the  West  and  South.  Its  manufactures  exceed 
those  of  any  other  city  in  the  United  States. 

11.  Pittsburgh,  at  the  junction  of  the  Monongahela  and  Alle- 
ghany Rivers,  is  the  second  city  in  the  State.  It  has  a  large  trade, 
and  is  noted  for  its  commerce  and  its  vast  manufactures  of  iron. 
Alleghany  City  and  Birmingham  ar^  connected  with  Pittsburgn  by 
bridges. 


PITTSBURGH. 


11.  What  of  Pittsburgh?  How  connected  by  bridges?  Of  Scranton, 
Reading,  and  Lancaster?  Of  towns  in  the  coal-region?  Other  towns? 
What  of  Erie?    Norristown?     Bedford? 


118 


■ 


THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Scranton,  the  fourth  cty  in  the  State,  has  an  extensive  coal-trade. 
Reading,  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  is  noted  for  its  iron  manufactures. 
Lancaster,  formally  the  largest  inland  to-vn  in  the  United  States  is 
Bitwatecl  m  a  populous  and  weaiihy  agricultural  district 

W.lUamsport,  Altoona,  Pottsville.  Wilkesbarre.  and  Oarbondale 
are  flourishing  towns  in  th.  coal-iegion.     Easton,  Allentown,  York 
Chambersburg,  Oil  City,  and  Titusville  are  important  places. 

Erie  has  a  fine  harbor  on  Lake  Erie,  and  direct  railroad  comnu- 
mca  ion  with  the  great  cities  east  r.nd  west.  No.ristown  is  noted 
for  Its  manufactures.    There  are  mineral  springs  at  Bedford. 

12.  Edacatlon.-The  principal  institutions  of  learning  in  Phila- 
delphia arc  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Girard  College,  Polv- 
technic  Co hege,  Boys'  High  School,  and  several  eminent  medical 

v7  at'"l  ^""  'f'^''  ^'  ^"'^'^^"'  Oanonsburg,  Washington, 
Easton,  Gettysburg,  Lancaster,  Lewisburg.  Meadville,  and  Beth- 
lehem.  1  here  are  several  normal  schools,  and  the  school  system  of 
ihe  btate  is  well  organized  and  prosperous. 


DELAWARE. 

Questions  on  Map  Ko.  10,  Delavrare.-Bound  Delaware. 
What  bay  on  tno  east  ?  What  bay  south  of  Delaware  Bay  ?  What 
cape  on  the  coast?  What  largo  river  flows  into  Delaware  Bay? 
What  creek  in  the  norih?  What  crook  flows  into  Delawai.  Bay^ 
What  and  where  is  the  capital ?  Where  is  Wilmington?  New 
Castle?     Delaware  City?     Smyrna?     Georgetown?     Lowes? 

1.  Position  and  Extent—Delaware  lies  south  of  Pennsylvania 
and  east  ot  Maryland  It  is  about  90  miles  long,  by  ?,7  at  its  groat. 
e..  breadth.  It  is  the  smallest  State  in  the  Union,  excent  Rhode 
Island.     Area,  2120  8(|uaro  miles. 

2.  Natural  Feature9.-.V,/,/arr.-The  surface  of  the  State  is 
generally  Knei.  Tho  coast  is  deficient  in  good  harbors.  Dciuwarc 
Bay  and  )clawan>  Riv.r  bound  it  on  the  east ;  the  principal  streams 
are  Brandywine  and  Christinna  Creeks. 


DELAWASE. 


lis 


place.  SW..P,.  ifM::it:  ;;:::::,'■ ",:  r^-  "•■"'  '- 

northern  part  is  »„n,oti„,e.  .evero'^ir^neer  but  '„  ttt""     .r-"' 
rendered  ,„ueh  milder  by  the  ingucaoe  of   he   oa  "  " 

4.  Products. 
—The  chief  pro- 
ducts  are  Indian 
corn,  wlieat,  gar- 
den   vegetables, 
and     numerous 
fruits,  of  which 
the  peach  is  espe- 
cially noted  fori 
its       excellence 
and  abundance. 
5.     Popula- 
tion.—The  ori- 
ginal      settlers 
were      Swedes, 
Finns,  and  Eng- 
lish,  but    there 
have  been  other 
elements    intro- 
duoed  by  immi- 

tCpie""""'""™'  '^''""«-     ^«™"'-o  '»  the  Chief  p„r,uit  of 

it"  m„„„fac.,„re.,„f  I, nnld^r       .•"";?"""  ^  "  '"  '"""'  f'" 

t">vn  in  the  sZ    \2\         ".""'r'  "'  "■•■'"•  ■""'  ■"  ""-  -'l'l.-t 
"  Of  are.     j\ear  Lowar  m  fho  T)n> n 

1   Wh„f    r  *u    ■ ^ -—-::-    ^"*^  l'f-..i.v.in^  Broakwator.  huiit 

-v,fc!;,i:f/''VrtL™r/  ^^^-v  ■"■/"->• ?  « -.... 

«h.t„o„I.,„„f  "«'""'    '•"'"<-"«"«.  and,,!  her, „„„,    [_^,„;'^'; 


AGRICULTURE. 


^*^^k 


It  .l«  I '    I   I 
it 


120 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


by  the  United  States  Government  to  protect  vessels  in  stress  of 
weather, 

8.  .3ducation.— The  principal  collegiate  institutions  are  Dela- 
ware College,  at  Newark,  and  St.  Mary's,  at  Wilmington.  There 
are  many  excellent  academies  and  schools. 


\    '■ 


t 


MARYLAND. 

Questiona  on  Map  No.  11,  Maryland.  —  Bound  Maryland. 
What  great  bay  in  Maryland?  Where  is  Kent  Island?  What 
mountains  pass  through  the  State?  What  river  is  the  southern 
boundary?  What  other  rivers  flow  into  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the 
west  and  north?  Whf.t  on  the  east?  What  and  where  is  the 
capital?  Where  is  Baltimore?  Elkton?  Easton?  Cambridge? 
Frederick?  Hagerstown?  Cumberland?  What  Territory  on  the 
Potomac  ?    What  city  in  that  Territory  ?    What  town  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. —Maryland  lies  south  of  Pennsylvania 
and  west  of  Delaware ;  its  extreme  length  is  19G  miles,  and  its  ex- 
treme width  120  miles,  although  at  one  point  its  width  does  not 
exceed  5  miles.     Area,  9356  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — Mo  untain  s. — The  northwest  is  rugged 
and  mountainous.  The  South  Mountain  and  other  ranges  of  the 
Alleghanies  cross  it  from  Pennsylvauia  to  Virginia. 

Chesapeake  Bay  extends  from  the  south  to  near  the  northern 
boundary,  an(^  almost  separates  the  State  into  two  parts.  It  is  200 
miles  long,  and  is  navigable  throughout.  That  part  of  the  State 
lying  east  of  Chesapeake  Bay  is  called  the  Eastern  Shore. 

3.  Rivers.— Tho  principal  rivers,  all  of  which  flow  into  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  are  tho  Suscjuchanna,  Patapsco,  Patuxcnt.  and  Potomac. 

4.  Soil  and  Climatc.—Tho  soil  on  the  Eastern  Shore,  and  on  n 
tract  around  Chesapeake  Bay  in  the  west,  is  not  naturally  productive. 
but  by  careful  cultivation  those  sections  have  been  mmW  the  groat 
tobacco-region  of  tho  State.     Tho  valleys  in  the  interior  and  at  tho 

8.  What  of  education?  Maryland.— 1.  Where  is  it?  Lonpth  nnd  l.rpadth? 
Area?  2.  Mountains?  Chesapeake  Bay?  Eastern  Shore?  ',].  Nawe  tho 
fivera.     4.  Soil?     Climate? 


MARYLAND. 


121 


north   are   extremely  productive.     The  climate  is   temperate   an.l 
healthy,  except  along  the  low  lands  bordering  on  the  bay 

o  Producta.-Maryland  is  a  great  tobacco-growing  Sta'te     Wheat 
and  Indian  corn  are  also  staples.    The  manufactures  of  coL  .o iT 
len   .-on  leathers  and  flour,  are  extensive.     Coal  and  iron  Ire' abun 
dant  in  tiie  interior.  ^^  auun- 

6.  Populatlon.-The  original  colony  was  founded  bv  Lord  ^^.U' 

line  monument  to  Washinc^hm   +),«      i  ..     .  contains  a 

I    •  ui        ,  " 'isningron,  the  column  of  wh  ch  m  l«n  r.,nf  : 

oint,  m  1«I4.    It  ,8  frequently  called  the  Monu- 


VIEW  ON  THE   BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  nAILROAD. 


••.Products?      Mamifnchiros?      Minonil.v      «    „        ,..,., 
Anni.imli8?     8.  Of  li«Uimoi«?     Wh.  fT       •.     "   '  "!'"''it'"n  ?     7-  What  of 
in'uiul  tru.lo,  4o       '''*''"""'« ^     ^^  »>"^  J''""  -t  contain?     Of  it-  roroign  on.i 

II 


:: 


i  Kiihit 

If 


* 


!l 


H 


tlfS'i 


122 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


mental  City.  Baltimore  has  an  extensive  foreign  and  inland  trada, 
and  is  the  largest  toliacco-market  in  the  world.  It  has  great  railroad 
facilities  with  the  West,  North,  and  South,  and  many  splendid  edi- 
fice?, among  which  are  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  the  Maryland 
Institute,  and  the  Exchange.     It  has  also  a  very  fine  Park. 

9.  Cumberland  is  an  important  coal  depot  on  the  Potomac.  Elkton, 
Cambridge,  and  Easton  are  the  principal  towns  on  the  Eastern  Shore 
t'rcderick  and  Ilagerstown  are  important  places  in  the  interior. 

10.  Education. — There  are  three  colleges  at  Baltimore;  Mount 
St.  Mary's  College  is  at  Emmittsburg,  and  Washington  College  at 
Chestertown.  The  school  system  is  excellent :  instruction  is  nearly 
tre(».  There  are  also  numerous  private  seminaries  of  the  very  best 
cliaracter. 


TERRITORY  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


OATPNT  nmrr    WAQUiNfiTnui 


9.  Cuinborlond  f    21kton,  Cambridge,  and  Easton  ?    Frederick  ond  11  j^r: 
t(twii?      10.   Efiiiciiitinni'     Schools? 


VIRGINIA. 


123 


ana  wa.  ...„„.,  a  pan  of  m':;:TuI    otilerL;"  T': 
m  square  m.les.     Tliis  territory  contains  th,.  .«/  f  ' 

of  ;l-e  United  S,a,..».     P„pu,ati„^  in  Cm  (ST'  "'  «°™"'"™' 

It  is  a  splendid  eily,  adorned  with  some  of  the  grandest  specimen- 
..  arch,tectnre  ,„  the  world.  The  Capitol  is  a  n,ng„iflcc„t  struc  uro" 
of  wh.te  inarlde  and  freestone,  more  than  7no  feet  In  length,  and  sur^ 
mounted  hy  a  l,,f,y  dome.  The  Smithsonian  Institution,  l^c  Pre,  . 
-lent  s  House,  ,he  Patent  Office,  the  Treasury,  and  o.he  s  rival  h. 
splejjdor  the  finest  buildi.gs  iu  the  Old  World!'  Popu,!:,  liwo, 

3.  Georgetown,  the  only  other  town  in  the  Territory  lies  or,  the 
'0U„„^,  and  .s  separaW  from  Washington  by  Uock  Cr  e  .    It 
a  h  ndsome  c,ty   and  is  noted  for  its  literary  advantages  and  i 
pohte  soe.ety.    At  Georgetown  are  Georgetown  College^and  n„Jl 
reus  flourishing  academies. 


and  llj-c's 


VIRGINIA. 

Queatlona  on  Map  No.  11,  Virginia.-Bound  Virginia.     What 
»y  on  the  east?     What  capes  at  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake  ll; 

-tulj.     ^,..st/     Ivaino  the  four  principal  rivers  that  flow  into 
iiosapeako  Bay.     What  river  hetweoi,  ,he  Blue  Kidge  and  SlTe,  ^ 
'l""li  Jlouutains   flow,  into  the  Potoma.-?      What  i,  the  „r' 
|.ffl..™t  of  the  Rappahannock  ?     What  ,„„  rir,"'.:  „'     / S: 
1"J?    U  hat  „  the  chief  affluent  of  the  .Tames?     I„  „,,„,  ' 

"  '•;"  "_ln.t  part  of  the  State  is  the  Natural  Bridg,.?    Wed 
-vh„t„lh„  capital?   Where  is  Norfolk?    P,.l,.r.1..,r»»     \1  • '  '   , 

0. ...  c,„.„>,  o.h.r  SLj?  Xi".£;"  rt>:r;"«'X,o:,ir 


124 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


!|       .' 


Fredericksburg?     Lynchburg?    Staunton  {stan^ tun) ^   Winchester? 
Charlottesville  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Virginia  lies  south  and  west  of  Mary- 
land:  its  greatest  length  from  east  to  west  is  425  miles ;  its  extreme 
breadth  from  north  to  south,  210  miles.     Area,  41,352  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — Mountains. — 
Three  ranges  of  the  great  Alleghany  chain 
of  mountains  traverse  the  State  from  north- 
east to  southwest.  The  most  easterly  is  the 
Blue  Ridge,  next  the  Shenandoah  Moun- 
tains, and  on  and  near  its  western  bound- 
ary the  Alleghany  proper.  These  moun- 
tains enclose  fertille  valleys.  East  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  the  surface  is  hilly. 

In  the  southeast  are  extensive  swamps. 
The  Dismal  Swamp  is  the  largest,  and  ex- 
tends into  North  Carolina;  it  is  about  30 
miles  long  by  12  broad.  In  the  centre  of 
this  swamp  is  Lake  Drummond,  covering 
an  area  of  nearly  G  square  miles. 

Chesapeake  Bay  is  in  the  eastern  part; 
it  opens  into  the  ocean  in  the  southeast,  and 
extends  north  into  Maryland. 

3.  Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Potomac,  Rappahannock,  York,  and 
James,  all  flowing  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 
The  Potomac  bounds  Virginia  on  the  north,  and  is  navigable  to 
\»^ashington  City,  100  miles ;  its  principal  affluent  is  the  Shenandoah 
River.  The  Rappahannock  flows  nearly  parallel  with  the  Potomac, 
and  is  navigable  for  steamers  to  Fredericksl>urg ;  its  principal  afflu- 
ent is  the  Rapidan. 

The  York  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Mattapony  and  the 
Pamunkey,  and  is  navigable  its  whole  length,  about  40  miles.  Tlio 
James  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  has  for  its  principal 

VmoiMA. — 1.  Whoro  is  it?     L<"n!rth  and  breadth?    Aroa?     ?.  Mnnnt'iirsa' 
What  do  thoy  cncloHo'    Hiirfnoc  oriHt  oC  tlio  lilno  T{iil!,'c  .to.?    Swnmpa?  Dis 
mill  SwRinp?    CluHiipoako  Bay?    IJ.  llivora?  What  of  tho  Potomac  ?    Ranpa. 
hiinnook  ?     Y<»rk?    James? 


NATURAL  DRIDGE. 


VIRGINIA. 


125 


affluent  the  Appomattox.      It  is  navigable  for  steamers  to  Rich- 
mond, 100  miles. 

4.  Soil  and  ^^  m  a  ^.. -That  part  of  Virginia  east  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  except  along  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  is  sandv,  but  with  care- 
ful  cultivation  produces  good  crops.  On  the  borders  of  the  rivers 
great  quantities  of  tobacco  are  raised.  The  Shenandoah  Vallev  is 
rich  and  productive,  and  is  the  chief  granary  of  the  State.  The 
chmate  m  the  low  lands  is  warm,  but  in  general  throughout  the 
fetate  it  IS  salubrious  and  delightful. 

5.  Curio siHes.~Th^  Natural*  Bridge,  in  Rockbridge  county, 
>s  one  of  the  most  remarkable  natural  arches  in  the  world  ;  it  span 
a  chasm  2L5  feet  deep  and  90  feet  wide  over  Cedar  Creek.     wL's 
Cave  and  Madison's  Cave,  in  Augusta  county,  and  the  Blowing  Cave, 
m  Bath  county,  are  great  curiosities,  and  much  visited  by  travellers! 

6.  Products.-Wheat,  Indian   corn,  and  other  grains,  tobacco. 


RICHMOND. 


and  cotton,  are  the  principal  products.     There  are  extonHivc  mines 
of  coal  and  iron.     Copper,  lead,  gold,  and  nuirl)le  are  ft.und. 

j.  Soil?    Shcnnndoah  Valloy?    rii,„nt.>?     h.   Whiit  of  tho  Natural  Briil-'o  ? 


ll» 


126 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


'f 


7.  Population.— The  people  are  to  a  great  extent  descendants  of  tho 
original  English  settlers.   There  are  many  negroes.    Total,  1,225,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— Kichmond,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  tlie  James  Kiver,  at  the  lower  falls,  100  miles  from  its  mouth 
It  oontams  a  largo  and  imposing  State-House,  in  the  centre  of  a  park 
of  eight  acres,  and  has  many  other  handsome  buildings.  The  Falls 
of  the  James  furnish  immense  water-power:  there  are  numerous 
manufactories  of  flour  and  cotton,  as  well  as  rolling-mills,  forges 
and  more  than  50  tobacco-factories.  Important  railroads,  extendhi- 
north,  south,  east,  and  west,  centre  here.  "^ 

Norfolk,  on  Elizabeth  River,  the  second  city  in  the  State,  has  a 
fine  harbor,  and  is  noted  for  its  commerce:  it  has  an  elegant  custom- 
house  and  a  city  hall.     Petersburg,  22  miles  south  of  Richmond  is 
noted  for  its  exports  of  tobacco  and  flour.    Alexandria,  Portsmouth 
Fredericksburg,  Lynchburg,  and   Staunton   are   important  towns' 
Mount  Vernon,  15  miles  below  Washington,  on  the  Potomac  River 
was  the  residence  of  Wf^shington,  and  contains  his  tomb. 

There  are  numerous  mineral,  sulphur,  and  alum  springs,  much 
resorted  to  by  invalids. 

9.  Bducatlon.-The  University  of  Virginia  is  at  Charlottesville, 
There  are  colleges  at  Richmond,  Williamsburg,  Prince  Edward, 
Washington  County,  and  Lexington. 


WEST  VIRaiNIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  11,  West  Virginia.— Bound  West  Vir- 
ginia. What  mountains  ?  What  two  rivers  form  its  western  bound- 
ary?  Into  what  does  tho  Big  Sandy  flow?  What  other  rivers  flow 
into  the  Ohio?  What  and  where  is  the  capital ?  Where  is  Wheel- 
ing? Parkersburg?  Point  Pleasant?  Clarksburg?  Romney? 
Philippa?  Buckhannon?  Beverly?  Martinsburg?  Harper's  Ferry ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— West  Virginia  lies  south  of  Penn- 
r.  Popiilatinn?     8.  What  is  sai.l  of  Richmond?     Wl^of  tlio  Falls  of  tho 

14/1.    1     r  »»  i  ir      ■    '"    W^'. "  r....(,r^  ;       ••frivi    lin|jtfrtui!l    towns.' 

W  hat  of  Mount  V.-rnon?  Spniip^?  s).  Education  ?   Wkst  Viiujinia.— 1   Whcro 
is  It?    Length  and  breadth?    Area?  What  of  West  Virginia?    Of  the  north- 


WEST   VIRGINIA. 


iflantsof  tho 
d,  1,225,000. 
i  on  the  left 
n  ils  mouth, 
tre  of  a  park 
The  Falls 
c  numerous 
lills,  forges, 
i,  extendiii^ 

State,  has  a 
ant  custom- 
chmond,  is 
'ortsmoutb, 
ant  towns, 
mac  River, 

ings,  much 

rlottesvillo. 
3   Edward, 


127 


West  Vir- 
rn  bound- 
•ivers  flow 
is  Whcel- 
Romncy  ? 
•'s  Ferry  ? 


of   Pi 


enn- 


'alls  of  the 
.i!i  towns? 
-1.  Whero 
tho  north- 


By Ivania  and  west  of  Virginia.     Its  extreme  length  is  about  250 

miles,  and  its  extreme  l,readth  170  miles.  Area,  20,000  square  miles. 

West  Virginia  was  formerly  a  part  of  Virginia,  and  was  separated 

^"T,  '\pf  "^  ^f  ^'^  ^""^'•^^'^  "^  1«^'2'  ^^'J  <^'-ganized  as  a  State  in 
863.     rhe  northwestern  strip  extending  north,  and  lying  between 
Icnnsylvania  and  Ohio,  is  called  the  "Pan-handle." 

2.  NaturaIFeatures.-J/oMn?;a/«*._TheAlleghany Mountains 
are  on  the  eastern  boundary.  The  surface  in  the  east  is  generally 
hilly  and  broken,  sloping  gradually  towards  the  west,  where  it  is 
quite  level. 

3.  Bivcrs.-The  Ohio  and  Big  Sandy  form  its  western  boundary. 
Ihe  B,g  Sandy,  Kanawha  {/cah-natc^tvah),  and  Guyandotte  (ghi-an- 
dot  )  each  navigable  for  more  than  50  miles,  flow  north  into  the 
Ohio  Kiver. 


WHEtLING. 


1  ^0/;  and  Climaie.^The  soil  is  generally  productive  and  well 

.  -  ro„....„._.^.,i..^,.  ,„rn^  ^.jj,,^,    .^„^  .^^^^^^^^^  ^^,^  ^j^^  principal 

wc.«tstn,>?  2.  Mountains?  .Surface?  3.  lUv.r.77.^l7^mn,.?  5.  Product.? 


128 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


agricultural  products.     There  are  extensive  mines  of  coal  and  iron, 
and  numerous  salt  springs.     Petroleum  is  obtained. 

6.  Population.— The  inhabitants  are  of  English  descent,  with 
many  emigrants  from  other  States.     They  number  442,000. 

7.  Chief  Towns.— Charleston,  the  capital,  is  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Great  Kanawha  River.  Wheeling,  the  former  capital,  lies  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio,  on  a  narrow  tract  between  the  river  and  a 
range  of  high  hills.  It  has  a  large  river  commerce,  extensive  man- 
ufactures, and  is  an  important  railroad  centre.  A  suspension  brid.rc 
here  spans  the  Ohio.  ^ 

Martinsburg,  Parkersburg,  Charlestown,  Moundsville,  and  Olarks- 
burg  are  important  towns.  Romney,  Philippa,  Buckhannon,  Beverly, 
and  Harper's  Ferry  are  noted  places. 

^  8.  Education— There  is  a  college  at  Bethany,  in  Brooke  County. 
The  State  is  making  good  progress  in  the  organization  of  an  effective 
school  system. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  11,  North  Carolina.— Bound  North 
Caraliiiii.  AVhat  two  large  sounds  on  the  coast?  What  three  capes? 
What  islands?  What  mountains  in  North  Carolina?  Ans.  The 
Alkgl  any  Range,  C  ive  some  of  the  local  names  of  these  mountains. 
Where  is  White  Top  Peak?  Mitchell's  Peak?  Buckley's  Peak? 
What  rivers  empty  into  Albemarle  Sound  ?  Into  Pam^lico  Sound  ? 
What  large  river  flows  south  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  What  two 
rivers  flow  into  South  Carolina?  What  and  where  is  the  capital? 
Where  is  Wilmington?  New-Berne?  Fayetteville ?  Salisbury 
(sawlz^ber-re)2    Elizabeth?    Edenton? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.- North  Carolina  lies  south  of  Virginia 
and  borders  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  its  extreme  length  is  420  miles' 
and  its  extreme  breadth  180  miles.  Area,  45.000  square  miles  It 
is  frequently  called  the  Old  North  State,  as  South  Carolina  li-^s  upon 
its  southern  border. 


(1.  Population?     7.  Abator  Whoolinp?     rniporf,,„U,owns  ?     Notc.l  plncrs^ 


8 
Area? 


What  is  it  rrciiuently  culled? 


NORTH   CAROLINA. 


129 


i\  and  iron, 

scent,  with 
)0. 

right  bank 
ital,  lies  on 
river  and  a 
nsive  man- 
sion bridge 

-nd  Olarks- 
D,  Beverly, 

ke  County, 
in  effective 


:nd  North 
ree  capes  ? 
Ans.  The 
lountains. 
f's  Peak? 
!o  Sound? 
What  two 
)  capital? 
Salisbury 

Virginia, 
20  miles, 
nil  OS.  It 
li'.\<^  upon 


at]  plnccslf 
bread t!i  / 


2.  Natural  Features.— it/own  if  a »««.— Several  parallel  ranges 
of  the  Alleghany  chain  traverse  the  western  part  of  the  State  :  they 
are  known  by  different  names,  as  the  Alleghany  proper,  Stone  Moun- 
tains, Iron  Mountains,  Bald  Mountains,  Blue  Kidge,  and  others. 
There  are  more  than  12  peaks  upwards  of  GOOO  feet  in  height,— 
among  which  are  Buckley,  Clingman,  Guyot,  and  Mitchell.  Buckley, 
the  loftiest,  is  0775  feet  high,  and  is  the  highest  land  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River.  One  of  these  ranges  forms  the  western  boundary 
of  the  State. 

The  surface  further  east  and  in  the  centre  is  hilly ;  on  and  near 
(ho  coast  it  is  low  and  level. 


PINE    FOREST  IN   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

3.  Coast-line. — Thecoast-line  is  longand  deeply  indented.  There 
are  two  large  shallow  sounds,  Albemarle  and  Pamlico,  which  are 
cut  off  from  the  ocean  by  long,  narrow,  shifting  sand  islands,  through 
which  there  are  constantly  changing  inlets  to  the  sea. 

4.  Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  are  Chowan  (cho-wawn^)  and 

2.  Mountains?  Nauics?  What  laffy  p-ak  ?  How  liiffh  ?  What  the  western 
boundary:''     Surfnuo?     3.  Coast-line  ?     What  sounds?     4.  Rivers? 


180 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


Roanoke  flowing  into  Albemarle  Sound;  Tar  and  Neuse,  flowina 
into  1  amhco  Sound  ;  Cape  Fear,  the  largest  river  in  the  State,  flow 
ing  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  and  Yadkin  and  Catawba,  flowing  south 
into  South  Carolina. 

5    Soil  and  Climate.~ln  the  sandy  section  on  the  coast,  ex- 
tending inland  more  than  50  miles,  are  extensive  forests  of  pitch 
ptne  valuable  for  its  lumber,  tar,  and  turpentine :   the  interior  is 
ertile  and  productive.     The  climate  in  the  low  lands  is  hot  and  un- 
healthy in  summer ;  in  the  middle  and  west  it  is  temperate  and 

0    Products.-Indian   corn,  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  rice,  and 
cotton,  are   staple.     Other  products  are  lumber,  tar,  pitch,  and 
turpentine.     Coal,  copper,  and  gold  are  found. 
T  .^•^°P"1^**°°— The  white  population  is  chiefly  of  English  and 
Irish  descent.     Ihere  are  many  negroes.     Total,  J,071  000 

P.  Chief  Towns.-llaleigh,  the  capital,  is  near  the  Neuse  River 
and  IS  an  elevated  and  healthy  city.  The  State-House  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  splendid  capitols  in  the  United  States.  Raleigh  is 
an  important  railroad  centre. 

Wilmington,  the  chief  city,  on  Cape  Fear  River,  35  miles  from  its 
mouth,  has  a  large  coastwise  export  trade,  and  considerable  foreiirn 
cjnimorce.  ° 

New-Berne,  Fayetteville,  Salisbury,  Charlotte,  Elizabeth,  Edenton, 
and  Beaufort  [bu'furt),  are  flourishing  towns. 

1).  Education.-The  University  of  North  Carolina  is  at  Chapel 
11.11,  near  Raleigh.  Tliere  are  colleges  at  Forestville  and  in  Meck- 
lenburg county,  more  than  1600  public  schools,  sustained  by  Stat, 
lunds  and  taxation,  and  numerous  flourishing  private  academies 


vM    m 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  South  Carolina. -Bound  South 
Carolina.  What  bays  on  the  coast?  What  sound?  What  capo? 
What  islands  ?  What  mountains  in  the  northwest  ?  What  river  forma 
its  southwest  boundary?     What  other  rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic 

WM    ''?"^';     F^''^'V"'     fi.  Products?     7.  Population?     S.  What  of  Raleieh! 
Wilmington?     Othrr  towns?     9.   Education  ?  "«- oi  xvaieign [ 


SOUTH    CAROLINA. 


131 


luse,  flowing 
!  State,  flow- 
owing  south 

le  coast,  ex- 
ists of  pitch 
)  interior  is 
hot  and  un- 
iperate  and 

I,  rice,  and 
pitch,  and 

Inglish  and 

00. 

euse  River, 
one  of  the 
Raleigh  is 

■es  from  its 
ble  foreign 

,  Edenton, 

at  Chapel 
i  in  Meck- 
d  by  Stata 
loniics. 


nd  South 
bat  cape? 
iver  forma 
5  Atlantic 

f  Kaleigh  f 


Ocean  ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  IIow  is  Charleston  siti* 
ated  ?  What  forts  before  Charleston  ?  Where  is  Camden  ?  Green- 
ville?    Hamburg?    Cheraw?    Aiken?     Branchville? 


CUSTOM-HOUSE,  CHARLESTON. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— South  Carolina  lies  south  of  North 
Carolina,  and  borders  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east.  Its  ex- 
treme length  and  breadth  arc  each  about  210  miles.  Area,  24,500 
square  miles.  North  and  South  Carolina  originally  formed  one 
colony,  but  wor.e  divided  in  17Il9. 

2.  Natural  Fea.tvirea.~Mounta ins.— The  Blue  Ridge  Moun- 
tains are  on  the  northwest  boundary,  where  they  attain  a  heioht  of 
4000  feet.  The  surface  falls  gradually  from  this  elevation  to  the 
low  lands  near  the  sea. 

3.  Coast-line.— The  coast  presents  numerous  bays,  inlets,  and 
shallow  sounds,  and  but  few  good  harbors.  A  number  of  low  islands 
fikirt  the  coast. 

4.  Bivers.—ThQ  principal  navigable  rivers  are  the  Great  Pedee, 

FouTH  Carolina.— 1.  Where  is.  it  ?    Length  and  breadth  ?  Area  ?    2.  Moun 
:ams?     Surface?     i.  Coast-line?     4.  fivers?     Affluents?    O^her  rivers? 


132 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


m 


m 


J 
III' 


Santee,  and  Savannah,  all  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.     The 
Little  Pedee  is  an  affluent  of  the  Great  Pedce,  the  Saluda,  Congaree, 

and  Broad  of 
theSantee,and 
the  Tugaloo  of 
the  Savannah. 
The  Edisto, 
Cumbahee, 
Cooper,  and 
Ashley,  also 
flow  into  the 
Atlantic,  and 
are  navigable 
for  only  very 
small  craft. 

5.  Soil  and 
C I  i m  ate.  — 
The  soil  in  tlie 
interior  is  rich 
and  product- 
ive ;  that  upon 

the  islands  near  the  coast  produces  the  famous  sea-island  cotton, 
which  grows  only  here  and  cm  the  islands  near  the  coast  of  Georgia 
and  Florida.  The  rice-fields,  on  the  swampy  lands,  seem  to  bo 
exhaustless.  The  climate  in  the  low  lands  is"  moist  and  often  un- 
healtliy  in  summer;  in  the  interior  and  more  elevated  parta  it  is 
salubrious  and  delightful. 

0.  Products.— Cotton  is  the  groat  staple  of  the  State.  Rico  is  an 
important  product;  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  and  sweet 
potatoes  are  the  othi-r  chief  products. 

7.  Population.— The  white  population  is  principally  of  English 
and  French  descent.     TIjere  are  nmny  negroes.     To>al,  700,000? 

8.  Chief  Towns.— Columbia,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  an'  ele- 
vation near  the  left  liank  of  the  Congaree  River.  It  is  handsomely 
laid  out.  with  wide  streets,  and  has  many  line  buildings.  The  new 
State-House  is  a  tnagnificont  structure. 

Charlostou,  the  largest  city  in  South  Carolina,  lies  at  the  junction 

5.  Soil?    llico-flolds?   CHraatc?    6.  Prodrcts  ?    7.  PoDulaiion?     8    W).nf 
of  Columbia?     01' Ch  •.rloslon  ?     OMicifowusv        '•  ^  '  l»"'»H"n/     8.  What 


RICE   PLANTATION. 


GEORGIA. 


133 


of  the  Cooper  and  Ashley  Rivers,  7  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  is  the 
principal  seaport  of  the  State,  and  has  considerable  commerce. 

Camden,  Greenville,  Hamburg,  Georgetown,  Cheraw,  Beaufort, 
and  Aikon  are  considerable  towns. 

0.  Education.— South  Carolina  College,  at  Columbia,  is  a  State 
mstitution,  and  has  a  library  of  25,000  volumes.  There  are  colleges 
also  at  Charleston,  Greenville,  and  Newberry.  The  State  makes  a 
handsome  annual  appropriation  for  public  schools,  and  there  are 
numerous  academies  and  private  schools. 


GEORGIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  Georgia.— Bound  Georgia.  What 
s;)unds  on  the  coast  ?  What  islands  ?  What  mountains  in  the  north  ? 
What  river  forms  a  part  of  its  northeastern  boundary  ?  A  part  of 
its  western  ?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  What  into 
Florida?  Whore  is  the  Okofinokee  Swamp?  Where  and  what  is  the 
capital?  Where  is  Savannah ?  Augusta?  Darien?  Brunswick? 
St.  Mary's?  Macon?  Milledgeville ?  Columbus?  Rome?  Amo- 
ricus?     Andersonville? 

^  1.  Position  and  Extent.— Georgia  lies  south  of  North  and  South 
Carolina  and  Tontujssee;  its  extreme  length  is  IV20  milos,  and  its 
extreme  breadth  254  miles.     Area,  5S,000  square  milos. 

2.  Natural  FeatnieB.— Mountains.— Tho,  Blue  Ridge  and 
other  ranges  of  the  Alleghany  chain  traverse  the  northwe'st  part 
of  the  State ;  from  these  mountains  the  surface  falls  towards  the 
centre,  where  it  is  an  undulating  plain,  elevated  about  500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  from  this  plain  it  descends  gradually  to 
the  coast,  where  it  is  low  and  level. 

3.  Cnasf-fiiie.—Thi^  eoast-lino  extends  about  100  miles,  and  is 

Hkirte<l  by  nunuirous  low  islands,  leaving  but  f(»ur  navigable  entrances 

or  harbors,  viz.,  at  Savannah,  Darien.  Brunswick,  and  St.  Mary's. 

In  the  southeast  is  an  extensive  swamp,  culled  Okelinokee  Sw'amv  • 
it  has  a  circuit  of  180  miles.  ' 


\l  E.hicntion  ?    About  piihlic  school.?   (Jnounu.-l.  Whoro  \n  W  '    LmL'lh 
iou  it  ? '' '    ^'^"^    2.  Mountains  y    SurlucoV    3.  Cua,t-li„o  ?   WLut  ,n  tho 


IS 


134 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


4.  Rivers. — The  Savannah  River  separates  Georgia  from  South 
Carolina,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  it  is  navigable  for 
steamers  to  Augusta.  The  Chattahoochee  is  for  some  distance  the 
western  boundary :  it  unites  with  the  Flint  River,  and  forms  the 
Appalachicola,  which  flows  into  Florida,  The  other  principal  rivers 
are  the  Ogeechee,  Cannouchee,  and  Altamaha,  all  flowing  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  navigable  for  a  considerable  distance  by  steamers. 


CITY   OF   SAVANNAH. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  but  parti- 
cularly rich  in  the  valleys,  in  the  low  lands  on  the  coast,  and  in  the 
islands  adjacent.  These  islands  produce  the  choice  sea-island  cotton. 
About  GO  miles  from  the  sea  is  an  extensive  rcgitm  of  pine  forest, 
valuable  for  its  timber.  The  climate  in  the  north  and  centre  is  mild 
and  8alubrit)us ;  in  the  H<iuth  and  on  the  coast  it  is  warm,  and  in 
summer  hot  and  unhealthy. 

0.  Curiu.'iitit'.n. — Amtmg  the  mountains  are  some  beautiful  cas- 
cades, of  which  the  Falls  of  Tallu'lah  and  Toco''a  are  the  principal. 
The  Stone  Miaintain,  in  t)e  Kalb  county,  is  a  great  curiosity.  There 
arc  Indian  mounds  of  an  unknown  antiquity. 

7.  Products. — The  chief  products  are  cotton,  rice,  Indian  corn, 


1^ 


4.  Rivers  /     0  Iicr  Hvcrs?     6.  Soil?     Whftt  of  tho  islands?     About  pins 
forests?     Climv'f?     ft.  (luriositi**"?     7.  Products?     Manufactories? 


FLORIDA. 


135 


and  sweet  potatoes.  Iron,  coal,  gold,  and  granite  are  found.  Lum- 
ber  and  naval  stores  are  produced.  There  are  some  manufactories 
of  cotton,  iron,  and  machinery. 

8.  Population.— The  original  settlers  were  principally  English 
Methodists  and  Scotch  Highlanders,  but  the  population  has  been 
largely  increased  by  emigration  from  the  Northern  States  and  from 
Europe.     There  are  also  many  negroes.     Total,  1,184,000. 

9.  Chief  Towns.— Atlanta,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  is 
the  capital :  it  is  an  extensive  manufacturii.g  city,  and  a  very  im- 
portant railroad  centre.  In  population  it  is  the  second  city  in  the 
State. 

Savannah,  the  largest  and  most  commercial  city  in  the  State,  lies 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Savannah  River,  17  miles  from  its  mmilh. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out,  handsomely  built,  and  densely  shaded  with 
Pride  of  India  trees.  It  has  considerable  foreign  commerce,  and 
extensive  inland  and  coastwise  connectiops  by  railroad  and  steam- 
boats. 

Augusta,  on  the  Savannah  River,  120  miles  from  Savannah,  is  the 
third  city  in  the  State.  It  is  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation, 
is  a  great  railroad  centre,  and  an  important  cotton  depot. 

Darien,  Brunswick,  and  St.  Mary's  are  small  ports  on  the  coast. 

Millcdgeville,  the  former  capital  of  the  State,  on  the  Oconee 
River,  Macon,  on  the  Ocmulgce,  and  Columbus,  on  the  Chattahoo- 
chee, are  flourishing  towns. 

10.  Education.— There  are  numerous  academies  and  schools, 
generously  sustained.  The  University  of  Coorgia  is  nt  Athens ;  there 
are  colleges  also  at  Milledgeville,  Oxford,  Peniield,  aud  Macou. 


1^ 


FLORIDA. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  Florida  {See  Map  M.  7,  Inifnl 
States). —  Uunud  VUmiUu  What  ,ilf  south?  Bays  on  the  gulf 
coast?     What  capes  on  the  oast  coast?     On  the  gulf  coa.st?     Wliat 

B.  Population?  9.  Whftt  of  AMnnta?  Savnnnn'.j?  Augusta?  What 
mall  ports?     Other  towns  ?     10.  What  of  education  <• 


I 


136 


THE   UNITED    STATES. 


ti  i! 


1^' 


inlands  south  ?  What  islands  southeast?  What  strait  between  Flo- 
rida and  the  Bahama  Islands?  Where  are  the  Everglades?  Where 
IS  Lake  O^ke-cho^bee  ?  What  river  is  a  part  of  the  western  bound- 
ary /  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic  ?  Into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  9 
What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Jacksonville  ?  Key  West? 
if<^P^oA'2.)  Pensacola?  Appalachicola ?  Fernandina?  Cedar 
Keys?     St.  Augustine ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent—Florida  lies  south  of  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama,  and  partly  incloses  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  its  gieatest  length  is 
about  400  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  350  miles.  Area,  59  000 
square  miles.  ' 

It  derives  its  name  from  the  fiict  that  it  was  discovered  on  Easter 
Sunday  {La  Fascua  de  Flares,  the  Passover  of  Flowers)  Florida 
was  purchased  of  Spain  by  the  United  States  in  1820,  and  became  a 
State  in  1(S45. 

2.  Natural  Feature9.-.S'«r/ac.._The  southern  partof  Florida 
18  mostly  an  extensive  marsh,  called  the  Everglades:  during  the 
ra.ny  season  in  summer  this  region  is  impassable;  the  remaining 
part  of  the  State  is  level,  without  elevations  of  sufficient  height  to 
be  called  hills.  *= 

3.  Coast-line.-ThG  cast-line  of  Florida  exceeds  that  of  any 
other  Stale,  having  a  length  on  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
of  114b  uMlcs;  but,  notwithstanding  this  great  length,  there  are  few 
good  harbors.     South  of  the  southern  extremity  is  a  series  of  coral 
islaiids,  called  the  Florida  Koefs,  which  here  form  the  loft  bank  of 
the  Gulf  Stream.     There  are  also  numerous  islands  on  the  eastern 
coast,  some  of  which  produce  the  famous  sea-island  cotton. 
J'J'T'l:'''^^''^  principal   rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  are 
M.  Mary  s,  St.  John's,  an<l  Indian  ;  those  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  are^Peniido  {per-dce^do),  forming  the  western   boun.lnry, 
Escambui,  Choctawhatcheo,  Appalachicola.  and  Suwanee.     The  An- 
palach.ola  is  a  large  river,  and  affords  great  facilities  for  internal 
navigation.     The  St.  John's  River  flows  north  and  east  into  the  At- 
htnt.c    winle  all  the  other  rivers  on  the  east  eoast  of  the  Unite.1 
fetatos  flow  south  and  east  into  the  Atlantic. 


Fr,oim.A.-l.  Whore  is  it?    Length  nnd  hroH.lfl,  '>    Aron?    Al»o,.t  its  name? 


ALABAMA. 


137 


5.  Soil  and  Climate.— X  small  portion  of  the  State  is  avail- 
able for  cultivation ;  the  centre  is  the  most  productive,  and  yields 
vegetation  of  great  variety  and  luxuriance.  The  climate  is  said  to 
be  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  In  the  south  the  temperature 
scarcely  changes  the  year  round;  in  the  north  the  summers  are  hot. 

0.  Products.—The  chief  products  are  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  and 
tropical  fruits,  such  as  figs,  pine-apples,  and  oranges.  Several  varie- 
ties of  oak  and  pine,  valuable  in  ship-building,  are  found ;  that  called 
live  oak  is  the  most  important. 

7.  Population.— The  inhabitants  are  mostly  emigrants  from  other 
States,  and  number  188,000.     Many  of  them  are  negroes. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— Tallahassee,  the  capital,  is  in  the  north ;  it 
has  a  handsome  State-House  and  other  public  buildings.  Jackson- 
ville, on  the  St.  John's  River,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State.  Key 
West,  on  Key  West  Island,  is  the  most  southern  town  in  the  United 
States. 

9.  Pensacola  and  Appalachicola,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  are  im- 
portant towns,  and  have  considerable  commerce.  Fernandina,  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  is  connected  by  railroad  with  Cedar  Keys  on 
the  gulf.  St.  Augustine,  on  the  east  coast,  is  the  oldest  town  in  the 
United  States,  having  b(va  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1505. 

10.  Education.— There  are  numerous  private  seminaries  and 
Jioademies,  and  a  liipited  number  of  public  schools. 


ALABAMA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  Alabama.— Bound  Alabama.  What 
gull  south?  What  bays?  Sound?  Islands?  What  mountains  in 
the  north?  What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  M()l)ilo  River?  Into 
what  does  it  flow?  What  rivers  flow  from  Alabama  through  Florida 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  What  river  In  the  north  ?  Whr.t  shoals? 
What  and  whore  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Mobile?  liuntsville? 
D.Tatur?  Tusoumbia?    Florence?   Tuscaloosa?   Tuskegoe?   Selma? 

I.  Position  and  Extent.— Ahibama  lies  west  of  Georgia  and 

Ja'Lmnillo^I'TnJw-  VrTl'^    ^'  Population?    sTAVlmt  of  T«llahn..c.e? 
JicKHotn  II  0  /     Ivoy  West?    9.   Ponsacu.Ia  an.l  Appi.laehicola?     Ffrnan.liiia  ' 

Length  and  broudtb  ?     Area?     Name?  i.   wiiou   i.s  ,(.' 

}2« 


w 


138 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


COTTON-CHUTE  ON  THE  ALABAMA  RIVER. 

north  of  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  350  miles  lonj^  and 
"200  broad.  Area,  50,700  square  miles.  Alabama  derives  its  name 
from  an  Indian  word  signifying;  "  Here  wo  rest." 

2.  Natural  Features.— .9m r/ace.— The  Alleghany  Mountains 
terminate  in  the  northern  part  of  Alabama,  where  they  form  a  series 
of  hills  of  moderate  elevation.  The  mrface  from  this  part  of  the 
State  slopes  gently  to  the  south,  but  is  (somewhat  uneven  and  undu- 
lating near  the  centre. 

3.  Co  a  .*  t-lt  n  c— The  coast-line  extends  about  50  miles.  Mobile 
Bay  is  the  largest  and  finest  bay  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  is  the 
chief  port  of  the  commerce  of  the  State. 

4.  Rive  r  .<?.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tennessee,  which  enters 
the  State  on  the  northeast,  leaves  it  at  the  northwest,  and  flows  into 
the  State  of  Tennessee;  the  T()ml»igl)y  and  the  Alabama,  that  form 
Mobile  River,  which  flows  into  Mo])ile  Bay;  and  the  Chattahoochee, 
which  is  a  part  of  the  eiistern  boundary,  and  flows  into  Florida.  All 
these  rivers  are  navigable  for  stoumcrs. 


2.  Surluco?     .'J.Wlmt  coast-lino?     I.  lUvurs?     Wliiil,  of  all  thoso  rivers? 


ALABAMA. 


139 


5.  Sot  and  CHu ate. -Alabama  has,  with  small  exceptions, 
an  exceedingly  rich  and  fertile  soil,  and  produces  a  larger  quantity 
of  cotton  than  any  other  State.  The  climate  on  the  coast  and  in  the 
mer-valleys  is  unhealthy  in  summer;  but  in  the  interior  and  higher 
lands  at  the  north  it  is  salubrious  and  delightful 

6  Producta.-Cotton  is  the  great  staple ;  Indian  corn,  rice,  sweet 
potatoes,  and  some  tropical  fruits  are  produced.  Immense  forests  of 
pme  grow  m  the  southern  section  of  the  State.  The  minerals  in- 
elude  coal,  iron,  limestone,  and  marbles  of  various  qualities.  Small 
quantities  of  gold  have  been  found. 

7.  Population.-Originally  settled  by  the  French,  it  is  chiefly 
peopled  now  by  settlers  from  other  States,  and  by  emigrants  from 
J^urope.     Ihere  are  also  many  negroes.     Total,  997,000. 


MOBILE, 

l.«nk !?',!,!.  J°7"»--f™"S™>.-y.    tlie   capital,    lie,   on    the   left 
i>m  „.  J„  m.«.  Ilmirish.ng  ii.l„,i,l  town,  in  the  United  States.    It  liar, 


140 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


a  fine  State-House  and  many  handsome  edifices.  The  Alabama  River 
IS  navigable  to  this  place  for  the  largest  steamers 

Mobile,  on  Mobile  Bay,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State,  and,  next 
to  New  Orleans,  the  largest  cotton-market  in  the  United  States  It 
has  considerable  foreign  commerce,  and  an  extensive  inland  and 
coastwise  trade. 

Huntsville,  Decatur,  Tuscumbia,  Tuscaloosa,  Tuskegee,  Talladega, 
oelma,  and  Florence  are  important  towns. 

9.  Education.— Alabama  University  is  at  Tuscaloosa.  There 
are  colleges  at  Macon,  Spring  Hill,  and  Marion,  and  in  various  parts 
many  academies  and  seminaries,  and  about  1000  common  schools 


'  ^ 


ii 


MISSISSIPPI. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  Misslasippi.-Bound  Mississippi. 
What  gulf  south?  What  sound?  What  lake?  What  islands? 
What  river  forms  a  large  portion  of  its  western  boundary?  Where 
does  the  Mississippi  flow  and  empty  ?  What  river  forms  the  re- 
mainder of  its  western  boundary?  What  river  in  the  northeast 
corner?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Mississippi  ?  Into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico?  What  and  where  is  the  capita.?  Where  is  Vicksburg^ 
^^^<^y^ll  ^ollj  Springs?  Aberdeen?  Columbus?  Mississippi 
City?  Shieldsboro?  Biloxi?  Port  Gibson?  Yazoo  City?  Meri- 
dian?   Grenada?  ^ 

1.  Position  and  Extent—Mississippi  lies  west  of  Alabama,  and 
extends  to  the  Mississippi  River.  Its  extreme  length  is  about  350 
mi  es,  by  an  average  breadth  of  150  miles.  Area,  47,200  square 
miles.  * 

2.  Natural  Features.-^.o-/a  c  ..-Along  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  as  far  south  as  Vicksburg,  the  surface  is  low  and 
niarshy  and  often  inundated  ;  from  Vicksburg  to  the  southern  part 
ot  the  State  are  numerous  bluff's,  irregularly  scattered,  and  elevated 
from  50  to  200  foet  above  the  river.  The  surface  rises  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi R.ver  towards  the  east,  and  becomes  an  undulating  plain; 

ArLf^'f  Wh!ll"7^-r''^    M.ssiss.rM.,.-!.  Wheroi.it?    Length  and  breadth  ? 
Of  swanfpsT  '  ^'*""'  "'^''^  '^"""  '^  '■''"^    "°*  »"  »he  .outh  ? 


MISSISSIPPI. 


141 


at  the  south  it  is  low  and  level.  In  various  parts  are  extensive 
swamps,  some  of  which  have  been  reclaimed,  and  found  exceedingly 
fertile. 

3.  Coast-line.— T\\Q  coast-line  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  about 
90  miles,  including  the  indentations,  without  any  harbors  that  will 
admit  large  vessels.  Oflf  the  coast,  a  distance  of  five  or  six  miles,  is 
a  chain  of  low  islands,  covered  with  pines  and  coarse  grass,  at  one 
of  which  (Ship  Island)  is  a  good  harbor. 

4.  Rivers.—ThQ  Mississippi  and  the  Pearl  Rivers  are  the  west- 
crn  boundary  of  the  State.  Owing  to  the  conformation  of  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi  it  affords  but  two  good  harbors,  Vicksburg  and 
Natchez.  The  Tennessee  River  forms  the  northeast  border  for  a 
distance  of  twenty  miles,  and  then  flows  north  into  Tennessee.  The 
principal  rivers  flowing  southwest  into  the  Mississippi  River  are  the 
Yazoo  and  Big  Black.  The  Pearl  and  Pascagoula  Rivers  flow  south 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

b.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  in  general  exceedingly  fer- 
tile; perhaps  in  no  other  part  of  the  world  are  there  such  allu- 
vial lands  as  those  of  the  Mississippi  bottoms.  The  climate  is  re- 
markably equable;  the  M^nters  are  a  little  colder  than  in  the  same 
latitude  on  the  Atlantic  border.  In  the  south,  the  fig  and  orange 
grow  to  perfection ;  and  in  the  north,  all  the  fruits  of  the  temperate 
zone. 

6.  Products.— The  chief  staple  is  cotton.  The  other  important 
products  are  Indian  corn,  wheat,  rice,  oats,  and  sweet  potatoes. 
Agriculture  is  the  chief  pursuit  of  the  people. 

7.  Population.— This  State  was  settled  by  the  French :  but  their 
settlements  were  not  permanent.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of 
English  and  Irish  descent,  and  emigrants  from  other  States.  There 
are  also  many  negroes.     Total,  828,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns — Jackson,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Pearl  River, 
near  the  centre  of  the  State,  is  the  capital.  It  contains  some  hand- 
some buildings,  and  has  ruilroad  connections  east  and  west. 

Vicksburg,  the  largest  city  in  the  State,  lies  on  the  left  bank 

3.  Coast-line  ?    What  off  the  coast  ?    4.  Rivers  ? 


What  rivers  flow  infn  tV>o    iVfi^---joi.^r!i  '     iiri.-.i.  „r  *!,_ 


Of  the  Tennessee  River? 

Kivers?  5.  Soil?  Climate?  6.  Chief  staple?  Other  products?  Chief 
pursuit?  7.  Population?  8.  What  of  Jackson?  Vicksburg?  Natchez? 
Other  principal  towns  ? 


142 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


«i 


COURT-HOUSE,   VICK3I3UR3. 

of  the  Mississippi  River,  400  miles  from  New  Orleans.  It  is  an 
important  mart  for  cotton,  and  has,  in  addition  to  its  river  com- 
merce, good  railroad  facilities  east  and  west.  It  contains  a  splendid 
court-house. 

Natchez,  the  second  city  in  population,  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  tb« 
Mississippi,  on  a  bluff  200  feet  high.  The  streets  are  wide,  and  the 
public  buildings  handsome.  Many  of  the  private  residences  are 
surrounded  by  orange  groves.  It  is  the  centre  of  a  large  cotton- 
trade. 

Ofher  principal  towns  are  Port  Gibson,  Holly  Springs,  Aberdeen, 
Grenada,  Meridian,  and  C  -lumbus.  Mississippi  City,  Shieldsboro, 
and  Biloxi,  on  the  coast,  are  shallow  harbors. 

9.  Education.— Oxford,  in  the  north,  is  the  seat  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Mississippi.  There  are  colleges  at  Clinton,  Sharon,  and  Do 
Soto,  and  in  various  parts  of  the  State  numerous  academies  and 
seminaries,  and  nearly  1000  public  schools. 


V/hat  harbors  On  the  coast?     9.  Education  ? 


LOUISIi^NA. 


14;^ 


LOUISIANA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  LouL  .ana.- Bound  Louisiana. 
What  gulf  south  ?  Name  the  two  bays  on  the  east  coast.  The  four 
on  the  south.  What  group  of  islands  southeast?  What  islands 
south?  What  lakes  in  the  southeast?  In  the  south  ?  In  the  north- 
west ?  What  river  is  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  ?  Pari  of  the 
western  ?  What  river  flows  into  the  Mississippi  ?  What  rivers  into 
the  Gulf?  What  and  where  is  the  capital ?  Where  is  Alexandria  ? 
Natchitoches?  Shreveport?  DonaldsonviUe ?  Plaquemine?  Opelou- 
sas?  Baton  Rouge?  Lakeport?  Mansfield?  Grand  Ecore?  Fort 
Jessup?    Tort  Hudson?    Bayou  Sara?    Monroe? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.—Louisiana  lies  west  of  the  State  of 
Mississippi,  and  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Its  extreme  length  is  290  miles,  and  itt<  width  200  miles.  Area, 
4G,500  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.— ;S'wr/ac e.— The  surface  is  generally 
level,  nowhere  attaining  an  elevation  of  more  tiian  200  feet  above 
tide-water,  while  in  the  south  a  fourth  part  of  the  State  is  elevated 
but  10  feet  above  the  sea,  and  is  inundated  annually  by  the  spring 
floods.  In  the  centre  are  extensive  prairies,  and  in  the  north  the 
surface  is  diversified  by  low  hills. 

The  Mississippi  River  so  constantly  overflows  its  west  bank  that 
dikes  of  earth,  called  levees,  are  raised  to  keep  the  water  within  its 
channel ;  these  levees  border  the  west  bank  of  the  river  as  far  up  as 
Baton  Rouge  ;  above  that,  high  bluffs  line  the  banks.  The  breaking 
of  the  water  through  a  levee  is  called  a  crevasse,  and  it  is  sometimes 
very  disastrous. 

3.  Coast-line.— The  coast-line  on  the  Gulf  of  MexiCo  is  exten- 
sive, but  without  any  good  harbors.  There  are  numerous  lakes  near 
the  coast,  of  which  Pontchartruin  and  Borgne  [born)  are  the  largest. 
A  number  of  islands  skirt  the  coast, 

4.  Rivers. — The  Mississippi  River  fo'-niG  the  northern  half  of  the 


T.ftrisiAKA. — T.  Where  5s  it?  Length  ^nd  breadth?  Area?  2.  Siirfuoe? 
what  of  the  Mississippi  River?  What  is  this  brealcing  in  of  the  water  called? 
'^i.  Coast-line?    4.  Rivers?    Sabiue?     Pearl?    What  further  of  these  rivers  / 


144 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


eastern  boundary,  and  then  flows  through  the  State  in  a  southeast 
erly  direction  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  its  principal  affluent  in  Louisi- 
ana is  the  Ked  lliver.  The  Washita  is  a  branch  of  the  Red.  The 
Sabine  is  on  the  western  boundary,  and  also  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  Pearl  Kiver  is  on  the  southeastern  boundary.  All 
these  rivers  are  navigable,  and  upon  their  waters  are  conveyed  vast 
quantities  of  cotton,  sugar,  and  other  products. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  river-valleys  are  exceedingly  fer- 
tile ;  a  large  portion  of  the  surface  is  heavily  timbered,  and  when 
cleared  is  found  very  productive.  The  winters  are  mild  and  delight- 
ful ;  but  the  long  and  sultry  heats  of  summer,  acting  on  the  extensive 
marshes,  produce  yellow  fever  and  other  diseases. 

6.  Products.— Sugar  and  cotton  are  the  staples.  Rice,  Indian 
corn,  and  tobacco  are  important  crops.  In  the  south,  the  orange, 
lemon,  lime,  and  other  tropical  fruits  flourish. 

7.  Population.— The  original  settlers  were  French  and  Spanish ; 
but  the  population  now  contains  many  emigrants  from  the  North,  and 
from  other  countries,  besides  many  negroes.     Total,  727,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— New  Orleans  {or^le-vnz),  the  capital  and 
chief  city,  and  the  largest  in  the  Southern  States,  lies  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, in  a  bend  of  the  river,  about  100  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  is 
frequently  called  the  "Crescent  City."  It  is  adorned  with  many  fine 
specimens  of  architecture.  The  new  Custom-House,  built  of  Quincy 
granite,  is  the  largest  building  in  the  United  States,  except  the  Capitol 
at  Washington.  New  Orleans  is  the  grand  depot  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  trade,  and  has  a  very  large  commerce.  It  is  famous  for  the 
battle  fought  by  General  Jackson  against  the  British  on  the  8th  of 
January,  1815,  in  which  he  gained  a  great  victory,  and  his  opponent, 
General  Pakenham,  was  killed. 

9.  Baton  Rouge  {haVun-roozh'),  the  former  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  River.  It  stands  on  a  high  bluff,  and  has  many  hand- 
some villas  surrounded  by  orange  groves.  Alexandria,  Natchitoches 
[natch-e-totch'iz),  and  Shreveport,  on  the  Red  River,  and  Monroe, 
on  the  Washita,  are  towns  of  importance.    Donaldsonville,  on  the 


vttfl  f  Climate?  6  Products?  7.  Population?  8.  New  Orleans? 
For  what  famous  ?_  9.  Whatof  Baton  Rouge?  Alexandria,  Natchitoches, 
fchrcvcporc,  ana  Monroe?  l>onaldsouviiIe ?  PlaoiiBmin«  nnH  n,,oi«.,on=v 
Lakeport  ? 


l>onaldsouviiIe  ?     Plaquemine  and  Opelousas? 


TEXAS. 


145 


Mississippi,  was  at  one  time  the  capital.  Plaquemine  {plak-mem')  and 
Opelousas 
[o-pe-loo^sa») 
are  flourish- 
ing places. 
Lakeport  is 
Hio  principal 
town  on  Lake 
P  0  n  t  c  h  a  r- 
train. 

10.  Educa- 
tion.—The 
school  system 
of  Louisiana 
is  in  a  flour- 
ishing condi- 
tion :  a  tax  is 
levied  annu- 
ally for  the 
support  of  the 
schools.  The 
University  of 

Lc.uisiana  is  at  New  Orleans.     There  are  colleges  at  Jackson  and 
Washington. 


CITY  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


TEXxVS. 

J^T^^T.  °''  ^^^  ^°-  ^^'  Te^as.-Bound  Texas  (...  Map 
A«.  7).  What  gulf  southeast  {see  Map  No.  13)?  What  bays  on 
the  coast?  What  islands?  What  mountains  between  the  Pecos 
and  Rio  Grande  Rivers?  What  east  of  the  Pecos?  Where  is  Fl 
Llano  Estacado?  What  lake  on  the  southeast?  What  river  separates 
in  part  Texas  from  Louisiana?  Texas  wholly  from  Mexico?  Into 
what  do  these  rivers  flow  ?  What  other  rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  ?   What  river  separates  Texas  from  Indian  Territory  ?  What 

10.  Education?    Universities  and  colleges? 


146 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


\i  i 
1 1   1 


and  where  is  the  capital?     Where  is  San  Antonio?     Galveston? 
Houston?  Matagorda?    Corpus  Christi?   Indianola?    Brownsville? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Texas  lies  west  of  Arkansas,  Louisiana, 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  its  greatest  length  is  800  miles,  and  its 
greatest  breadth  750  miles.  Area,  237,000  square  miles.  It  is  the 
largest  State  in  the  Union. 

2.  Natural  Features.— There  are  no  mountains  of  great  height 
in  Texas.  The  Guadalupe  Mountains,  a  broken  chain  under  various 
names,  lie  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  Pecos  Rivers.  Nearly  paral- 
lel to  the  Guadalupe,  another  range,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Pecos, 
with  scattered  peaks,  strikes  southward  ;  the  highest  summits  do  not 
exceed  3000  feet.  These  mountains  are  offshoots  of  the  great  Rocky 
range.  The  north  and  northwest  is  mostly  an  elevated  table-land 
from  2000  to  3000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  surflice  falls 
gradually  from  the  north  and  west  to  the  coast,  whore  it  is  low  and 
level. 

The  Llano  Estacado  (Staked  Plain)  {rf/ayno€s-tah-kah'do),inthQ 
north,  is  sterile  ttble-land,  elevated  about  2500  feet  above  the  sea, 
without  grass  or  timber ;  it  lies  partly  in  Now  Mexico  and  partly 
in  Texas,  and  on  the  route  formerly  pursued  by  tlie  Sante  Fe  traders 
to  the  trading-posts  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  As  this  vast  plain  was 
without  natural  landmarks  to  guide  the  traveller,  these  traders  ])laced 
stakes  at  short  intervals.  The  stakes  are  now  mostly  fallen,  but  the 
name  is  retained. 

3.  Coast-line.— Tho  coast-lino  extends  about  300  miles;  there 
are  but  finv  harbors,  and  they  are  shallow.  The  coast  is  skirted  by 
low  shifting  sand  islands  which  nearly  bar  up  the  ports. 

4.  Jiivers.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Red,  which  forms  a  por^ 
tion  of  its  northern  boundary,  the  Sabine,  of  the  eastern,  and  tho  Rio 
Grande,  of  the  southwestern  :  the  two  latter,  with  the  following,  flow 
ilmost  in  paraUel  lines  in  a  si.utheasterly  direction  into  tho  Gulf  of 
Mexico;  the  Nueces  (nwai/'fies),  (huidalupo,  Colorado,  Brazos,  and 
I'rinity.  all  of  those  rivers  are  navigablo  for  steamers. 

5.  Soil  and  CVuua^e.— There  is  every  variety  of  soil,  and  in 

Tkxah.— I.  Whcro  is  it?  LoriKth  and  hroadth?  Area?  2.  Mountains? 
liijjnost  Muniuit«r  (M  what  are  fhcso  nioiinlnins  otl'sluMits  7  Siirl'iioo?  Do- 
■cribo  the  IJai.o  Estncadn.  ,1.  Con^t-f....?  4.  Wl.a'  rivers  uro  on  tho  bound- 
nrios?     Other  rivrrw  ?     6.  Soil?     (Miiaati? 


TEXAS. 


147 


jroneral  it  is  extremely  fertile.  The  dim- to  is  very  salubrious. 
Owing  to  the  refreshing  breezes  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Texas  is 
more  free  from  malarious  diseases  than  any  of  the  other  Gulf  States. 
G.  Products. — Cotton  is  the  groat  staple,  and  flourishes  in  every 
part  of  the  State:  that  grown  near  the  Gulf  is  nearly  equal  in 
quality  to  the  choice  "  sea-island."  Two  crops  of  Indian  corn  may  be 
raised  in  a  year ;  other  products  are  wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  tobacco. 
In  West  Texas  vast  herds  of  cattle  are  fed  on  the  natural  pastures, 


SCEME  IN  TEXAS. 

which  are  said  to  bo  the  finest  in  the  world.  There  are  extensive 
bituminous  coal-fields;  marble  and  lead  have  been  fi)und. 

7.  Population.— Tho  population  is  HIU.OOO,  and  is  of  a  mixed 
cliiiructer,  consisting  of  Mexicans.  Fronci»men,  settitM-s  from  other 
"tutoH,  emigrants  from  Europe,  and  negroes.  Tho  Apacho  and  (V 
inanche  Indiana  still  rotun  in  tho  western  part. 

H.  Chief  Tov(rn8.— Austin,  tho  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Colorado, 
'200  miles  from  its  mouth. 


«.  Prodnots?    AVhat  in  West  Texas?   Minerals?     7.  Population?     8.  Whut 
iif  Austin '( 


148 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


9.  Galveston,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  Galveston  Bay 
18  the  largest  city  in  the  State,  and  is  the  principal  seat  of  commerce 
San  Antonio,  on  a  branch  of  San  Antonio  Kiver,  is  the  oldest  town 
and  contains  the  AKamo  Fort,  in  whicii,  during  the  Texan  war  of 
independence,  150  Texans  resisted  for  eleven  days  the  attack  of 
4000  Mexicans,  but  were  finally  captured  and  all  put  to  the  sword. 

10.  Houston  {hu'stun),  Jefferson,  Matagorda,  Corpus  Christi,  and 
Indianola  are  important  places;  the  latter  has  an  excellent  trade. 
Brownsville  is  a  flourishing  town  on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite  Mata^ 
moras,  in  Mexico. 

11.  Education.— At  Independence  is  a  university;  at  Goliad, 
Columbus,  and  Galveston,  are  colleges ;  and  in  various  parts  of  the 
State,  there  are  numerous  academies  and  seminaries. 


»       ARKANSAS. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  Arkanaas.— Bound  Arkansas. 
What  mountains  in  the  northwest  ?  Lake  in  the  northeast  ?  What 
river  the  eastern  boundary  ?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Mississippi  ? 
What  flow  south  into  I,ouisiana?  Where  are  the  Hot  Springs? 
What  and  whore  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Helena?  Van  Buren? 
Camden?  Arkadelphia?  Fort  Smith?    Pine  Bluff?  Arkansas  Post  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Arkansas  lies  west  of  Tennessee  and 
Mississippi,  and  north  of  Louisiana.  It  is  about  240  miles  long,  by 
225  in  width.     Area,  52,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural FeatmeB.—Moutita /««.— ThoPea Ridge andBoston 
Mountains,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  are  about  2000 
feet  in  height,  and  are  the  principal  elevations.  The  surface  in  the 
centre  of  the  State  is  undulating ;  in  the  east  it  is  low  and  covered 
with  marshes,  which  are  frequently  inundated. 

a.  liivers.—ThG  Mississippi  River  is  the  onstorn  boundary.  The 
<.tl.or  principal  rivers  are  St.  Francis,  White,  Arkansfts,  Washita, 
and  Red.  They  flow  in  a  south  and  H<.uth<>ast.>rly  direction  into  tho 
Mississippi  River,  and  are  all  navigal)le  for  stoaniors. 


a     n_i i__  • 


,A»«*u      1    wk    ^""  1^.°,*''°r"'      ^»-  "'her  towns?     II.   Kaucafio,,?      An- 
B»rf:;jorll.r^^^^^^^  Length  a„abrc«dth?     Area?     2.  Mountains? 


ARKANSAS. 


149 


4.  Soil  and  CUmatc-The  river-valleys  are  fertile  and  pro- 
duce  bountiful  crops;  the  centre  is  adapted  to  gracing  and  grain 
The  chmate  m  the  lo^.  lands  is  unhealthy,  but  in  the  more  elevated 
parts  quite  salubrious. 

The  Hot  Springs,  on  Washita  River,  are  about  80  in  number  and 
are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids.  Oilstone  of  excellent  quality, 'used 
for  sharpening  fine  instruments,  is  abundant  in  the  neighborhood 


COTTON-FIELD  IN  ARKANSAS. 

5.  Products.-Cotton,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco  are  the 
prmcpal  produ.-ts  of  the  soil.  Mine«  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  salt,  and 
other  nunoruls  havo  been  found  ;  they  are  as  yet  but  little  developed, 
tattle,  sheep,  and  swino  are  numerous. 

<•••  Population. -The  people  wore  originally  French  settlors. 
'IH.  population  l.Ms  been  greatly  increased  by  in.migrarion  from  other 
Nates.     There  are  also  many  negroes.     Totnl,  484,000. 

<•  — .V.  ^„„no.— h.tthvKuck,  tho capital,  lies  (m  the  right  bank 

.l/lS/    (Sl"wn""*''"'"'^'''     5.   Pro.luctal'     6.  Population?     7.  Lit- 

13* 


!    .1! 


150 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Of  the  Arkansas  River,  300  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  near  the  centre 
ot  the  State.     It  lias  a  fine  Stato-llouse  and  other  public  buildino-g 
and  considerable  river  commerce.  '^  ' 

Helena,  Van  Buren,  Camden,  Arkadelphia,  Fort  Smith,  and  Pine 
Bluff  are  important  towns.  Arkansas  Post  is  the  oldest  town  in  the 
State. 

8.  Education.— Education  is  making  very  encouraging  progress 
in  Arkansas.  There  are  many  academies  and  seminaries,  and  about 
1300  schools. 


TENNESSEE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  12,  Tennessee.— Bound  Tennessee. 
What  mountains  on  the  eastern  boundary?  What  parallel  range 
farther  west?  What  river  is  the  western  boundary?  What  river 
flows  in  and  out  of  the  State  in  the  north  ?  What  river  rises  in 
East  Tennessee,  flows  south  into  Alabama,  and  then  north  through 
Tennessee  into  Kentucky  ?  Name  its  two  principal  affluents  hi 
Tennessee.  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is  Memphis  ? 
Knoxville?  Murfreesboro ?  Clarksville  ?  Gallatin?  Columbia? 
Winchester?     Franklin?    Chattanooga? 

^ 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Tennessee  lies  north  of  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, and  M  ississippi ;  its  greatest  length  is  430  miles,  and  its  breadth 
1 10  miles.     Area.  45,G0O  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Featurea.— Mountains.— Tha  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, under  various  local  names,  separate  it  from  North  Carolina; 
further  west,  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  a  parallel  range  of  the 
same  chain,  pass  through  the  State  from  northeast  to  soufhwrst ; 
l)ot\voen  these  two  ranges  is  a  fertile  and  well-watered  valley.  West 
of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  the  surface  is  undulating,  and  slopes 
gently  to  its  western  boundary. 

3.  liioera.— The  Mississippi  River  bounds  Tennessee  on  the  west. 

p.  Kdiioatinn  ?    Twvvaavtrt t   xvu !-  ji  «     t .i_  --j  i_        ...  •     «         • 

/.  Mmmt'iins?     Pnrfaoo  went  of  tho  Cumborluna   Mountains?     3.  lUvorat 
w  hat  <f  fho  Holston  and  Clinch? 


TENNESSEE. 


151 


The  Cumberland  Kiver  skirts  some  of  its  northern  counties,  and 
flows  into  Kentucky ;  the  Tennessee  River  flows  entirely  through 
the  State  from  north  to  south,  and,  after  entering  Alabama,  returns 
and  flows  northward  into  Kentucky.  These  rivers  are  navigable,  and 
afford  great  facilities  for  transporting  the  products  of  the  soil.  '  The 
llolston  and  Clinch  are  the  principal  afl^luents  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate.— The  soil  is  fertile,  particularly  in  the 
middle  and  western  part;  in  the  valley  east,  between  the  moun- 
tains,  it  is  also  fertile,  but  among  the  mountains  it  is  not  adapted 
to  cultivation.  The  climate  is  healthy,  mild,  and  agreeable ;  the 
heat  of  summer  is  not  so  oppressive  as  in  the  more  Southern  States. 

5.  Products.— Tobacco,  cotton,  Indian  corn,  and  wheat  are  the 
chief  products.  Oats,  sweet  potatoes,  and  Irish  potatoes  are  also  ex- 
tensively cultivated.  Iron,  copper,  coal,  marble,  nitre,  and  slate  aie 
some  of  the  minerals.    The  chief  pursuit  of  the  people  is  agriculture. 

G,  Divisions.— The  State  is  commonly  divided  as  follows:  that 
part  east  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  is  called  East  Tennessee ;  that 
between  the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  the  Tennessee  River,  Middle 
Tennessee ;  and  that  west  of  the  Tennessee  River,  West  Tennessee. 

7.  Population.— Tennessee  is  the  oldest  of  the  Western  States. 
It  is  inhabited 

chiefly  by  de-  --  -i^- ...     .   ^ -^ 

scendants  of 
the  early  set- 
tiers,  c  m  i- 
g  rants  from 
the  o  1  d  (!  r 
Southern  and 
Middle  States, 
und  negroes. 
Total  popula- 
tion,l,25H,000. 

H.  Chief 
Towns  — 
Nashvilk',  the 
capital,  is  on 
ilio  left  bank  NASHvtLi.G. 


i.  Soil?   rUrnato?    5.  Products?    Minornls?    fi.  DIvisionR?    7.  Population? 
8.  Wbutol  Nushvillul'   Capitol,  &o.  ?    iUihuaas,  Ao. ?   Memphis?   KnoxvUlo!' 


152 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


of  the  Cumberland  River,  200  miles  from  its  mouth ;  it  is,  next  tc 
Memphis,  the  most  populous  city.  The  Capitol  is  one  of  the  finest  spe- 
cimens of  architecture  in  the  country,  and  many  of  the  private  resi- 
dences are  on  a  scale  of  magnificence  scarcely  equalled  in  the 
largest  Eastern  cities  Nashville  has  superior  railroad  and  steam- 
boat facilities,  numerous  manufactories,  and  an  extensive  trade. 

Memphis,  the  largest  city,  lies  on  the  Mississippi,  and  is  beauti- 
fully situated  on  a  bluff  30  feet  above  tiu  river.  It  is  handsomely 
laid  out,  has  many  fine  buildings,  and  is  an  important  cotton-depot, 
Memphis  is  connected  with  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  and  Mobile 
by  railroad.  Knoxville,  on  the  Holston  River,  was  formerly  the 
capital.  The  Southwestern  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad  passes 
through  it.  Murfreesboro,  Clarksville,  Columbia,  Chattanooga, 
Winchester,  and  Gallatin  are  important  towns. 

9.  Education. — There  are  colleges  at  Nashville,  Franklin,  Knox- 
ville, Lebanon,  Columbia,  Murfroeoboro,  and  Greenville.  The  State 
has  a  common-school  fund  of  $500,000 ;  more  than  200  academies 
anJ  seminaries,  and  upwards  of  2500  public  schools. 


OHIO. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  14,  Ohio.— Bound  Ohio.  What  lake 
in  tlie  northeast?  What  islands  in  Lake  Erie?  What  bay?  What 
river  is  the  southern  boundary?  Describe  the  Ohio  River  in  its 
whole  extent.  What  river  flows  into  it  at  the  southwest  corner  of 
the  State  ?  What  other  rivers  flow  into  the  Ohio  in  the  State  of  Ohio  ? 
What  river  flows  from  Indiana  into  Lake  Erie?  What  other  rivers 
Huw  into  Lake  Erie?  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is 
Cincinnati?  Cleveland?  Dayton?  Toledo?  Sandusky?  Zanes- 
ville?     Marietta?    Steubenville?     Chilicothe?     Mansfield? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Ohio  lies  west  of  Pennsylvania  and 
West  Virginia;  its  greatest  length  is  al)out  220  miles,  aiid  its  great- 
est breadth  about  200  miles.     Ar(>a,  40,000  S(|uare  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.— There  are  no  mountains  in  Ohio.  A  low 
ridg(!  of  jiighlands  north  of  the  middle  of  the  State  sepnrnt'.v".  t!H> 

Other  townw?    1).  E.Inoation?    Ohio.— I.  AVIk-iv  is  if?     TiCtifrth  iin.l  hroadth  ' 
Ari'H?  2.  Mouiitiiinn?  What  ofuridgoorhifrhl.iiidsi'  Ofthccoiitroonho  St,a}«? 


OHIO. 


153 


CINCINNATI. 

mers  flowing  north  from  those  flowing  south.  The  centre  of  the 
8  ate  18  an  elevated  plain,  about  1000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  falling  gently  from  this  elevation  to  Lake 
Erie  on  the  north  and  the  Ohio  River  on  the  south. 

3  Lakes --Ltike  Erie,  one  of  the  groat  chain  of  American  lakes, 
borders  the  State  on  the  northeast  about  150  miles,  affording  several 
fine  harbors.  There  are  a  few  small  islands  in  the  western  part 
belongmg  to  Ohio.  This  lake  opens  commerce  to  all  the  groat  lakes 
and  through  the  Erie  Canal  in  New  York  and  the  Hudson  Kiver  to 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

4.  Rivers.-Tho  Ohio  River  forms  its  southern  boundary;   its 
principal  affluents  are  the  Muskingum,  Scioto,  and  Miami  {mi-ah^- 
mee)      The  rivers  flowing  north  into  Lake  Erie  are  the  Maumee 
Sandusky,  Ilur.m,  and  Cuyahoga  [ki-ah-ho'qah). 

5.  Soil  and   Climate.~-'\\^.  s„il  is  almost  uniformly  very  fer- 
lie,  and  the  river-valleys  excee.lingly  productive.     The  'climate  in 

the  south  18  mild  and  deliglitfuj,  but  in  the  north  the  winters  are 

Surface?  3.  What  lake?   Comraorco?   Islan.ls?   4.  Rivers?  5.  Soil?  Climate? 


m 


Idi 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Hi 


i 


II     '■■! 


i'lll 


MONUMENT  TO  COMMODORE  PERRY  AT  CLEVELAND. 

as  cold  as  in  the  same  latitude  in  the  Eastern  States,  owing  to  the 
proximity  of  the  lake. 

6.  Products. — Indian  corn,  wheat,  tobacco,  and  oats  are  staple 
products.  Ohio  is  the  largest  wool-growin^-  Itate,  and  one  of  tiio 
largest  producers  of  pork  and  live  stock,  in  i  le  Union :  other  pro- 
ducts are  barley,  rye,  peas,  beans,  butter,  and  cheese.  The  vine  is 
cultivated,  and  excellent  wine  is  made.  Salt  is  manufactured. 
There  are  extensive  grindstone  and  building-stone  quarries  in  the 
northern  part.     Coal  and  iron  are  found. 

7.  There  are  manufactories  o/'  cotton,  woollen,  leather,  and  paper. 
Steamboats  are  built  upon  the  Ohio  River  and  upon  Lake  Erie.  The 
towns  situivted  on  Lake  Erie  have  considerable  trade  with  Canada; 
but  the  chief  commerce  of  the  State  is  by  steamboats  upon  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi,  and  by  the  numerous  railroads. 

8.  Population.— The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  emigrants  and  the 
descendants  of  oaii grants  from  the  Eastern  States.  They  number 
2,GG5,fJ00. 

6.  Products?     7.  Manufactories'*    Trade  and  coaimcrco ?     8.  Population? 


KENTUCKY. 


155 


•  ;i,  !  '^owiM.-Columbus,  the  capital,  lies  on  the  Scioto  River, 
..  the  centre  of  the  State.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out.  and  is  noted 
for  ts  .mmerous  and  elegant  pnblic  bnildings;  the  mos  conspicuous 
.»  the  State-House,  ,vh,ch  is  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Dorl 
architecture  in  Amorica.  , 

10.  Cincinnati,  tlio  chief  city,  and  the  most  populous  i„  the  Ohio 
alley,  l.cs  on  the  nght  bank  „f  the  Ohio,  500  LL  from  its  luth 
It  ;s  bmltupon  two  terraces,  rising  from  the  river  at  different  elt 
vations,  and  .s  environed  on  the  north  by  a  range  of  hills  abou  m 
oet  h,gh,  form,„g  a  picturesque  and  beautiful  amphitheatre     It 
has  many  splend,d  public   buildings,  and  numerous  pri™ to  resi 
euces,wh,ch  equal  in  grandeur  the  finest  in  the  Eastcrn'citie      T  e 
trade  of  Cnioinuati  by  the  Ohio  Kiver  nnd  1>„  ti..      ;      T 
ti-atin,  all  the  Weste/n  States,  is  inZ::!^:^^^::^ 
Cincinnati  is  one  of  the  largest  pork-markets  in  the  ^oM  ^' 

11.  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie,  is  the  second  city  in  population  in 
Oluo ;  1   stands  upon  a  blufF  overlooking  the  lake"^    It  is  w  11  built 

prospeious  tiade.  There  is  a  fine  monument  to  Commodore  Perry 
m  the  public  square  Toledo,  Dayton,  Sandusky,  Springfield  and 
Zanesville  are  flourishing  towns.  Marietta  is  noted  foAeing  the 
olde^st  town  in  the  State ;  it  was  settled  in  1788. 
•  ^7.^^"^^t*on.-There  are  nine  universities  and  fifteen  colleges 
in  Ohio.  Ihere  is  a  considerable  school  fund,  and  an  annual  tax  is 
laid  for  educational  purposes.  There  are  numerous  academies  and 
seminaries,  and  more  than  700,000  pupils  in  the  schools 


KENTUCKY. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  14,  Kentucky.- Bound  Kentucky. 
U  liat  mountains  form  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary?  What  river 
tornis  a  part  of  the  same?  Into  what  does  the  Big  Sandy  flow?  What 
r.vor  IS  the  northern  boundary?  What  a  partof  the  western?  What 
nvers  flow  into  the  Ohio  in  Kentucky  west  of  Louisville  ?  What  east 
"f  Louisville?    What  and  where  is  the  capital?    Where  is  Louis- 

'4'.  "^ii^t^'irslii^^^  "'  "-• 


156 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


villA?  Covington?  Lexington?  Newport?  Paducah?  Hickman? 
Maysville?  Danville  ?  In  what  part  of  the  State  and  in  what  county 
is  the  Mammoth  Cave? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Kentucky  lies  north  of  Tennessee. 
Its  greatest  length  is  about  300  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  abcmt 
170  miles.     Area,  37,700  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — Moutitains. — The  Cumberland  Moun- 
tains, a  part  of  the  great  Alleghany  range,  form  the  southeastern 
boundary.  A  low  broken  ridge,  offshoots  of  the  Cumberland,  pene- 
trates the  State.  The  surface  in  the  eastern  part  as  far  as  the  centre 
is  hilly;  in  the  western  part  it  is  nearly  level.  A  low  range  of  hills 
borders  the  Ohio  River. 


ml 


STATE-HOUSE,  FRANKFORT. 

3.  Rival's. — The  Ohio  llivor  washes  its  northern  boundary,  anci 
unites  with  the  Mississippi,  which  forms  its  western  boundary.  These 
great  rivers  open  to  Kentucky  vast  commercial  facilities  with  tho 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  port  of  New  Orleans.     Tho  afflti 

Krntucky. — \.  Where  is  it?  Lontrth  and  breadth?  Area?  2.  M(aiii- 
lains?     Surface?     3.  What  rivers?     Affluents  uf  the  Ohio? 


KENTUCKY. 


157 


»  3  Of  U.e  Ohio  i„  Kentucky  are  the  Tennessee,  Cumberland  Green 
bait,  Kentucky,  Li„ki„g,  ,„d  Big  Sandy,  all  having  a  northwe«  2 
cours^and  ah  except  the  Licking,  navigable  for  sLmboat  ' 

largelTd"*""  '"""■~^''  *""'™-"  C-"  '"  Kentucky  i.  the 
one  of  the 
most       re- 
markable 
subterra- 
nean    cav  ■ 
ertis  in  the 
world.       It 
has  been  ex- 
plored   ten 
miles,    and 
found        to 
contain  vas^ 
chambers, 
galleries, 

and  mounds,  splendid  arches,  stalactites  innumerable,  and   rivers 
mhabited  by  blind  fish. 

5^  Soil  «^^  CZtma^e.-Kentucky  is  one  of  the  loading  agrieul- 
tural  States,  and  is  noted  for  the  richness  of  its  soil.  The  climate  is 
m,ld  and  agreeable,  the  winters  are  short,  and  the  autumn  and 
spring  ave  not  so  cold  as  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  eastern  coast 

b.  Products.-Tobacco,  Indian  corn,  hemp,  and  flax  are  staples- 
other  principal  products  are  wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  wool.  The  tan- 
neries are  numerous  and  extensive.  Salt,  from  the  numerous  salt 
springs,  18  largely  manufactured.  TLare  are  great  fields  of  bitu- 
mmous  coal,  and  some  iron  and  lead. 

7.  Population.— The  people  are  principally  descendants  of  emi- 
grants  from  the  more  eastern  States,  chiefly  from  Virginia.     There 
are  many  negroes.     Total  population,  1,321,000 
irl  °p*^^  To^"«-Frankfort  i.s  the  capital ;  it  lies  on  the  Ken- 

nd  L     ''\r   "^'^.f/-™  5*«  n->"th-     It  has  a  fine  State-Hous« 
and  other  public  buildings,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade 


VIEW  IN  THE   MAMMOTH   CAVE. 


4.  Mammoth  Cave'    Fy   Soil'    ri;mof»9    a   r>     i     i^   •>    n.. 
olthe  population?     8.  Vb^t  of  S'lJort?  '"''''^    ^'""^'"'    ^'^''^'' 

14 


158 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


9.  Louisville,  the  chief  city,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Ohio  River,  at  the  falls ;  it  stands  on  a  plain  elevated  about  GO  feet 
above  the  river,  is  well  laid  out,  and  has  many  elegant  buildings. 
A  canal  has  been  cut  around  the  falls,  navigable  f'>r  large  steamers. 
Louisville  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley. The  facilities  for  commerce  by  the  Ohio  River,  and  by  the 
numerous  railroads  centring  here,  have  greatly  added  to  its  wealth 
and  prosperity. 

10.  Covington,  on  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  7  king  River,  and 
opposite  Cincinnati,  is  a  flourishing  city.  Lexington  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  State,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  culture  and  refine- 
ment. Newport,  Paducah,  Maysville,  and  Danville  are  important 
towns. 

11.  Education.— The  State  has  a  large  school  fund.  There  are 
numerous  academies  and  public  schools,  a  university  at  Lexington, 
and  colleges  at  Bardstown,  Danville,  Georgetown,  and  Louisville. 


INDIANA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  14,  Indiana.— Bound  Indiana.  What 
lake  in  the  northwest?  What  river  is  the  southern  boundary? 
What  one  a  part  of  its  western  boundary?  Into  what  does  the  Wa- 
bash empty?  What  river  empties  into  the  Ohio  at  the  southeast 
corner?  What  rivers  in  Indiana  flow  into  the  Wabash?  What 
river  in  the  north  flows  into  the  Illinois  River  in  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois ?  What  river  in  the  northeast  flows  into  Lake  Erie  in  Ohio  ? 
What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Evansville?  Fort 
Wayne?  Terre  Haute?  New  Albany?  Lafayette?  Madison? 
Richmond?    Logan  sport?    Vincennes?    Jeiffersonville?    Vevay? 

1.  Position  and  E2:tent. — Indiana  lies  north  of  Kentucky  and 
west  of  Ohio ;  its  greatest  length  is  about  275  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  about  140  miles.     Area,  33,800  square  miles. 


9.  What  of  Louisville?     10.  Covinjifton ?     Lexington?    Ofher  towns?     1.1. 
Education?     Indiana. — 1.  Where  is  it?     Length  and  breadth ?     Area? 


INDIANA. 


159 


2.  Natural  Features.-^ w  rface.— There  are  no  mountains  or 
great  elevations  in  Indiana.    The  south  and  southwest  part  is  hillv 
but  by  far  the  f  j. 

larger  portion 
is     level      or 
slightly  undu- 
lating,     with 
many     exten- 
sive   prairies. 
The      surface 
slopes    gently 
towards      the 
Ohio      River. 
Lake     Michi- 
gan    borders 
on  the  north- 
west, and  has 
a  coast-line  of 
about40mile8. 

S.Hivers.  prairie  in  Indiana. 

-The  Ohio  River  forms  its  southern  boundary.  The  Wabash  a 
tributary  of  the  Ohio,  forms  a  part  of  its  western  boundary;  'its 
principal  affluents  are  the  Tippecanoe,  Sugar,  and  White  Rivers 

4.  Soil  and  Climate.-The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  ex- 
ceedingly productive  in  the  river-bottoms ;  the  northeastern  part  is 
heavily  timbered.  The  climate  is  somewhat  milder  than  in  the  same 
latitude  on  the  Atlantic  ©oast,  and  the  winters  are  shorter. 

5.  Curwsides.—There  are  a  number  of  caves  in  Indiana,  one,  the 
Wyandotte  Cave,  in  Crawford  county,  rivalling  the  famous  Mam- 
moth Cave  of  Kentucky.    It  has  been  explored  more  than  three  miles 

G.  Population.— The  French  were  the  original  settlers;  but  the 
present  population  are  chiefly  emigrants  and  descendants  of  emi- 
grants from  the  more  eastern  States.     They  number  1,681,000. 

7.  Products.— Indian  corn  and  wheat  are  staples.    Other  import- 
ant products  are  wool,  flax,  oats,  tobacco,  and  Irish  potatoes.  Cattle 
swine,  and  sheep  abound.     There  are  numerous   tanneries.     The 

2.  Surface?    What  lake?     ,S.  Rivers?     4    Whnf  of  fhn  »«!i  ?     m-      .  .. 
b.  Cuno«ities?    6.  Population?   7.  Products p'-Tan^ldes/'coll'fieldBTwrat 


im 


'tih 


u 


160 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


coal-fields  of  Ir,dmna  are  very  extensive.  Along  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio  Rxver  beds  of  cannel  coal  have  been  developed.  Iron  and 
grindstones  are  found.    At  Vevay,  a  Swiss  settlement,  wine  is  made 

8.  Chief  Town8.-Indianapolis,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  State,  on  the  West  Fork  of  White 
River  It  IS  a  fine  city,  with  wide  streets,  and  contains  an  elegant 
State-House,  in  the  Doric  style,  and  other  public  buildings;  it  ha, 
great  railroad  facilities  and  an  increasing  trade. 

9.  Evansville,  the  second  city  in  the  State,  lies  on  the  Ohio  River, 
It  18  noted  for  its  coal-mines,  and  as  the  principal  shipping  port  for 
the  products  of  Southwestern  Indiana.  Fort  Wayne,  in  the  north- 
east,  has  an  extensive  railroad  communication  and  a  flourishing 
trade.  Terre  Haute,  on  the  Wabash  River,  is  an  important  shipnina 
point  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal. 

10.  New  Albany,  on  the  Ohio  River,  opposite  Louisville.  Kentucky 
IS  noted  for  its  extensive  steamboat-building.  Lafayette,  Madison,' 
Richmond,  Logansport,  and  Jeflfersonville  are  important  towns. 

11.  Education.— Indiana  has  a  large  school  and  university  fund 
Ihere  la  a  flourishing  university  at  Bloomington ;  also  a  Normal 
School  at  Terre  Haute.     There  are  also  numerous  colleges  and 
academies,  and  more  than  5()00  public  schools. 


ILLINOIS. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  14,  Illinois.-Bound  Illinois.  What 
lake  in  the  northeast?  Where  is  Lake  Peoria?  Lake  Pishtake? 
What  river  is  tho  western  boundary?  A  part  of  the  s(mth<.rn  ?  A 
part  of  tho  eastern  ?  Into  what  doon  the  Wabash  empty?  What  four 
rivers  in  Illinois  empty  into  tlie  Mississippi?  What  two  into  tho 
Wabash  ?  What  rivers  fl,.w  into  the  Illinois  River  on  the  east?  On 
the  west  ?  AVhere  is  Fox  River?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ? 
Whrre  is  Chicago?  On  what  river  is fJalona?  Rock  Island?  Where 
is  Quincy?  Alton?  R.rkford?  Ottawa?  Freeport?  Aur.mi?  G.-n.- 
seo?  Nap,>rvilh>?  P,..,ria?  Lincoln?  Bl'.omington  ?  Jacksonville? 
Oalesburg?     Belleville?     Kaskaskia? 


?f/r"-^An^-  ^'5'''?."^"''^     0.  Evansville?     Fort  Wayne?    Terre  Haute? 

Lo«X;^t;^u.hr'x::r^^  n.Ea...tiou?  i...j;u..- where  i;;:; 


ii 


)ank8  of  the 
.  Iron  and 
ine  is  made, 
gest  city,  is 
rk  of  White 
an  elegant 
ings ;  it  has 

Ohio  River, 
ng  port  for 
I  the  north- 
flourishing 
nt  shipping 

Kentucky, 
3,  Madison, 
owns, 
irsity  fund. 

a  Normal 
lieges  and 


ILLINOIS. 


161 


>!«.  "What 
PiHhtake? 
them?  A 
What  four 
o  into  the 
oast  ?  On 
10  capital '/ 
1?  Whore 
ra?  (mmic- 
ksonviilo? 


rro  Ilnuto? 
Hiero  is  it.' 


1    Position  ana  Extent.-Illinoi,  lies  west  of  Lake  Michic-„„ 
ndmna,  and  Kentucky;  its  greatest  length  is  alK.ut  390  miles  ^H 
.,gr«jeadth  about  200  miles.     a1,  ar,"!  m  IT ' 
IlUnor  Z  ^T"™-"*"'-^'"  "-''■'"=■■«  ■"•"""■""'"'tains  in 

from  300  L\jfTu  «''"'™"^  "  '^'''"-'■""J  °f  ^"'vated  prairies! 
from  300  to  500  feet  above  tide-water,  and  sloping  with  the  genera 
cou  se  of  the  nvors  towards  the  southwest  and  souti       In  thenar  h 
west,  and  along  the  Ml^sissmr.;  on,i  tii-     •    t>-  ^"inenor.h- 

vated  bluffs.  ^^'^^'^^'PPi  and  Illinois  Rivers,  are  many  ele- 


8TATE  NORMAL  UNIVERSITY,  AT  BLOOMINQTON. 

«.thm  the  State  of  00  nulos,  and  affords  groat  commercial  facilities 

p  tu.!^""  '^'"  ''"''"'"^  '^^  *^^«  ""^^  "^^'-  lakes  of  L: 

4.  /^M,o-..-The  Mississippi  River  bounds  Illinois  on  tho  west, 
he  Ohio  bminds  it  in  part  on  the  south,  and  the  Wabash  in  part  o.; 
ho  east.  Tho  principal  afflnonts  of  the  Mississippi  in  Illinois  are 
ho  Illinois,  Rock.  Kaskaskia.  an.l  Ohio,  (lowin^r  i„  „  sonfl.u..f,..ly 

onlTfr*     ^."  .''"'"  '""*'  "'■'  ""''«'^^'"'  '^''  ^^^'^  "^"'l  Kaskaskio 
only  lor  small  stcamora. 

2.  WlmtofitMBurfuce?    What  in  tho  .mrthw^tpl.TiTkc?    4   RIver.f 

14* 


ml 


1G2 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


[-1  ' 


5.  Soil  and  Climate.— IWinoh,  in  feiiility.of  soil,  is  not  sur- 
passed  by  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  There  are  various  parts 
adapted  to  grazing,  and  some  covered  with  heavy  timber;  but  in 
general  the  soil  is  deep  and  luxuriantly  fertile. 

The  climate  is  salubrious,  except  in  the  river-valleys  and  the  low 
lands  in  the  south.  The  winters,  owing  to  the  prevalent  northwest 
winds,  are  cold;  and  the  summers,  although  greatly  modified  by  the 
southwest  winds,  are  hot. 

6.  Products.— In  the  production  of  Indian  corn  and  wheat,  IIH. 
nois  surpasses  every  other  State.  Other  chief  products  are  oats, 
wool,  hay,  tobacco,  Irish  potatoes,  and  broom-corn.  Rich  and  pro- 
ductive lead-mines  are  developed  near  Galena,  in  the  northwest. 
Bituminous  coal  is  abundant,  particularly  upon  the  bluflFs  adjacent 
to  the  Mississippi.    Iron  is  found  in  the  south.    Salt  is  manufactured. 

7.  Population— The  French  were  the  original  settlers.   La  Salle, 
an  enterprising  explorer,  with  a  colony  of  Canadians,  founded  Kas' 
kaskia  and  other  towns,  in  1G83.    The  present  population  are  chiefly 
fmigrants  and  descendants  of  emigrants  from  the  Eastern  States 
They  number  2,540,000. 

8.  Chief 
Town  s.— 

S[)ringfield, 
(ho  capital,  is 
near  the  cen- 
tre of  the 
State.  It  is  a 
Ii  a  n  d  8  o  ni  o 
<'ity,  with 
•Jjj|  wide  Btreets, 
and  contains 
!in       elegant 

StiltO-lIoUHC, 

tlie  State  Uni- 
versity,    an<l 

STATE-HOUSE.   5PR,NGF,tLD.  ''^^!'^ ,      P"^''" 

buildings.    It 
Ks  a  great  railr;)ad  centre,  mid  is  flourishing  and  prosperous. 

FHu^ Held /''"""'*''''    *•  ^'"^""^"^    MlneraU?   7^  Population?    8.  What  of 


MISSOURI. 


163 


9   Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  largest  city  in  Illinois     It 

largest  cla,,  rceh  a,  ft"  pn^ofl  .ot^f'lf  ^^  ^-»'«  "'  *he 
and,  through  theWelland  Canafand  tCvor  St  L  ^'^K''""'- 
sups  loaded  ho.  have  diachargod  thl  cTr    et'a^^^  "^  -' 

Chicago,  by  its  railroad  connections,  reaches  th.  M^.      •     •  „• 
and  the  Ohio,  and  the  chief  cities  of  the  UnLr?      ?!'.'''"' 
enterprise,  wealth,  and  rapid  growth'  '  The  "p'n  .io  t^^J:£ 

?:::urt.:zrfrr;re  s^--  -^r 

grown  up  almost  within  the  last  thirty  years    Xt  .if-      •''' 
1H37  was  onlv  4ftnft     t^  b"  "uny  years.     1  he  population  n 

'  was  only  4000.     It  now  contains  299,000  inhabitants 
10.  Quincy,  on  the  Mississippi  River  the  se.nnr  !       * 
tion,  is  finely  situated  on  a  b'uff  125  fre^^Love  1         '"^  ^^ 
mands  a  large  trade.     Peoria  (i>e  JJlt)   on  in  -•  T '  ''.''"" 
third  city  in  ponulation      Tf  il  u     7       .       ""^'^  ^'^^''  ^«  ^^^ 
J  m  population.    It  IS  handsomely  built    anri  nn«  ^f  *u 

most  populous  and  prosperous  places  on  the  IlS  ^" 

Galena,  near  the  Mississippi,  is  noted  for  its  lead'mine,     Rlno 

Aleon.  Be.leville.'^Ottatr^.tl^t  lS^^^^^^^  .^'T"''' 
important  towns.  -^mcoin,  and  ireeport,  are 

11.  Education—Great  attention  is  paid  to  education     Th« 


MLSSOURI. 

Qneatlons  on  Map  No.  14.  Mi.souri.-Bound  Missouri    Whnt 
l"k-  HI   the  -uUujus^^ 

O.  Whnt  of  Chlnnirn?      \ri,..(  I...   t -i       .,._,.  _        -      _ 

river  (-..nnooticiHr  For  what  Z>i^'  nruT'\,  .•^^'*'"*  ""^  ""  •"""f"*'!  nn.l 
Q"incy?  Peoria?  (Jalon.7mrm7iLn^m '•''':''"'""•  »^"I'"I.Mo„  ?  ,n 
cation?     Schoul-fun.l  und  soh  ol, r  ^  "" '^    Otla-r  towns?    11.  What  of  e.lu- 


i^' 


I  •  saisi 


164 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


10 


1:1 


H 


i 


King's  Mt.?  What  river  is  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  State? 
What  river  is  for  some  distance  the  western  boundary,  and  thence 
flows  eastward  through  the  State?  Into  what  river  doen  the  Missouri 
empty?  What  affluents  flow  into  the  Missouri  Eiver  on  the  north  ? 
On  the  south?  What  rivers  in  the  ^tate  flow  into  the  Mississippi? 
What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  St.  Louis?  On  what  river 
is  St.  Charles?  St.  Joseph?  Kansas  City?  Hannibal?  Cape 
Girardeau?  Where  is  RoUa?  Springfield?  Sedalia?  Indepen- 
dence?    Savannah?    Warrenton?    Lexington?    Booneville? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Missouri  lies  west  of  Illinois,  Kevi 
tucky,   and  Tennessee,   and   north  of  Arkansas.      Its  length  and 
breadth  are  each  about  280  miles.     Area,  07,400  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.— aS'm  rfa  c  e.— North  of  the  Missouri  River 
the  surface  is  mostly  level  or  undulating;  south  of  the  Missouri  River 
the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  rise  precipitously,  sometimes  as  high  as 
300  feet  above  the  water,  and  the  surface  from  thence  to  its  western 
border  is  undulating  and  often  rugged. 

The  ridge  separating  the  waters  flowing  into  the  Missouri  from 
those  flowing  into  the  Mississippi  is  nowhere  elevated  more  than 
2000  feet.  In  the  southeast  are  extensive  and  almost  impenetrable 
cypress  swamps,  and  several  lakes  and  lagunes. 

3.  River  «.- The  Missouri  River  forms  its  northwestern  boundary 
for  more  than  150  miles,  and  then  flows  entirely  through  the  State 
and  empties  into  the  Mississippi  River,  The  Mississippi  forms  the 
eastern  boundary.  Tlie  Missouri  is  navigable  for  small  steamers  to 
Fort  Benton,  in  Montana  Terrtory,  under  the  very  shadows  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  a  distance  from  its  moiitii  of  more  than  2000  miles. 
The  principal  affluents  of  the  Missouri  in  the  State  of  Missouri  on  the 
north  are  the  (JraEd  and  Ciiariton,  and  on  the  south  the  Osage  and 
Gasconade.  The  principal  affluents  of  the  Mississippi  within  the 
State  are  the  Salt,  Dos  Moines,  Missouri,  and  Marnmec( wcrVe-maA-). 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  bottom-lands  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  are  remarkably  fertile;  the  soil  generally 
is  good,  and  has  great  agricultural  resources.  There  are  n.any 
forests  of  pine  and  heavy  timber.     The  summers  are  very  warm ;  the 

MlilfiOlJRi.— I.  Where  t»  it?    Tiwi^th   and   breadth?     Arcn?     J.  Pnrfm'P? 
What  of  the  rid«e?     Wh«t  in  the  Houtheant  ?     W.  FUvcra?     Afflu«ut»  of  tbo 
iri?     Of  the  Mifwissippi?     4.  Suit  ?     Climutv? 


MISF)URI. 


165 


winters  are  cold,  and  the  rivers  are  not  unfrequently  frozen  so  firmh 
as  to  admit  the  passage  of  heavy  teams. 

5.  Products-Indian  corn,  tobacco,  hemp,  and  wheat  are  staples. 
Other  important  products  are  oats,  wool,  timber,  live-stock,  and  fruits 
Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob  contain  the  richest  deposits  of  iron  in 


PILOT  KNOB. 

the  world.  Bituminous  and  cannel  coal  abound;  the  cannel-coal 
hehls,  on  the  Osage  River,  are  believed  to  contain  the  largest  body 
of  cannel  coal  in  the  world.    Lead,  zinc,  and  copper  are  found. 

C.  Population.-Tho  French  were  the  first  settlers.  Missouri  is 
now  inhabited  chiefly  by  emigrants  and  descendants  of  emigrants 
Irom  other  States  and  from  foreign  countries.  There  are  many  ne- 
groes.    Total  population,  1,721,000. 

7.  Chief  Towns.— .Jefferson  City,  x  e  capital,  lies  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  128  miles  fr„m  its  m.uith;  it  is  beauti- 
tully  situated,  and  contains  a  Iiandson.;,  State-House  and  other  publio 
h«ildiR£s. 


^.  Products?     Whnt  of  Tn.n  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob?     Other  mi  erals? 
«.  Population?     7.  Jofforson  City?  ""t-r  mi  eraiBj 


166 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


ST.   LOUIS. 


8.  St.  Louis,  the  chief  city  of  the  State,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri 
River.  It  is  well  laid  out ;  the  public  buildings  are  numerous  and 
elegant;  the  new  court-house  is  a  magnificent  edifice.  St.  Louis  has 
extraordiiary  commercial  facilities,  and  commands  a  vast  trade  by 
the  Missouri,  Mississippi,  and  Ohio  Rivers,  and  by  its  various  railroads. 

Kansas  City,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  just  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  River,  is  the  second  city  in  population. 
It  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Kansas  Branch  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad.  St.  Joseph,  on  the  left  bank  of  (he  Missouri,  in 
the  north-western  part  of  the  State,  is  connected  with  St.  Louis  and 
Hannibal,  both  on  the  Mississippi,  by  railroad. 

Hannibal,  Independence,  Lexington,  Cape  Girardeau,  St.  Charles, 
Springfield,  Sedalia,  and  Booneville  are  important  towns. 

9.  Education.— Education  is  well  provided  for.     There  rw.  nu- 
merous colleges  and  academioR  and  more  than  7500  public  'u  boola. 

8.  What  of  St.  Louis?    Of  its  -..inmercial  facilities?    Kantr.v  Citv?    SL 
Joeeph  f    Other  towns  ?    9.  Education  ?  ^ 


IOWA. 


167 


IOWA. 

Questtons  on  Map  No.  14,  Iowa.-Bound  Iowa.    What  rive, 
ronna  .to  eastern  boundary?    What  two  rivers  for™  its  '« 

What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Dubuque?  Keolcuk? 
Davenpor?  Burlington?  Iowa  City?  Muscatine ?  V„rt  Sn? 
Council  Bluffs?    Mount  Pleasant?    Washington?    Ottumwa? 

1.  Position  and  EMent.-Iowa  lies  west  of  Illinois  and  Wis 

A        ^   nnn  ""  "'  ""^  "'  ^'<'"'  '«"»  "'"«•*«  «»«*  210  mTes 
Area,  53,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.-S«r/«ce.-There  are  no  mountains  nor 
any  considerable  elevations,  in  Iowa.  The  surface  Tgle  a Ily  a 
ser   sof  nndulatmg  prairies,  sloping  gradually  from  a  ridgetn^he 

3.  iJ.„„  All  the  rivers  in  Iowa  flow  into  the  great  boundarv 
streams,  the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri.  The  Miliss  pp,  is  Z 
eastern  boundary;  its  principal  affluents  iu  thi.  State  are  the  Unpe- 

rafflue^  ,T  «•"■  '«• ""  f  ™'"  "•■  '""''  I"™'-  The  Missouri,  and 
Its  affluent  the  Big  Siou.x  (soo),  form  the  western  boundary  ither 
affluents  of  the  Missouri  in  Iowa  are  the  Floyd,  Little  Sioux  Bover 

"TIrZT  -'  "-->-  -^-'^'-^  ^'•"».  wh^^  S 

4.  ^0^;  and  aiim at €.~The  mil  in  general  is  fertile  excent  in 
some  parts  of  the  north,  .here  it  is  rugge/and  s.erlle.  Tirwint" 
are  severe  but  the  summers  are  mild  and  delightful;  the  heat  is 
greatly  modified  by  the  constant  west  and  southwest  winds.  Owin  J 
to  the  excellent  natural  drainage  of  its  undulating  surface.  Iowa  ii 
one  of  the  most  healthy  States  in  the  Union. 

5.  Products—Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  oats  are  staples.  Other 
products  are  hay,  pork,  live-stock,  potatoes,  wool,  butter,  and  cheese. 


HI 


h 


168 


THE   UNITED   STATES. 


',  i!, 


The  lead-mines,  in  the  nottheaet,  adjoining  the  States  of  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.  a.e  nch  and  productive.  Coal  and  iron  are  the  other 
principal  minerals. 

6    Populatloi^--The  people  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  the  more 
eastern  States  and  from  Europe.    They  number  1,192  000 
r.A  °  M*^  Towns—Des  Moines,  the  capital,  lies  on  'the  right  bank 
of  Des  Momes  River,  at  its  junction  with  Raccoon  Fork 

Davenport  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  foot  of  the  Upper  Rapids 
opposite  Pock  Island  in  Illinois,  is  an  important  town'' urrounded 
by  beautifu  scenery.    It  is  the  seat  of  Mount  Ida  Female  College 

Dubuque  (doo-boohk^),  on  the  right  bankof  the  Mississippi,  is  a  flou'r- 
ishing  town,  and  is  a  great  depot  for  the  product  of  the  lead-mines 
of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin;  it  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  situation 

Iowa  City,  on  the  left  bank  of  Iowa  River,  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
University.  Burlington,  formerly  the  capital,  is  on  the  Mississippi. 
It  has  many  handsome  public  buildings,  an  extensive  trade,  and  is 
he  seat  0  Burlington  University.  Keokuk,  also  on  the  Mississippi, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Lower  Falls,  is  the  head  of  navigation  for  the 
largest  steamers.  Council  Bluffs,  on  the  Missouri,  is  a  rapidly  grow- 
ing  town.  ^    ^  ^    ^ 

Cedar  Rapids,  Waterloo.  Clinton.  Muscatine,  Oskaloosa.  Mount 
Pleasaiit.  Fort  Madison.  Washington.  Lyons,  and  Ottumwa  are 
flourishing  and  prosperous  towns. 

«.  Education.-The  Educational  Fund  of  Iowa  is  more  than 
!M-,UUO,000.  In  1872  the  total  attondance  of  children  at  nubia- 
schools  was  461,000.  ^ 


MICHIGAN. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  13-  MIchlgan.-Bound  Michigan. 
Michigan  consists  of  two  peninsulas.  Bound  the  northern.  The 
southern.  Name  the  five  lakes  around  and  in  Michigan.  What 
bays  m  Lake  Superior  ?  What  strait  between  Superior  and  Huron  ? 
Am,  Saut  Si.  Marie  (soo-sent-may're).  Straits  between  Michigan 
and  Huron?  River  between  Huron  and.  St.  Clair?   Between  St.  Clair 

njf^j^^rt-'""/   /•  Vviiat  of  Dea  Moines ?    Davenport?    Dubuque?    Iowa 
City?    Burlington?    Keokuk?    Other  towns?    8.  &uoation? 


of  Illinois  and 
are  the  other 

from  the  more 
,000. 

the  right  bank 
•k. 

Jpper  Rapids, 
n,  surrounded 
aale  College, 
ippi,  is  a  flour- 
he  lead-mines 

situation. 
it  of  the  State 
e  Mississippi. 

trade,  and  is 
e  Mississippi, 
ation  for  the 
rapidly  grow- 

loosa,  Mount 
)ttumwa  are 

s  more  than 
m  at  public 


MICHIGAN. 


1  Michigan, 
■them.  The 
gan.  What 
and  Huron  ? 
n  Michigan 
Ben  St.  Clair 

)uque  ?    Iowa 


and  Erie  ?    What  bays  in  Lake 


16S 


r^  •  o    iTr,      ..    -  Michigan.     In  Huron?    What  one 

m  Ene?    What  islands  in  Lake  Superior?    In  Lake  IV   chiln?  T 
Lake  Huron?   .What  rivers  in  Michigan  flew  into  Lake  Huron ? 
LakeEne?     Lake  Michigan  on  the  east ?     On  the  west?     Where  i 
the  copper-region     The  iron-region  ?  Where  are  th,e  Pictured  Rocks 
Vhat  and  where  is  the  capital  ?   Where  is  Detroit  ?   Grand  Rap  ds 
Jackson?   East  Saginaw?   Kalamazoo?  Grand  Haven?  Ann  aI 
Port  Huron?    Monroe?  Niles?  Yp.ilanti?  BayCity?    Muskegon? 

1      +  Arn     •,       *'"  fe'^a^^eht  length,  from  northwest  to  southeast  is 
abou    400  M,les   and  it.  greater  breadth  about  300  mile?  Area 
00,250  square  miles.  "*"co.     -area, 

2.  Natural  reature».-P«  i  n  «  Z  a  s.-Michigan  consists  of 
two  pcnmsulas,  separated  from  each  other  by  the  waters  of  Lake 
Mu=h,gan,  Straits  of  Mackinaw,  and  Lake  fl/ron.  ^  snrfL^  of 
he  southern  pen,nsnla  is  an  undulating  plain;  the  elevation  of  the 
ndge  separating  the  rivers  that  flow  east  from  those  that  flow  weal 
scarcely  exceeds  300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lakes.     The  n"„ 

z':ttZrif\  "'"•"  V  "'"'■"^  ""«»•  -th  numii: : 

spurs,  between  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Michigan 

aLoHhZ'VT^'^''''-"  """"'^  ^''"''"''ded  by  the  great  lakes.    On 
he  north  ,s  Lake  Supenor,  penetrating  the  State,  and  nearly  sena- 

ro.i,  St.  Clair,  and  Erie.    These  are  all  connected  by  navigable  straits 
or  rivers,  and  afford  facilities  for  an  immense  commerce. 

4.  7i!,„„  The  principal  rivers  of  the  southern  peninsula 
flmving  ea^t  into  Lakes  Huron  and  Erie  are  the  Au  SnW.  ^  "'."™'" 
Huron  and  Raisin,  those  flowing  west  int^ tkc  Mi  hig»r  the 
Jhnis tee,  Muskegon,  Grand.  Kalama.™,,  and  St.  Joseph.    The  prin 

:r  gZI::  ""''^""  ''^"'"-"  ^  *-» «— >-  -hie:  z. 

.Stf;/!'""'';"'^'""'''  are  several  small  islands  belonging  to  thi, 
State;  the  most  important  are  Isle  Royale  and  Grand  Island, !„  Lake 


Mi 

mnp 


la?     Norther 
sonthc 


Area? 
Whft  of  th 


Islands  ?     What  curiosities  ? 


peninsula?     Of  th< 


-■  i  cniiiftul 
G  I'ikos  ? 

northern 


ias? 


H 


ow 


15 


170 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Superior;  and,  near  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw,  St.  James,  Beaver. 
Mackinaw,  Bois  Blanc  {hwah  blong),  and  Drummond. 

Curiosities.~On  the  coast  of  Lake  Superior,  for  a  distanco 
of  more  th  *n  10  miles,  are  ..f>  f;.,m>:'-,  Pictured  Rocks,  composed 
of  sandstone  of  various  colorff,  ouuu  rising  200  to  300  feet  perpen- 
dicularly.  These  rocks  are  so  worn  by  the  action  of  wind  L.d  waves 
as  to  bear  striking  resemblances  to  castles,  temples,  towers,  and  other 
forms  of  grace  and  beauty. 

(S.Soil  and  Clim at e.~The  soil  of  {h^  mhern  peninsula, 
particularly  in  the  middle  and  southern  part,  is  of  great  fertility,' 
and  the  climate  is  milder  than  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  Atlantic 
border.  The  northern  peninsula  is  sterile,  and  the  climate  cold  and 
rigorous. 

7.  Products.— The  staples  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  and  po- 
tatoes. Hay,  wool,  butter,  and  cheese  are  important  products. 
Copper  and  iron  are  found.  The  copper-mines  of  the  northern 
peninsula  are  the  richest  in  the  world.  Copper  is  also  found  in 
Isle  Royale.     Salt  is  largely  manufactured. 

8.  Population.— The  people,  chiefly  descendants  of  emigrants 
from  the  Eastern  States,  number  1,184,000. 

9.  Chief  Towns.— Lansing,  on  Grand  River,  is  the  capital.  It 
has  a  handsome  State-House,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade. 

Detroit,  the  chief  city,  lies  on  the  right  bank  of  Detroit  River,  18 
miles  above  Lake  Erie;  it  has  a  fine  harbor,  with  a  depth  sufficient 
for  the  largest  vessels.  Detroit  has  an  extensive  lake  commerce, 
superior  railroad  communications,  and  an  extensive  trade  with 
Canada.    It  was  founded  by  the  French,  in  1670. 

Grand  Rapids,  on  the  rapids  of  Grand  River,  is  one  of  the  most 
important  inland  towns  of  the  State.  Jackson,  also  on  Grand  River, 
has  an  excellent  water-power.  The  State  Penitantiary  is  at  this  plaoe. 
East  Saginaw,  on  Saginaw  River,  has  a  large  trade  in  salt  and 
lumber.  Kalamazoo,  on  Kalamazoo  River,  i.s  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures. The  State  Insane  Asylum  is  located  here.  Adrian,  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Raisin,  has  an  active  trade  and  extensive  water- 
power. 


6.  Soil  and  climate  of  tho  two  peninsulas?  7.  Products?  Minerals?  Cop- 
per-miues?  8.  Population  ?  9.  Lansing?  Detroit?  « rand  Run ida?  Jack- 
son ?     East  Saginaw  ?     Kalamazoo  ?     Adrian  ?     Other  towns  ? 


WISCONSIN. 


171 


WISCONSIN. 
0fi»lan,l,iaLaJeSuneri„r7w7'     •■'''^^'"^''''8''^   Whatgroup 

Bay.  whatnvt^r::  a.i^:x:A,t'''':'''t^  •^^^^ 

Into  what  does  the  St.  Croix  flow?    Wh.*.      ^^""'"'  *"""■  "'■y' 

«ow  i„t„  .„e  Mi..sippi.^r;:jr  °i^^:;Te  \Trir 

Louis  River.     Menomonee  Rivpv     WKo*.       a     I    ^ocr  Kiver.    St. 
Whe.i,  Milwaukee?  "ron^rr  J  l^rorjhr  r-^ 

App>eto„.  4^.eonfx:x;::nrcLr.is.' 

2.  Natural  reatures.— 5'M/-/'ar^_-T},o^n  « 

w.co.i„.  i.ho«„fac.  .i».et:ta„'e  :trr:LT"ab;:^:'" 

"« iuississippi  trom  those  flowing  into  Lake  Sunermr .  +»,«   ^u 
face  fall,  from  these  ndgcs  to  the  lakes  and  rivera  adjacent. 

on  the  cltt'T   .     fr'"'u  ""'  ""  ""'  ■""•"'•  "■"1 1-'te  Michiga, 
on  tne  east;  besides  these,  thnra  q,.«  o  ^..„„4.  ^  .^,         »         ..    "fe*** 

•  ^'^  ^  g^^at  number  of  small  lakes, 

10.  Education,  school  fund.  Ac  ?  Wiamvai^      i    -iirv       .    . 


172 


THE   UNITED   STATES. 


particularly  in  the  central  and  northern  parts.    The  largest  of  these 
is  the  Winnebago,  which  is  navigable  for  small  steamers. 

4.  Elvers.— The  Mississippi  River  is  the  western  boundary  for 
more  than  150  miles ;  its  principal  affluents  in  this  State  are  the  St. 
Croix,  Chippewa,  Black,  and  Wisconsin,  all  flowing  in  a  southwesterly 
direction.  Fox  River  is  the  outlet  of  Winnebago  Lake,  and  flows 
into  Green  Bay ;  in  its  course  of  not  more  than  50  miles,  it  falls  a 
distance  of  170  feet,  affording  a  series  of  valuable  water-powers.  Tho 
Mcnomonee  also  flows  into  Green  Bay. 

At  Portage,  when  the  streams  are  full.  Fox  River  and  Wisconsin 
River,  though  flowing  in  opposite  directions,  commingle  their  waters. 
Rock  River  flows  into  Illinois.  The  rivers  flowing  into  Lake  Superior 
are  unimportant. 

5.  Coast-line.~The  coast-line  on  Lake  Superior,  including  the 
indentations,  is  about  140  miles ;  that  on  Lake  Michigan,  including 
Green  Bay,  is  about  300  miles,  and  affords  several  good  harbors. 
The  Apostle  Islands  in  Lake  Superior  belong  to  Wisconsin. 


MADISON, 


4.  What  of  the  Mississippi  River?     Of  its  affluents?     Fox  River? 
at  Portage  when  the  streams  are  full  ?    Other  rivers?    6.  Coast-line? 


v.- ha* 


WISCONSIN. 


173 


6.  Sovland  Climate,-Th^  agricultural  resources  of  the  middle 
and  southern  parts  of  the  State  are  great;  but  iu  the  north,  and  upon 

ho  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  much  of  the  surface  is  covered  with 
boulders  lakes  and  marshes.     The  climate  is  severe,  and  the  win- 

Z  nl   M^;    ^i  """'  "^^"'f  ''  *^'  ^"^'^^  ^^^°g««  "f  temperature 
that  prevail  further  east.     It  is  in  general  very  healthy 

7.  Products  -Wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  oats  are  staples.  Other 
important  products  are  potatoes,  live-stock;  lumber,  and  tobacco. 
Ihe  lead-mines  in  the  southwest  are  rich  and  productive.  Iron  is 
found  near  Lake  Superior. 

8.  Population—The  State  was  originally  settled  by  the  French 
Its  population  consists  chiefly  of  emigrants  and  descendants  of  emi- 

^T^l??^      ""''"  '^'^"'^  ^*^*"''     T^^y  "^"^l^er  1,055,000. 

9.  Chief  Towns—Madison,  the  capital,  lies  upon  two  of  the  "  four 
lakes    in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.     It  has  a  fine  State-House 
and  other  handsome    buildings,   including   Wisconsin    Universitv 
The  scenery  surrounding  Madison  is  picturesque  and  beautiful. 

10.  Milwaukee,  the  largest  and  most  important  city  in  the  State 
IS  situated  on  a  bluff,  100  feet  high,  that  rises  abruptly  from  th^ 
west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.    It  is  a  handsome  city,  and  has  supe- 
rior commercial  facilities  by  the  lakes,  and  by  the  numerous  railroads 

hat  centre  here.     Next  to  Chicago,  it  is  the  largest  wheat-market  in 
the  United  States,  and  has  a  large  trade  in  other  grains  and  in  lumber. 

11.  Fond  du  Lac,  at  the  southern  end  of  Winnebago  Lake,  has 
extensive  manufactories.  Oshkosh,  on  Fox  River,  has  a  verv  large 
kmber  trade.    Rac  ne.  on  Lake  Michigan,  has  considerabfe  com! 

College.         """^  ^"^^'"  ^"^''"^^'  ""°^S  ^^^^^  i«  I^-«-e 

12.  Janesville,  on  both  sides  of  Rock  River,  near  the  Illinois  line 
has  an  extensive  water-power  and  numerous  manufactories.    It  is  a 
great  railroad  centre.  xu  i»  a 

13.  Watertown  Green  Bay,  La  Crosse,  Portage,  Sheboygan,  and 
Beaver  Dam  are  .mportant  towns,  noted  for  their  enterprise  and 
rap,d  growt  Superior  is  a  flourishing  town  on  Lake  Supe'ri  r.  La 
Pomte,  on  Madolme  Island,  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  State 

14.  Eduoation.-Wiscon8in  has  a  considerable  school  fund,  and 

15* 


k  m 


i 


I 


I'  I  I 


M 


:|i 


174 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


cherishes  with  great  care  all  her  educational  institutions.    The  Stata 
University  is  at  Madison.     There  are  colleges  at  Lawrence,  Boloit 
and  Racine.     There  are  several   female  colleges  and   seminaries' 
numerous   academies,  more  than  5000  free  public  schools,  and  a 
large  nmnber  of  private  schools. 


MINNESOTA. 

Questions   on   Map  No.  15.   Mlnnesota.-Bound  Minnesota. 
What  'ake  m  the  northeast?     On  the  northern  boundary?     Name 

other  lakes.  What 
river   that    flows 
south  is  a  part  of 
the    eastern 
boundary?      De- 
scribe   the    Mis- 
sissippi River  in 
this  State.    What 
nver     flowing 
north  forms  a  part 
of     the    western 
boundary?  What 
river    flows    into 
Lake     Superior? 
Name  the  princi- 
pal   affluents    of 
the      Mississippi 
River  in  Miimc- 
fi;)ta.    OfthoKcd 
River     of     tho 
North.    Dcscrii.c 
R  a  I  n  y     L  a  k  c 
River.   W hilt  nil  I 
where  is  thecajii- 


MINNEHAhA   FAI.L3. 


lal  ?     Who 

MiLiiki 


Whoro  is  Minneapolis?    Stillwater?    Winona?    Ilastinir/? 
uto?     Fai-ibuult?    DuluLli  ^ 


MINNESOTA. 


17-5 


1.  Position  and  Extent—Minnesota  lies  north  of  Iowa   and 
west  0    W.consin  and  Lake  Superior.     Its  greatest  lengthrabout 

taTe  X     '''  ''''''-'  '^^^^^^  ^'^-'  '''  -^1--     Area,  83,500 

mit'ofrh?'''!  ^.^^'"^^^-/"^/'^'^^-Minnesota  occupies  the  sum- 
mit of  he  interior  plain  of  the  North  American  Continent  nnd  t 
elevated  about  2000  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  northerrpa  t, 
a.viding  ridge,  called  the  «'  Height  of  Land,"  separates  the'wat 
h  t  flow  south  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  thi  that  flow  north 
into  Hudson  Bay  ;  the  State  is  generally  an  undulating  plain  fallin! 
with  tm    ourse  of  the  rivers.  laiiing 

of  about  150  miles.     There  are  numerous  small  lakes;  the  largest 
of    hese  ai-o  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Rainy,  Vermilion,  Leedi,  and  led  • 
Lakes.     Thoy  abound  in  fish, 

4.  River,     no  Rod  Kivor  „f  the  North  rises  in  Minnesota 
orms  -  part  of  .ts  wortern  lK,u„dar^  and  flows  into  Lake  Winn": 

g  .n   .r,t,sh  A„,er,ea,    The  Mississippi  ,,„,„^  ■„,  ^„„„  ,„  Lake 
l.a  ca,  flows  nearly  M,r„ngh  the  State  in  a  southeasterly  direction 
«...l  forms  for  more  than   100  miles  its  eastern  boundary.     Tl"; 
|.n.,c,pa    affluent,  of  the  Mississippi  in  this  State  are  the  sl  Croix 
M.nn«,.a,   Cannon,   and   li,„t   Ri.ers.     The   St.  Louis  flows  into 
Lake  Superior. 

.').  Cnfaracts.-ln  the  rivers  of  Minnesota  there  are  numerous 
lHctures(i„e  rap.ds  and  cascades:  the  most  remarkable  are  M.c  Fulls 
of  St.  Anthony,  o„  the  Mississippi ;  the  river  is  here  .bout  350  yards 
in  width,  and  the  rapids  and  falls  include  a  descent  of  58  feet 
Near  Minneapolis  are  Minnehaha  Fulls,  a  romantic  and  beautiful 
cascade,  with  a  perpf^ndicular  fall  of  40  feet. 

G.  Son  and  0/ imaf r..~The  soil  i„  tb,-  valleys  <,f  Hie  great  rivers 
except  in  the  north,  is  generally  fertile.  The  winters  ar 'cll,  Z' 
;i"<I  dry ;  tne  summers  are  warm.     Many  invalids  soek  a  resid,.„cd 

;^  Hinn:!" '""""'  ^' '''  ^'"^^^ ''  ''^^  "-^  -^  ^^•^'  -'"^^^ty 

7-  Prodnctt.-»Whent,  oats,  Indian  co-n.  and  potatoes  are  sta,,lo8. 


176 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Some  of  the  other  products  are  wool,  ginseng,  cranberries,  lumber 
an*^  furs.  ' 

Minnesota  has  a  considerable  trade  with  Fort  Garry,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Manitoba,  in  Britisli  America;  supplies  are  transported 
thence  by  steamboats  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

8.  Population.— The  population  consists  chiefly  of  emigrants 
from  the  more  eastern  States,  and  number  440,000. 

9.  Chief  Towns.— St.  Paul,  the  capital,  and  largest  city,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  2100  miles  from  its 
mouth,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation.  It  is  noted  for  its 
ra;)ld  growtli 

Minneapolis, 
on  both  bunks 
of  the  Missis- 
sipi)!  River,  at 
the  I'alls  of 
St.  Anthony, 
is  the  second 
town  in  popu- 
lation, and  is 
surrounded  by 
a  rich  agricul- 
tural region. 

Stillwater, 
Winona,  Hast- 
ings, Mankato, 
Duluth,  St. 
Cloud,     Roch- 


SUSPENSION  bRIOGE  CROSSING  THE   Mls"siSSlPPl  AT  MINNEAPOLIS 


ester,  Red  "Wing,  and  Faribault  are  impoitani  places. 

10.  Education.— Tbo  school  fund  is  large.  There  is  a  State 
Normal  School  at  Winona,  one  at  Mankato,  and  one  at  St.  (Moud. 
In  all  the  principal  towns  there  are  union  and  high  schools,  and 
commtm  schools  throughout  the  State,  wherever  tho  population  is 
sufficiently  (hMHO.  There  is  a  State  University  at  Minneapolis,  and 
a  college  at  St.  Paul. 


8.  Population?      9.  What   of  St.  Paul?      MinneaHi"?     Other  places? 
10.  Jiuufiition  ?  ' 


KANSAS. 


KANSAS. 


177 


Questions  on  Map  No.  18.  Kansas.-B,.und  Kansas      What 
nver  I.  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary?     What  hu-ge  rnerloTn 
.uto   he  Missouri  ?    Name  some  of  the  affluents  of  the  Lxn  11111" 
What  nver  enters  the  State  in  the  west,  and  flows  east  2'!; 
m  f  through  the  State  and  thence  south   into  Indian  Terr  t  rv 

tie  capital?      Where    is    Leavenworth?      Atchison?      Lawrence? 
Manhattan        Junction    Cityr      Fort  Scott?     Emporia?  TrX 
Wyandotte?     Paoht?    Garnett?     Ohithe? 

h  Position  and  Extent.-Kansas  lies  west  of  Missouri  and  south 
of  Nebraska;  i«  greatest  length  is  400  miles,  and  its  breadth  200 
miles.     Area,  81,000  s(,uare  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.-^.  ,./a.,._There  are  no  mountains  nor 
groat  elevat.on.  .n  Kansas.  The  surface  is  nearly  uniform,  being  a 
succession  of  undulating  ridges  and  valleys. 

3.  /<»,:.o...-The  Missouri  lliver  forms  ihe  eastern  boundary  <,f 
the  State  for  a  distance  of  about  75  miles;  the  Kansas  River  is  its 
pr.nc.pul  affluent.  The  chief  tributaries  of  the  Kansas  are  the  Blue 
lu'publican  Fork,  Solomon's  Fork,  and  Smoky  Hill  Fork  The 
Arkansas  River  enters  the  State  in  the  west,  and  flows  in  an  easterly 
and  southerly  direction  into  the  State  of  Arkansas ;  the  chief  tribu- 
tary of  the  Arkansas  in  Kansas  is  the  Neosho.  The  Osage  River 
rises  in  Kansas  and  flows  into  the  State  of  Missouri. 

4  .Sniland  r.imafr.~Tho.  oastern  portion  is  a  succession  of 
l-rti  e  prairies,  with  a  deep  ri.-h  s<.il,  ami  an  abundance  of  timber 
<.n  the  streams.  In  the  middle  and  west  it  is  thinly  w.K.ded,  and 
the  soil  IS  light.  The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy;  the  winters  are 
short,  and  snow  seldom  falls  in  groat  quantities.  In  the  months  of 
February.  March,  and  April,  the  winds  are  severe,  and  the  changes 
of  temperatiiro  sudden. 

r.    Products.— The  agricultural  resources  of  Kansas  are  not  fully 
«l«"veloped  ;  the  soil  \h  adapted  to  all  the  grain-crops  of  the  West, 

Wl^r?r.~L-^^'""".''''"-      T-onKthaii.n,ro«.Uh?     Aro^?     2t?nrf.uv,?     ^ 
,    '.;'i"^^''".'^'■'**"*•*«'""•^  it«tribu(Hry?     Tho  Osa^ro?     i.  HoU  i     c  •"'-4^ 


178 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


and  to  fruits  and  garden  vegetables.     Cotton  has  been  raised  in  the 
southern  part.     The  forests  are  valuable.     Coal  is  found. 

6,  Population.— The  people  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  the  East- 
ern States ;  thoy  number  304,000. 

7.  Chief  Towns. —Topeka,  on   the   right  bank  of  the   Kansas 
River,  is  the  capital.     Leavenworth  and  Atchison,  on  the  Missouri 
River,  and  Lawrence,  Manhattan,  and  Junctioc  City,  on  the  Kansas 
River,  are  important  towns.     Fort  Scott,  Emporia,  Irwin,  Paola, 
Garnett,  Ottawa,  Wyandotte,  and  Olathe  are  flourishing  places. 

8.  Education. — An  excellent  public-school  system  is  in  opera- 
tion; and  there  are  many  well-established  and  prosperous  seminaries 
and  acadinnies. 

9.  The  Kansas  Branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  commencing 
at  Kansas  City,  in  Missouri,  extends  through  the  State  into  Colorado. 


CALIFORNIA. 


6.  Population 7    7.  Whot  of  Topeka?     L«tivpnworf}i  laul  Atchison?    Lnw 
renco?     Junction  Oify  ?     Other  towns?     8.  Efiiicatiun?     y.  Raiiroaili' 


CALIFORNIA. 


179 


Questions  on  Map  No.  19,  Calitornia-Bound  California. 
What  bays  on  the  Pacific  coast?  What  cape?  Points?  What 
islands  near  the  coast  on  the  south?  Lakes  in  the  north ?  In  the 
south?  What  mountain  range  in  the  east?  In  the  we«t?  Where 
is  Mt.  Shasta?  Mt  San  Bernardino?  Describe  the  Sacramento 
Iviver.  Ihe  San  Joaquin.  Name  some  of  the  affluents  of  the 
Sacramento.  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Pacific  Ocean?  Where  is 
the  Colorado?  Whore  and  M'hat  is  the  capitol?  Where  is  San 
Francisco?  Los  Angeles?  SanJos6?  Oakland?  Stockton?  Beni- 
cia?     Marysville?     Yuba  City?     Sonora?     San  Diego? 

1.  Position  and  Extent— California  lies  on  the  Pacific  Ocean 
imd  IS  south  of  Oregon,  and  west  of  Nevada  and  Arizona.    Its  great^ 
^st  length  is  about  000  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  about  300  miles 
Area,  150,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Teatures—^ Mw^^u^^.-The Coast Rangeofmoun- 
huns  extends  through  the  State,  nearly  parallel  with  the  Idcifio 
Ocean,  and  at  a  distance  of  30  to  80  miles  from  the  coast.  The  Cas- 
cade Ila.ige  enters  California  from  the  north,  and  unites  with  the 
(oast  Range  in  latitude  40°.  It  bear^  the  peak  Mt.  Shasta,  14,000 
ioet  high,  the 

highest     land 
in   California 
Traversing  the 
State  near  the 
eastern  bound- 
ary, and   uni- 
ting    in     the 
south  with  the 
Coast     Moun- 
tains,    is    the 
Sierra  Nevada 
(Snowy 
iiange).        Of 
tiieso    ranges, 
the    latter     is 
tiie  highest,  and  its  summits  are  perpetually  snow-apped. 

M..u„tau.«  ?     Of  the  Sic.na  Neva-lu  ?     Vv  hatbutwo-nUu^so  twu  mngcs  ? 


QOIDEN  GATE. 


180 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Between  the  Coast  Ranges  and  tlio  Pacific  are  undulating  fertile 
vall.^ys ;  uud  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coast  llauge  lies 
the  Great  Valley  of  California,  550  miles  in  length,  and  fronrHO  to 
150  miles  in  width. 

3.  Coast -It  ne^-The  eoast-line  extends  upwards  of  800  miles, 
and  is  moderat(;ly  indented.  There  are  some  good  bays  and  harUtrs' 
the  moHt  capticious  is  S»a  Francisco  Bay,  the  narrow  entrance  t,. 
which  is  calJeti  the  "GoUen  (iato."  There  are  a  few  wmall  islands 
on  the  coast,  the  most  important  is  the  Santa  Barbara  Group. 

4.  li i V e r s.—lih'}  principal  rivers  ari>  the  Sacramento,  which  riNes 
in  the  north,  and  flaws  *)ula  into  8an  Francisco  Bay,  between  the 

Coast   and    the 
Si(>rra     Nevada 
Kunges,  and  tlio 
San       Joaquin, 
which    rises   in 
the  south,    and 
tlows  northward 
between  the 
same  ranges  un- 
til it  unites  wi til 
the  Sacramento. 
Both    (tf    these 
rivers  are  navi- 
gable for  nearly 
100  miles.    The 
Iw'ather,   Yuba, 
■iiid     Aniorican 
Kivcrs  areafliii- 
■nts  of  the  Sii- 
(•ramento.     TIk? 
ithor  rivers  that 
flow     into     tlio 
Pacific   are  uii- 


YOSEMITE    rALLS. 


inipiTtant.   Tlio 
Colora(h)   River 


n.  r^mni  !i,uv>     T.hm.ls?     4.  What  of  the  princiiwil  riverH?    AflluentB  of  tl.. 
Papnunonto/     ()tli«r  rivers  ?     Colorado? 


OALIPOBNIA. 


181 


forms  a  portion  of  the    touudar,   between   California   and   Ari. 

;.,  .idu.,  leap,  d,.w,.  iooo  .'orrt.r^i;  i::^:^";::^: 

l.omg  aWutl300,  .ho  second  250,  and  ti.e  tl.ird  «.:  "        '.u h. 
valloj.  i„  another  cataract,  with  a  fall  „f  „00  fee  •  the  su  T" 

.cenery  i,  unnnUehed  for  wild  and  romantio  u'u'.v         '""•"""'"•« 
The  C.ej.„er8  of  Napa  eounty,  a,.d  the  Natural  Bridge,  of  Cala 
veraa  county  a.-o  rcnarkaUo  object.     Thi»  State  i    „'  ed  L  U^ 
tallest  trees  in  the  world;  thcv  are  fonn.l  i„  . 

declivities  of  the  Sierra  Nerufa  nn.l  !»  •      f  "-T "'"  ">«  "«»"='» 
P    .       1       .  ^'^'iii  i^evcKia,  aiid  attain  a  height  of  300  to  40ft 

foot  and  a  c.rcurafercnco  of  from  75  to  100  foot 

^uwing.     iiio  cJunato  varies  orr-iflv      Ti.«  ,  :   * 
,.,„^    XI  '*"'^»  guatij.      1  no  winters  aro  warm  and 

wet;  the  summers  are  usually  dry  on  tho  onn.,  ,y         ■ 
tivolv  littlfi  .l.-ffi.,.  •     x/  "'^      *'^'  ^"*^'^*  *^'^'^^''  '»  <'o>nnara- 

tuely  httle  differenee  in  the  temperature  of  the  two  seasons      At 
San  Frane.seo  tlie  mercury  seldoni  rises  above  80° 
/.  Producte.-The  agricultural  resources  of  California  aro  rrreat 

products.     Successful  experiments  have  been  made  in  the  cultiva 

i::::^:r^:r  ^"'  '''''--■  '^''^  -^^  ^^^^^ 

in  t  e  southern  part  numerous  tropical  fruit.,  flourish 

in'ho"wotw  "Th:;:f  ""'f  "  ""  ""''■''''''■  ■>■'•'<•''  ""  ">«  ""host 
in  tne  wo.ld.    There  arc  also  exten»ivo  depisit,  „f  q.iieksilvr-  •  th„ 

Now  Almaden  mines  ar„amon«tlie  most  ploductivet  ow       Silv 
..pper  .roil,  and  c irc  said  to  be  abundant.     The  iZ   U  w     Ith 

from  nearly  every  country  in  Europe,  and  from  China      p       , "' 
tion.  500,000.  '  ^"*""-     •P<>l>ula- 

0.  Chief  Town..--Sacramom.,^City,  on   the  left  bank  of  the 

"".i  other  .ninornl';"'  O     h  "r^ne  „•  w  alt'  T^^'   ?'^"',  "'>'"'"'-  Hui^I-iiver. 
Sacramento  City?     San  Fran.ul"/   t  .! ''L^^  *^-.  ^T''«^«"n  ?     »•  Wliut  of 

s. -r  Aiigcrcs  r     Utfaer  towns  ? 

Id 


mi 


182 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


Sacramento,  at  its  junction  with  the  American  River,  120  miles  from 
the  sea,  is  the  capital.  It  is  open  to  the  navigation  of  large  vessels 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  by  steamboats 
up  to  the  gold-regions  of  the  Feather  Kiver.  Many  of  the  public 
buildings  are  large  and  imposing. 

San  Francisco  lies  on  the  west  shore  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and 
has  a  fine  harbor.  This  city  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the 
world:  none  ever  sprang  so  suddenly  into  a  populous  and  wealthy 
capital.  In  1845,  it  contained  150  inhabitants ;  in  1870,  149,000. 
San  Francisco  has  considerable  foreign  commerce,  and  an  extensive 
inland  trade.  The  city  is  handsomely  laid  out;  and  there  are  many 
fine  public  buildings,  among  which  are  the  Custom-House,  Branch 
Mint,  Marine  Hospital,  and  Music  Hall. 

Los  Angeles  {City  of  the  Angels),  so  named  from  its  delightful  cli- 
mate, is  surrounded  by  extensive  vineyards,  and  is  the  chief  depot 
of  the  wine-trade. 

San  Jos6,  Oakland,  Stockton,  Benicia,  Marysville,  Sonora,  and 
San  Diego  are  important  and  prosperous  towns. 

10.  Education.— A  public-school  system  is  establisied,  and  a 
considerable  school-fund  has  been  provided.  In  some  of  the  larger 
towns  the  schools  are  entirely  free.  There  are  two  colleges  in  Santa 
Clara,— Santa  C  -a  College,  which  has  a  library  of  10,000  volumes, 
and  the  Universi  of  the  Pacific,— both  founded  in  1851.  There  are 
colleges  also  at  Sai   Francisco,  Vacaville,  and  Santa  Inez. 


OREGON. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  19,  Oregon.— Bound  Oregon.  What 
capes  on  the  Pacific  coast?  What  mountain  range  on  the  coast? 
What  range  through  the  centre?  What  other  range  farther  cast? 
Where  is  Mt.  Hood?  Mt.  Jeff'erson?  Three  Sisters?  What  hikes 
in  the  south?  What  river  is  a  part  of  the  northern  boundary?  .\ 
part  of  the  eastern  ?  Into  what  does  Lewis  Fork  flow?  Name  the 
affluents  of  Lewis  Fork  in  Oregon.  Of  the  Columbia.  What 
rivers  empty  into  the  Pacific?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where 

^0.  Echioation?     Colleges? 


OREGON. 


183 


is  Portland?    Eugene  City?    Oregon  City?    Roseburg?    Dallas? 
Corvallis?    Astoria? 

^^TTl-^""^  Extent-Oregon  lies  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
south  of  Washington  Territory.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  45C 
miles,  and  its  breadth  about  250  miles.     Area,  95,000  square  miles 

2.  Natural  FeatuxeB.-Mountains.-There  are  three  moun- 
tain ranges  in  Oregon:  first,  the  Coast  Mountains,  a  broken  chain, 
which  lies  along  the  coast,  with  an  elevatiou  of  nearly  2000  feet- 
second  the  Cascade  Range,  about  150  miles  inland,  and  parallel 
with  the  former;  third,  the  Blue  Mountains,  which  exlend  from 
southwest  to  northeast  across  the  State.  The  Cascade  Range  is  the 
Jottiest.  The  highest  peaks  are  Mount  Hood,  14,000  feet.  Mount 
Jefferson,  and  Three  Sisters,  each  11,000  feet.  These  peaks  are 
extinct  volcanoes,  and  rise  into  the  region  of  perpetual  snow. 

3  Coast-l  me.-The  coast-line  extends  about  300  miles,  and  is 
a  bold,  iron-bound  shore,  w^ith  few  good  harbors. 

4  Eivers.~Tho  Columbia  River  forms  the  chief  part  of  the 
nor  hern  boundary  of  the  State;  and  its  principal  aflluent,  Lewis 
iM.rk,  a  portion  of  the  eastern  boundary.  The  Malheur  and  Owvheo 
Rivers  flow  into  Lewis  Fork.  The  Willamette  flows  into  the  Colum- 
bia River,  and  the  Umpqua  and  Rogue  into  the  Pacific  Ocean 

5.  Soil  and  Climate.-Nem-]y  all  the  tillable  land  is  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  the  valley  of  the  Willamette, 
which  IS  120  miles  long  by  about  35  broad,  is  the  most  fertile  portion 
Jvorth  of  the  Blue  Mountain  range  the  country  is  adapted  to  grazing 
The  central  and  southern  parts  of  the  State  are  mostly  rocky  and 
barren.  "^ 

The  climate  is  mild  for  the  latitude.     West  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains the  rains  are  excessive;  the  sun  is  often  hidden  for  a  month 
and  drizzling  rains  and  thick  mists  prevail  during  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  year. 

G.  Products.-The  principal  agricultural  products  are  wheat,  oats 
potatoes  and  various  fruits.  Gold  has  been  found  in  the  southern 
part  of  Oregon,  and  silver,  lead,  copper,  and  iron  in  various  places. 


limH»e?    8.  Products?    Gold?    FiBfaeriss.' 


184 


THE    UNITED   STATES. 


The  fisheries  are  important.     Salmon  are  caught  in  nearly  every 
stream. 

7.  Population.— The  people  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  the  older 
States,  and  number  91,000. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— Salem,  on  Willamette  River,  is  the  capital 
Portland,  on  the  same  river,  10  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  the  chief 
seaport,  and  the  largest  town.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  dense  forest  of 
tall  fir  and  other  evergreen  trees. 

Eugene  City,  Oregon  City,  Roseburg,  Dallas,  Corvallis,  and  Astoria 
are  important  towns. 

9.  Education.— A  school  organization  and  a  school-fund  have  been 
established.  A  university,  two  colleges,  several  academies,  and 
many  common  schools  are  in  operation. 


NEVADA. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  19,  Nevada.— Bound  Nevada.  Has 
Nevada  any  sea-coast?  What  mountains  in  the  west?  In  the  east? 
What  lakes  in  Nevada?  What  rivers  in  the  north  and  west?  Into 
what  do  these  rivers  flow?  River  in  the  south?  Where  is  the  Great 
Interior  Basin  ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is  Vir- 
ginia City?    Dayton?    Austin?    Washoe  City?    Silver  City? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Nevada  lies  east  of  California,  and 
south  of  Oregon  and  Idaho.  Its  greatest  length  is  420  miles,  and 
its  greatest  breadth  350  miles.  Area,  112,000  square  miles.  Nevada 
was  admitted  as  a  State  in  1864. 

2.  Natural  TeatureB.— Mountains.— The  Sierra  Nevada  rang© 
lies  near  its  western,  and  the  Humboldt  Mountains  near  its  eastern, 
boundary.  The  Great  Interior  Basin  is  partly  in  Nevada  and  partly 
in  Utah,  and  is  almost  a  desert  region. 

3.  Lakes. — Theio  are  numerous  salt  lakes  near  the  base  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  in  the  west,  the  largest  are  Pyramid,  Walker, 
Carson,  Mud,  and  Humboldt. 

4.  Rivers. — The  Colomdo  is  th«  InrcTAsf,  rivor      The  others  are 


Rivers. — The  Colorado  is  the  largest  river. 


7.  Population?  8.  Salotn  ?  Portland?  Other  towns?  9.  Education? 
Nrvada.— 1.  Whereisit?  Length  and  breadth?  Area?  2.  Mountains?  Great 
Interior  Basin ?      3.  Lakes?     i.  Rivers?     What  is  remarkable  about  them? 


NEBRASKA. 


185 


the  Humboldt,  which  rises  in  the  Humboldt  Mountains,  and  the 
V,  alker  and  Carson,  which  rise  in  the  Sierra  Nevada;  these  rise  and 

r;rirf  r.*'^  ^^™^*^  ^^  ^^^  «^^^^'  -^ «-  -^o  iir; ;:! 

•auie  naino   that  have  no  visible  outlet. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate.-ln  the  west  are  many  fertile  vallev, 
won  8u,ed  to  agriculture;  with  this  exception  the  soifi/s,  rile     The 

rt^aucS  '  t'""  '"-'r^''-  P-,  dry,  and  he     hy 
t)   Produot«.-The       nc.pal  agricultural   products  are  wheat 
barley,  oats  and  potatoes.    The  great  source  o?  ,vou  1,  isTnTts  et 
eedmgly  r,ch  and  productive  gold  and  silvc.  ,„-„cs,  f„  „d  »  .hj 
eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  Washo;  and  Carson 

and  IZT^^m'^^^T,   ,  •  r"^'™'"  '™'"  """-  ^'"'-• 
able  tribe  in  N^vad a.  '""'""""  ""  "■'  ""'»'  """^'O"" 

Tif;  *;"='. '■'"'■"-Carson  City,  on  Carson  River,  is  the  capital. 

HI    D  V    ""^."7''""'  -»  Virginia  City,  Elko,  Austin,  Goli 
H.ll,  Dayton,  P.oche  C.ty,  Silver  City,  a„,I  Washoe  City 

inCab&rnt"'™'  ^T°  ^f'°°^-  ™""™« --t  from  Sacran.ento 

1 1.  T;,''"'"'^  "'""«'■  ^""'^'^  »"<^  ^'onds  into  Utah,  where 

taSal  '^""'=  '""""''•  '""■""«  -»'™'<'  f™»  Oma".: 


«*1 


NEBRASKA. 

W?rH*vT   °"  "^'"^  f  u'  ^®'  ^«^^-«J^«- Bound  Nebraska. 

ary  ?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Missouri  in  Nebraska  ?  What  rivers 
flow  into  the  Nebraska  River  on  the  north  ?  On  the  south  ?  Where 
are  the  Great  Sand  Hills?    Where  and  what  is  the  capital      Where 

il^T  F  n    p'"f 'l  ^^"""^'  Piattsmouth?  Fremon      bTow 
ville?    Falls  City?     Ashland?    Rulo? 


sE'f  ^^^^'^l^  -^^^.  ^i^T^l^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Hiotographii 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTtR.N  Y    I4SI0 

(716)  •79-4)03 


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186 


TERRITORIES. 


L^i 


1!^;^ 


1.  Position  and  Extent. — Nebraska  lies  west  of  Iowa,  and  north 
of  Kansas  and  Colorado.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  400  miles,  and 
its  greatest  breadth  200  miles.     Area,  76,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — Surface. — Nebraska  is  an  elevated 
prairie,  moderately  undulating;  the  western  part,  a  region  of  sand 
hills,  is  the  highest,  from  whence  it  falls  gradually  to  the  eastern 
boundary. 

3.  River s. — The  Missouri  River  bounds  Nebraska  on  the  east, 
and  is,  for  about  75  miles,  its  northern  boundary.  Its  jtrincipal  affla- 
ents  are  the  Niobrara  and  the  Nebraska:  the  latter  flows  through  thv. 
State,  and,  with  its  numerous  tributaries,  abundantly  waters  the  inte- 
rior.   The  other  affluents  of  the  Missouri  are  inconsiderable  streams. 

A.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  in  the  western  portion  of  Ne- 
braska is  sandy  and  barren ;  the  eastern  is  productive.  The  climate 
is  mild,  and  not  unlike  that  of  Missouri. 

5.  Products. — The  agricultural  resources  of  this  State  promise 
to  be  excellent;  the  eastern  part  is  adapted  to  the  grains  grown  in 
Iowa  and  Missouri,  but  full  development  of  its  resources  has  not  yei 
been  made. 

C.  Population.— The  people  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  other 
States,  and  number  123,000.  The  Indians  are  the  Dakotas,  Omahas, 
Pawnees,  and  Sioux  {sooz). 

7.  Chief  Toijv^ns. — Lincoln  is  the  capital.     The  other  importan 
towns  are  Omaha  {o''ma-haw)y  Nebraska,  Bellevue,  Fremont.  Brown- 
ville,  and  Plattsmouth. 

8,  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  begins  at  Omaha,  and  extends  across 
the  State,  following  for  a  great  part  of  the  distance  the  course  of 
the  Nebraska  River. 


TERUITORIES. 

1.  The  difference  between  a  State  and  a  Territory  is  this:  A  Stiitn 
makes  its  own  laws,  has  a  written  constitution,  chooses  its  rulers, 
and  is  represented  both  in  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States.     A  Territory  is  governed  by  laws  made  by 


NR»nASKA.~-1.  WhcroSsit?  Length  anfl  breadth?  Area?  2.  Surfncn? 
».  KivorH?  I.  Soil?  Cliiimto?  :».  IVoiIucIh?  fl.  Populiitinn?  Iiulinn.s! 
7.  Liooolu  ?     Othor  towns  ?     8.  Union  Paoiflo  Railroad  ? 


COLORADO. 

Congress;  it  has  no  written  constitution  its  nlers  are  appointed 
by  the  President;  it  sends  no  senators  to  the  Senate,  and  it  is  repre- 
sented in  the  House  only  by  a  delegate,  who  has  no  vote. 

2.  There  are  ten  organized  Territories  in  the  western  part  of  the 
United  States :  they  may  become  States  when  they  attain  sufficient 
population,  have  formed  and  adopted  a  State  Constitution,  and  been 
admitted  by  Congress.  They  are  Colorado,  Indian,  New  Mexico, 
Dakota,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Washington,  Utah,  and  Ari- 
zona. Besides  these,  there  is  the  Territory  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. There  is  also  the  unorganized  Territory  of  Alaska,  in  the 
northwest  part  of  North  America. 

COLOPwADO. 


QOLO-OIQQINQS,  BLACK-HAWK  Pi    NT,  COLORADO. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  18,  Colorado.— Bound  Colorado.   What 

■>"untuina  ranf!;o  throufrh  the  contro?     Whntponks?     What  rivers 

nso  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  flow  oast?     What  f1(»w  wost  and 

southwest?    Where  is  the  gold  region?    Where  and  what  is  the 

capital?     Where  is  Gulden  City?     Colorado  City ?    Central  City? 


TnitniTOUiBR.— 1.  What  l8  a  State?     What  In  n  Territory? 
Territories?     What  ia  jaid  of  tUui?     Naino  lh»ui. 


■^?*ii 


2.  IIow  inanj 


188 

Boulder  City? 
Foi't? 


TERRITORIES. 


Black  Hawk?    Jefferson?     CaSon  City?    Bent's 


1.  Position  and  Extent.— Colorado  lies  between  Kansas  and 
Utah,  and  touth  of  Wyoming  and  Nebraska.  Its  length  is  about 
420  miles,  and  its  breadth  275.    Area,  140,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.— Mountains.— The  Rocky  Mountains 
in  Colorado  trend  from  north  to  south,  in  the  direction  of  the  meridi- 
ans,  chiefly  between  105°  and  107°  west  longitude.  The  whole  section 
consists  of  numerous  ranges.  Those  between  the  valley  of  the  Platte 
and  the  Arkansas  River  are  connected  by  cross-ridges:  so  that  we  find 
here  a  succession  of  small  valleys  surrounded,  like  basins,  by  high 
mountains.     These  valleys  have  received  the  name  of  '*  the  Parks." 

The  North,  Middle,  and  South  Parks  succeed  each  other  from 
north  to  south.  In  the  range  bounding  these  Parks  on  the  east,  rise 
Long's  Peak,  12,500  feet,  and  Pike's  Peak,  12,000  feet. 

3.  Eivers. — The  North  Fork  of  the  Platte  (or  Nebraska)  River  rises 
in  the  North  Park,  and  flows  into  Wyoming.  The  Grand  River  rises 
in  the  Middle  Park,  and,  receiving  several  tributaries  from  the  minor 
range  of  the  Sierra  de  la  Plata,  flows  southwest  into  Utah,  where  it 
joins  the  Colorado.  The  Arkansas  and  the  South  Fork  of  the  Platte 
have  their  source  in  the  South  Park.  The  Platte  flows  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  into  Nebraska,  the  Arkansas  easterly  into  Kansas; 
and  each  receives  several  tributaries  within  the  Territory. 

The  Rio  Grande  rises  between  two  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  flows  south,  through  a  longitudinal  valley  called  the  San  Luis 
Park,  into  New  Mexico. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  mountains  are  densely  wooded 
with  pine,  spruce,  tir,  and  cedar;  with  this  exception,  and  excepting 
also  the  narrow  valleys  on  the  streams,  and  the  country  at  the  base 
of  the  mountains,  the  surface  is  covered  with  vast  wastes  of  sands. 
The  elevation  of  the  valley  is  aboui,  oOOO  feet  above  the  pea,  and  the 
atmosphere  is  clear  and  invigorating;  the  winters  are  mild,  with 
occasional  periods  of  intense  cold.  Although  tho  clianges  in  the 
weather  are  mr.ch  more  sudden  and  severe  than  on  tho  Atlantic  coast, 
the  climate  is  healthy. 


CouonAno, — I.WhoroiaJt?    LenRth  nnd  breadth?    Area?    2.  Mountains? 
Tho  Parks?     Highest  pcnks?     JJ.  Rivers?    4.  What  of  tho  soil  ?     C^limato? 


INDIAN. 


189 


?^'°^"<^t8  -Wheat,  corn,  oats,  and  potatoes  are  extensively 
raised.  Colorado  is  an  excellent  grazing  country.  Cattle  are  reared, 
and  wool  IS  produced.  An  important  occupation  o"  the  people  is 
gold-mming.  The  yield  of  gold  in  1870  was  $5,454,000.  Iron, 
lead,  coal,  and  other  minerals  abound. 

6  PopulatIon.-The  people  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  the 
States,  and  number  40,000.  The  Indians  are  the  Cheyennes  and 
the  Arapahoes.  *^ 

7.  Chief  Towns—Denver,  on  the  south  fork  of  Nebraska  River. 
IS  the  capital;  other  important  towns  are  Cafion  City,  Central  Citv 
Black  Hawk,  Boulder  City,  Greeley,  and  Golden  City  ^' 

8.  Tlie  Kansas  Branch  of  the  Union  Pucifio  Radroad  extends 
f  om  Kansas  C.ty,  in  Missouri,  „n  the  eastern  bonier  of  Kansas  to 
"rmrii^f'^"'^^^"^  "-''  point  a  connecting  road  ^^ 


ill 


K 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  18,  Indian  Territory.-Bound  Indian 
lorntory.  What  river  is  its  southern  bo  .ndary  ?  What  large  river 
flows  eastward  through  the  Territory?  Name  some  of  the  affluents 
of  the  Arkansas  River.     What  and  where  is  the  capital  ? 

1.  Position  and  Eartent.— Indian  Territory  lies  north  of  Texas 
and  west  of  Arkansas.     Its  greatest  length  is  about  400  miles,  and 
Its  greatest  breadth  about  230  miles.     Area,  69,000  square  miles 

2.  Natural  Peatures.-^u  rfa  c  6.-The  surface  in  the  western 
partis  elevated  and  rolling;  thence  it  falls  gradually,  with  the  gene- 
ra course  of  the  rivers,  towards  the  southeast,  where  it  again  becomes 
rolling  and  hilly. 

3.  Jiivcrs.—Tho  Arkansas  River  flows  through  the  Territorv 
Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Neosho,  North  Canadian  Fork,  and 
Canadian.  The  Red  River  forms  a  part  of  the  southern  boundary  • 
Its    principal    affluent  is  the  False  Washita  {woah'e-taw).     The' 

Touv.-l    Where  i«  it?     Length  and  brc  dtKAn^^rt   Sn  •?''%''  I'^T' 


190 


TERRITORIES. 


H! 


»    i 


Arkansas  and  Red  Rivers  are  navigable  for  small  steamers.  All 
the  rivers  in  this  Territory  have  broad  and  shallow  channels,  and  in 
dry  beasons  some  of  them  are  almost  lost  in  the  sands. 

4.  Soil  and  Climat e. — In  the  northwest  there  is  a  vast  bar- 
ren tract  of  intermingled  prairie  and  sand  ;  the  remaining  part  con- 
sists of  undulating  plains.  Little  is  known  of  the  climate,  except 
that  the  summers  are  long  and  dry,  with  extremely  hot  days  and 
3ool  nights. 

i5.  Products. — The  eastern  prairies  are  adapted  to  grazing,  and 
the  products  of  the  adjoining  States  flourish  there. 
C.  Population. — Indian  Territory  has  been  set  apart  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of 
the  United 
States  as  a 
p  e  r  m  a- 
nent  home 
for  the  In- 
dians who 
have  been 
removed 
from  vari- 
ous State?. 
They    are 
Creeks, 
Cherokoes, 
1  ChoctawH, 
C  h  i  c  k  a- 
saws,  Sem- 
inoles,  and 
others. 
Some     of 
the   tribes 
have  niado 
considera- 
ble advances  in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  rnd  have  esta- 
blished schools  and  churches;  others  have  relapsed  into  a  savage 


INDIANS  IN  INDIAN    TERl?ITORY. 


4.  Soil?      Climnto?     5.  Products?     6.  What   is  snid  of  Indian  Territory  ? 
What  tribes?    What  further  of  them  ?     Of  the  Chorokees  ? 


NEW  MEXICO. 


191 


state.  The  Cherokees  ars  the  most  civilized.  The  United  States 
exercises  no  control  over  the  Territory,  except  when  it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  preserve  the  peace.     The  population  is  about  17,000. 

7.  Chief  Town.  —  The  capital  and  chief  town  is  Tah^le-quah,  in 
the  Cherokee  country. 


an  Territory  ? 


^  NEW  MEXICO. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  18,  New  Mexico.— Bound  New  Mexico. 
What  mountains  range  through  New  Mexico?  What  other  moun- 
tains ?  Where  is  the  Llano  Estacado?  What  two  rivers  flow  south  ? 
What  one  flows  east  ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is 
Mesilla?     Albuquerque?     Taos?    Valencia?     Zufii? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— New  Mexico  Territory  lies  south  of 
Colorado,  and  west  of  Indian  Territory  and  Texas.     Its  greatest 
length  is  385  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  350  miles.    Area 
122,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.— jVojut^aiw*.— The  Sierra  Madre  range 
through  the  Territory,  from  north  to  south,  with  cross  and  parallel 
ranges,  including  the  Soledad  {sol-wj-dad'),  Guadalupe  [gwah-dah- 
loo'pay),  and  Jumanes  {hoo-mah^nes)  Mountains.  There  are  seve- 
ral peaks  from  8000  to  10,000  feet  in  height. 

3.  River  s.— The  Rio  Grande  and  the  Pecos  {pai/koce),  with  their 
affluents,  are  the  principal  rivers ;  they  flow  south  into  Texas. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — Agriculture  is  pursued  in  the  valley 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  but  in  general  the  soil  is  sterile.  A  large  portion 
of  the  centre  and  west  is  occupied  by  rugged  mountains,  and  in  the 
southeast  is  the  barren  plain  of  the  Llano  Estacado.  Although  near 
the  border  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  the  climate  is  temperate,— owing  to  its 
fireat  elevation,  and  to  the  fact  that  the  highest  peaks  of  the  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  perpetral  snow. 

5.  Products.— Where  agriculture  is  pursued,  the  chief  products 
are  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  other  grains,  with   apples,  peaches, 

r.  Chief  town?  New  Mexico — 1.  Where  ia  it?  Length  and  breadth? 
Aroa?  2.  Mountains?  3.  Rivers?  4.  What  of  soil  and  agriculture  ?  Climate/ 
a.  Products?   Minerals? 


I 


H 


'i|! 


192 


TERRITORIES. 


melons,  apricota,  and  grapes.  There  is  fine  pasturage  in  the  north, 
east.  Cattle  and  sheep  abound.  New  Mexico  is  rich  in  minerals. 
There  are  extensive  gold  and  silver  mines,  as  well  as  lead,  iron,  cop- 
per, and  coal. 

0.  Population. — The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Mexicans,  who  are 
Catholics,  and  speak  the  Spanish  language.  There  are  a  few  Ame- 
rican emigrants  from  the  older  States.  The  whites  occupy  chiefly 
the  valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Upper  Pecos.  The  population 
numbers  92,000.  The  Indians  are  mostly  Pueblo  or  domesticated 
Indians,  living  in  villages  and  cultivating  the  ground  ;<they  are 
peaceful  in  their  habits,  and  numbered,  in  1870,  1300.  Zufii  {zoon- 
yee^)  is  their  chief  village. 

7.  Chief  Towns.— Santa  Fe  {fay),  the  capital,  stands  on  a  pla- 
teau about  7000  feet  above  the  sea.  A  short  distance  from  the  town 
is  a  mountain  rising  5000  feet  above  tho  plateau,  and  capped  with 
perpetual  snow. 

The  other  important  towns  ere  Mesilla  [may-seeVyah),  Albuquerque 
{al-boo-kair^kay),  Taoa  (toA^oce),   and  Valencia. 


DAKOTA. 


*  Ir! 


Questions  on  Maps  No.  7  and  17,  Dakota.— Bound  Dakota 
{see  Map  No.  7,  U.  S.).  What  hills  in  the  southwest?  What  largo 
river  flows  through  Dakota,  and  forms  for  a  short  distance  its  south- 
ern and  southeastern  boundary  ?  What  rivers  flow  into  t^e  Missouri 
on  the  west?  What  river  flows  from  north  to  south  nearly  through 
the  Territory?  Into  what  does  it  empty  ?  What  river  between  Da- 
kota and  Minnesota  flows  north  ?  Into  what  does  it  empty  ?  Wliat 
is  its  principal  affluent  ?  Where  is  the  Salt  Water  Region  ?  Where 
and  what  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Pembina?  Sioux  Falls  City? 
Eminija  ?    Flandreau  ?     Medary  ?     Dakota  City  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Dakota  lies  west  of  Minnesota  and 
north  of  Nebraska,  and  borders  on  British  America.  Its  greatest 
length  is  about  400  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  370  miles. 
Area,  143,000  square  miles. 

6.  Population  ?    Indians  ?    7.  What  of  Santa  Fe  ?    Other  towns  ?    Dakota. 
— 1.  Whexeisit?     Length  and  breadth  ?     Area? 


DAKOTA. 


198 


elevated    bufn!r!-~^"'*^r"^'^'^  ^'^^'^^^  '^  '"^^  -«*  - 
Hin       TK  mountamous.     In  the  southwest  are  the  Black 

H.11.     There  are  numerous  lakes  in  the  north.    Devil  Lake  Is  the 
largest ;  its  waters  are  salt. 

3  A  region  called  the  Bad  Lands  lies  between  the  White  Wate- 
and  Cheyenne  (.A.W)  Rivers.     It  is  a  depressed  valley,  about  90 
mdes  m  length  and  from  25  to  30  miles  widef  destitute  of  ve» 
and  aboundmg  m  fossil  remains  of  animals  of  various  kinds'  ' 

4  ^*..rs.-.The  Missouri  River  enters  the  Territory  in  the  north- 
west  flows  m  a  southeasterly  direction,  and  forms  itsUtWnTnd 
southeastern  boundary  for  about  100  miles.  It  has  numerous  af- 
fluents;  the  largest  are  the  Dakota,  Niobrara,  White  witer  Chi 
yenne  and  Big  Sioux.     The  Missouri  River,  in  the    umm      ^1 

ifth^N    i  f    °"'   "'"''^  ^^^  "^"^^  ^^y«°^-     The   Red  Rive; 
of  the  Nor  h  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary,  and  flows  into 

et'e^yZ;r  ^"  ^'^''''''    '''  '''''  ^^-^^  ''  ''^^ 

5  Soil  and  Climate.~The  soil  in  the  southeastern  part  is 
excellent,  and  the  valleys  of  the  Missouri  and  Red  Rivers  are  highly 
productive  There  are  numerous  tracts  of  well-timbered  land 
The  unexplored  parts  are  still  the  hunting  grounds  of  the  Indian; 
and  abound  m  buffalo,  elk,  deer,  wolves,  &c.  The  climate  in  the 
north  IS  very  severe  ;  in  the  south  it  is  mild  and  healthy 

0.  Products—The   agricultural   products  are  limited.     Indian 
corn,  oats,  and  wheat  are  the  principal.     Coal  is  found  on  the  Big 
{5.0UX  ;  and  in  the  salt-water  region  of  the  north,  salt  abounds 
Ja        %"^*^°f:7'^^''  P'^'P^^  ^'"^  ^^'^^y  emigrants  from  the  States, 

8.  Chief  TownB.-Tankton,  on  the  Missouri  River,  i,  the  capital 

a;f aiTprer  "'^'"*''  ''™''^''"  '^'"'^•■'"''  «"^  '^'^-l 


17 


1!  ,n 


194 


TERRITORIES. 


WYOMING. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  17,  Wyoming.— Bound  Wyoming. 
What  mountains  iu  the  centre?  In  the  northeast?  North?  North- 
west? What  peaks?  What  river  flows  through  the  central  portion 
of  the  territory?  What  rivers  flow  north  into  Montana?  East  into 
Dakota?  What  river  crosses  the  southwest  corner?  What  and 
where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Laramie?  Carbon?  South  Pass 
City?     South  Pass?    Evans  Pass? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Wyoming  lies  south  of  Montana,  and 
west  of  Nebraska  and  Dakota.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  390 
miles,  and  its  breadth  about  275  miles.  Area,  98,000  square  miles. 
It  was  organized  in  18G8. 

2.  Natural  Features.  —  Mountains. — The  Rocky  Mountains 
occupy  the  southern  and  central  portions  of  the  Territory.  The 
Wind  River  Mountains  are  in  tha  northwest.  The  Big  Horn  Moun- 
tains in  the  north,  and  the  Black  Hills  in  the  east,  are  the  other 
principal  ranges. 

3.  Rivers.  —  The  Yellowstone  River  rises  in  the  Wind  River 
Range,  and  flows  north  into  Montana.  Other  rivers  of  importance 
arc  the  Big  Horn,  Tongue,  and  Powder,  affluents  of  the  Yellowstone 
River;  the  North  Platte,  or  North  Fork  of  the  Nebraska;  the  Medi- 
cine; and  the  Sweetwater. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  climate  is  salubrious;  and  along 
the  river-courses  the  soil  is  fertile. 

5.  Products. — The  resources  of  the  Territory  have  been  as  yet 
little  developed ;  but  it  is  especially  rich  in  minerals.  Gold,  silver, 
lead,  copper,  coal,  iron,  and  gypsum  are  found ;  there  are  also  nume- 
rous oil-springs  and  salt-springs. 

6.  Population. — The  people  are  emigrants  from  the  States  and 
the  other  Territories.     They  number  9000. 

7.  Chief  Towns. — Cheyenne  City  is  the  capital ;  Laramie,  Car- 
bon, and  South  Pass  City  are  the  other  principal  settlements. 

8.  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  crosses  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Territorv. 

Wyoming.— 1.  Where  is  it?  Length  and  b rend th?  Area?  2.  Mountains? 
3.  Rivers?  4.  Climate?  Soil?  5.  Mineral  resources?  6.  Population?  7. 
Chief  towns?     8.   Railroad? 


MONTANA. 


195 


MONTANA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  17.  Montana.-Bound  Montana.  What 
mountams  in  the  west?  Near  the  centre?  What  river  rises  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains   and   flows  easterly?     Name  its  affluents  on  the 

T  .  -J.  ''^"''°*'  "'^'  '*'  '^"""^-  ^"°^«  ^t«  great  southern 
nffluent  in  Montana.  The  affluents  of  the  Yellowstone.  What  and 
where  18  the  capital?  Where  is  Bannock  City ?  Helena?  Boze- 
man  City?    Deer  Lodge  City  ?    Fort  Benton? 

I.  Position  and  Extent.-Montana  lies  west  of  Dakota,  and 
borders  on  British  America.     Its  greatest  length  is  about  650  miles 
and  Its  breadth  about  270  miles.     Area,  144.000  square  miles     I 
was  organized  in  1804. 

2   Natural  Features. -JlfoMn^atn*.- The  Rooky  and  Bitter 
Root  Moun^ims  range  through  the  Territory,  and  form  nearly  its 
entire  western  boundary.     The  Judith  Mountains  are  in  the  centre 
Ihe  surface  is  generally  hilly  or  mountainous. 

3.  Rivers.-The  Missouri  River  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  flows  north  and  east;  it  is  navigable  in  summer  for  moderate! 
sized  steamers  to  Fort  Benton,  and  from  above  the  falls  for  small 
steamers  to  Gallatin,  near  the  southern  part  of  the  Territory  The 
principal  affluents  of  the  Missouri  are  the  Yellowstone,  Milk  Maria's 
Jefferson,  Madison,  and  Gallatin  Rivers;  the  chief  tributaries  of  the 
Yellowstone  are  the  Big  Horn,  Tongue,  and  Powder  Rivers. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate.— There  are  some  fertile  valleys,  and  in   • 
the  south,  some  good  timber.     The  climate  of  the  southern  portion 

IS  pleasant  and  salubrious;  in  the  north  it  is  cold  and  rugged 

5.  Products.-The  chief  pursuit  of  the  people  is  gold-mining. 
Ihe  gold-region  is  in  the  southwestern  section.    Silver,  copper,  lead 
and  iron  are  found.     Bituminous  coal  abounds.  ' 

6.  Population.— The  people  are  emigrants  from  the  States.  Thev 
number  21,000.  ^ 

7.  Chief  Towns.-Virginia  City  is  the  capital ;  the  other  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Bannock  City,  Helena,  Bozeman  City,  and  Deer 
i-odge  City. 


WT 


•  1 


196 


TERRITORIES. 


IDAHO. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  19,  Idaho.— Bound  Idaho.  What 
mountains  on  the  eastern  boundary?  Where  is  Fremont's  Peak? 
Three  Tetons  ?  Three  Buttes  ?  Salmon  River  Mountains  ?  What 
river  is  a  part  of  the  western  boundary  ?  Name  the  affluents  of 
Lewis  Fork  in  Idaho.  What  rivers  in  the  north?  Into  what  do 
Lewis  Fork  and  Clarke's  Fork  flow  ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital? 
Where  is  Pierce  City?  Elk  City?  Florence?  Lewiston?  Centre- 
ville?    MaladeCity?    Silver  City?    Fort  Hall?     Soda  Springs? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Idaho  lies  east  of  Washington  and 
Oregon,  and  adjoins  British  America  on  the  north;  its  greatest 
length  is  480  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  about  280  miles.  Area, 
91,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Featvres. — Mo untain s. — Idaho  is  a  mountainous 
region.  The  Bitter  Root  and  Rocky  Mountains  form  the  eastern 
boundary,  with  cross  ranges  and  nvuneious  pealcs  extending  into 
the  interior. 

3.  Rivers. — The  Lewis  Fork  is  a  part  of  the  western  boundary; 
its  principal  affluents  are  the  Bois6e,  Payette,  Salmon,  and  Clear 
Water  Rivers.  Clarke's  Fork  and  Spokane  River  are  in  the  north. 
Lewis  Fork  and  Clarke's  Fork  flow  into  Washington  Territory. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  river-valleys  are  exceedingly  fer- 
tile :  the  remainder  of  the  Territory  is  well  adapted  to  grazing.  The 
climate  is  like  that  of  Oregon. 

5.  Products. — The  chief  pursuit  of  the  people  is  gold-mining. 
Rich  gold-fields  are  found  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  on  both  sides  of  the  Salmon  River  Mountains.  Iron  and 
coal  are  also  found. 

6.  Population. — The  people  are  emigrants  from  the  States ;  they 
number  15,000.  The  Indians  are  chiefly  Spokanes,  Flat  Heads, 
Shoshones,  and  ^iannocks, 

7.  Chief  Towns.— Bois6e  {hwah-zay')  City  is  the  capital ;  the 
other  principal  places  are  Lewiston,  Silver  City,  Malade  City,  Picrco 
City,  Florence,  Centreville,  and  Placerville. 


Idaho. — 1.  Where  is  it?  Length  and  breadth?  Area?  2.  Mountains?  3, 
Lewis  Fork?  Clarke's  Fork ?  4.  Soil?  Climate?  5.  Products?  6.  Popu- 
lation ?     Indians  ?    7.  Chief  towns  ? 


WASHINGTON. 


197 


WASHINGTON. 

QueatioiiB  on  Map  No.  19,  Washington.-Bound  Washington. 
What  bay  on  the  coast?  What  strait  between  Washington  and 
Vancouver  Island?  What  extensive  inlet  in  the-  north?  Wha- 
mountain-ranges?  Describe  them.  Name  the  peaks.  What  river 
IS  a  part  of  the  southern  boundary  ?  What  a  part  of  the  eastern  ' 
Into  what  does  the  Lewis  Fork  empty  ?  Into  what  does  the  Colum- 
bia empty?  Where  is  the  Plain  of  the  Columbia?  What  and 
where  IS  the  capital?  Where  is  Vancouver?  Walla-Walla?  Steila- 
coom?    PortTownsend?    Cascade  City?    Pacific  City ?   Seattle ? 

1.  Position  and  B^ent._Washington  Territory  lies  in  the  north- 
west  corner  of  the  United  States,  with  British  America  on  the  north, 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  420 
miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  230  miles.  Area,  70,000  square 

*r.V^*T^^^®**"'®*-~^''''''^'''''''—'r^«^oast  Mountains  and 
the  Cascade  Range,  that  traverse  Oregon,  continue  through  Wash- 
ington Territory.  Mount  St.  Helen's,  Mount  Adams,  Mount  Rainier 
and  Mount  Baker,  in  the  Cascade  Range,  are  the  loftiest  peaks  in  the 
lerritory;  they  vary  in  height  from  9000  to  13,300  feet.  Mount 
Olympus,  the  loftiest  peak  in  the  Coast  Range,  is  8200  feet  high. 

3.  C'oas^Zrue.— The  coast-line  extends  about  250  miles.  In  the 
north  is  the  Strait  of  Ju^an  deFu'ca,  separating  Washington  from 
Vancouver  Island,  and  connecting  the  Pacific  Ocean  with  a  deep 
bay  extending  southward  from  60  to  70  miles,  called  Admiralty 
Inlet.     There  are  few  good  harbors  on  the  coast. 

4.  Eivers.~The  Columbia  River  rises  in  British  America,  enters 
Washington  in  the  north,  flows  south  through  the  Territory  and 
then  takes  a  westerly  course,  forming  the  southern  boundary,  to  the 
lacific  Ocean,  where  it  empties.  Its  principal  affluents  are  Lewis  . 
Fork,  Clarke  and  Spokane.  The  Columbia  is  navigable  to  Cascade 
tity,  about  100  miles. 


ountains  ?    3, 


Harbors?    4.  Colu«,bia  River ?     Affluolldtow'S^^avi/Z?'''  '^"°'^' 


198 


TERRITORIES. 


5.  Sot  I  and  Climate.-  -The  soil  in  some  of  the  valleys  is  fertile. 
Between  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  the  eastern  buundary  of  the 
Territory  is  the  Plain  of  the  Columbia,  a  sterile,  barren  region, 
nearly  destitute  cf  wood  and  water.  The  climate  is  like  that  of 
Oregon,  with  the  difference  incident  co  a  more  northern  latitude. 

6.  Products,— From  the  huge  pire-trees  peculiar  to  this  part  of 
America,  tim.ier  and  lumber  are  obtained,  forming  one  of  the  chief 
staples  cf  the  Territory.  There  are  numerous  saw-mills.  Grain 
and  live-stock  are  raised  in  the  southern  portion.  Fish  of  various 
kinds  abound.     Gold,  coal,  and  iron  are  found 

7.  Population.— The  people  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  the 
States,  and  number  24,0(X).  There  are  Indians  of  the  Spokane,  Flat 
Head,  and  Sho^iione  tribes. 

8.  Chief  TowL's.— Olympia.  on  Paget  Sonnd,  is  the  capital ;  it 
is  woU  located,  and  has  good  commercial  facilities.  The  other  towns 
of  rote  are  Vancouver,  Seattle,  Walla-Walla,  Steilacoom  {sti-ln- 
kor)m^),  Port  Townsend,  Cascade  City,  and  Pacific  City. 

9.  Education.— A  university  was  incorporated  in  18(52:  build- 
ings have  been  erected  for  it  at  Seattle.  There  are  many  common 
schools  in  the  larger  towns. 


UTAH. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  19.  ITiah.-Bound  Utah.  What  moun- 
tains range  through  Utah  ?  Where  is  Mt,  Nebo?  The  Twin  Peaks? 
Uintah  x\tts.  ?  Where  isGreat  Salt  Lake?  Utah  Lake?  What  river 
oonneots  these  lakes?  What  other  lakes?  What  two  rivers  unite* 
in  Utah  and  form  the  Colorado?  Where  doof,  the  Colorado  flow  and 
emp^y  ?  Where  is  the  Great  lut'^vnn'  Basin  ?  AVhat  and  wliere  is 
the  capital?  Where  is  Ogden  ?  Provo?  Filin.;ne?  Manti  ?  MiuMrs- 
ville  ?     Fort  Bridger  ?     Pi-.rowan  ?     Beaver  ?     >V  ashington  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Utah  lies  east  ol  Nevada,  and  sonfh 
Df  Idaho,  its  gn-atest  length  is  325  miles,  and  it^  breadth  .100  miles. 
Area,  88,000  square  miles. 


5.  RmI?     Oniir  niainof  fl,or.,I,p„hia?     rii,natc«?     «.  Pro.lnc-fH?     nr.iin 
9.  fcduoation?     Utaii.-1.  Wiuro  is  it?     i.oi.gtb  un.U.roa.lthl'     Arou? 


^  ^^'    ■"  H.} 


UTAH. 


199 


2.  Natural  Peatu'es.-^oMHi!am..-The Wasatch  [waw-satch^) 
Mountams,  a  branch  of  the  llocky  range,  pass  through  the  Territory 
from  north  to  south.  Mount  Nebo,  and  the  Twin  Peaks,  the  most 
elevated  points,  are  aboui.  12,000  feet  high.  The  larger  part  of  th'e 
ierntory  consists  of  mountains  and  elevated  table-lands ;  .ome  of 
t*e  valleys  are  4000  to  5000  feet  above  the  sea.  A  portiot>  of  the 
(jreat  Interior  Basin  is  in  the  western  part. 

3.  i.«  A:e*.-Great  Salt  Lake  lies  in  the  north  part  of  the  Territory  • 
Its  waters  are  so  sa4t  that  no  living  thing  can  oxist  in  them.  Utah 
Lake,^5  mues  south,  communicates  with  Great  Salt,  Lake  by  the 
mer  Jordan  The  waters  of  Utah  Lake  are  frc«h,  and  ab<.und  in 
Uout.  J3oth  lakes  arc  elevated  more  than  4000  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  other  principal  lakes  are  Sevier  and  Little  Salt  Lake 

A  Rtvers.-Jlhe  principal  river  is  the  Colorado;  its  affluents 
ti.e  Green  and  Grand.  Steamboat,  now  navigate  the  Colorado  from 
Its  mouth  to  near  the  borders  of  Utah. 

5.  Soil  and  Clunate.—Theie  are  some  fertile  valleys,  where  good 
crops  are  raised ;  but  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  Territory  is  ste- 
rile.  The  climate  is  mild  for  the  latitude,  and  ^renerally  more  uniform 
than  at  the  east. 

0  Products—Wheat,  Indian  corn,  barley,  and  garden  vege- 
tables  are  the  chief  products;  many  of  these  articles  cannot  bo 
raised  without  irrigation,  except  in  the  watered  valleys. 

7.  Population.-The  people  are  chiefly  Mormons,  a  religious 
sect  who  claim  to  h  ve  received  a  new  revelation,  and  who  practise 
polygamy.  They  are  emigrants  from  the  States  east,  and  from 
Europe.  They  numbe/  87,(K)0.  The  Indians  are  mostly  of  the 
Ltah  tribe. 

H.  Chief  Towna.--Salt   Lake  City,  on  the  river  Jordan,  near 
(iroat  Salt  Lake,  i.s  a  very  remarkable  city,  built  after  a  novel  plan 
Tlie  mohiitains  enclosing  the  city  on  the  east  are  cai)ped  with  per* 
poti.nl  snow.     Ogden,  Brigham  City,  Logan,  Provo,  Mount  l>loasant, 
und  Marti  ar^i  important  places. 

1).  The  Union  Pa  iHo  and  Central  Pacific  Railroads  meet  at  Ogtlon, 
in  the  northern  part  of  this  Territory. 

2.  Mountp.ins?     HiRhcMt  ppintu  ?     Whnt  of  n  Inrgo  pad  ?     Of  tlio  Orent  fn 
rciK.r  Hasiii?    :<.  WhiitcfCJrnit  Stilt  bak««?    lUiil.  LnKi.:--    {)t\nr^?    4    !{;»,.«» 
;>.  Soill'     Cliiniito?     (i.   I'r.Mlnot,>.  V     7.   PopuhUion  i*     ImiiuiiHi'     8    Salt  Lyk- 
Lity?     Other  towunl'     U.  raoilJo  lUilroad  ?  »u  *^uk^ 


¥m\ 

i  'fit 

! 

Ifi 

i  M 

H 

1' 

If 

ill:  U 


II 


I!  I 


i 


I     ! 


\\i  r 


200 


TERRITORIES. 


ARIZONA. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  19,  Arizona.— Bound  Arizona.  What 
ni(»untain8  in  Arizona?  What  peaks?  What  river  flows  through 
Arizona  and  is  for  some  distance  the  western  boundary  ?  Name  the 
aflluents  of  the  Colorado.  The  aflftuents  of  the  Gila.  What  and  where 
is  the  capital?  Where  is  Prescott?  Tubac?  Arizona  City?  Adams- 
ville?  La  Paz?  Aubry?  Weaverville?  Cubabia?  Silver-region? 
Gold-region  ?     San  Pedro  Spring  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Arizona  Territory  lies  south  of  Utah, 
and  west  of  New  Mexico.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  375  miles,  an  J 
its  average  breadth  about  320  miles.    Area,  114,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — Mountain s. — A l)rokon  range,  known  as 
the  Pinaleno  {pe-nah-lai/no)  Mountains,  passes  through  the  Territory 
from  north  to  south,  with  a  cross  range,  the  MogoUon  {mo-i/ol-t/nne^), 
which  unites  with  the  Sierra  Madre,  in  New  Mexico.  Mount  San  Fran- 
cisco is  a  considerable  peak. 

3.  Rivers. — The  Colorado  River  flows  through  the  Territory, 
forms  a  part  of  its  western  boundary,  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of 
California.  Its  principal  afliuonts  are  the  Gila  {hc^lali)  and  Rio  do 
Lino  [rc^o  day  le^no), 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — There  are  many  barren  tracts  in  Ari- 
Eona;  but  in  the  valleys  of  the  rivers  good  crops  arc  produced  by 
means  of  irrigation.  The  climate  is  healthy ;  the  proportion  of  fine 
weather  is  said  to  bo  equal  to  that  of  any  other  part  of  the  world, 

5.  Products. — Cotton,  wheat,  Indian  corn,  beans,  melons,  and 
garden  vegetables  are  produced  in  the  irrigated  valleys.  The  gold, 
silver,  and  quicksilver  mines  are  claimed  to  be  the  richest  on  the 
continent.     Copper  and  other  minerals  are  said  to  be  abundant. 

0.  Population. — The  white  residents  are  Mexicans,  and  emi- 
grants from  the  old  States,  they  number  10,000.  The  Indians  arc 
of  various  tribes ;  the  Apaches  are  wild,  warlike  savages.  The 
Mo(iui8,  in  the  north,  mostly  reside  in  villages,  and  cultivate  the 
soil.    The  Pinias,  on  the  Gila  River,  are  also  employed  in  agriculture. 

7.  Chief  Towns. — Tuoscm  is  the  capital.  Prescott,  Adamsville, 
La  Paz,  and  Arizoiuv  City  are  the  other  principal  towns. 

Aiur.oNA. — 1.  Where  is  it?  Length  mid  breadth?  Area?  2,  Mnuntnins' 
Wliuti.nik?  a.  HivofH?  4.  Soil?  Cliiiiido?  5.  Products?  Mineral  wraith f 
(I.  l'o|iulatiou  ?     Indians?     7.  Chief  towns? 


il 


MEXICO. 

MEXICO. 


201 


POST-OFFICE,   CITY  OF   MEXICO. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  20,  Mexico.— Bounl  Mexico.  What 
tropic  passes  through  Mexico?  What  great  gulf  east?  Where  ig 
the  Bay  of  Campeche?  The  Channel  of  Yucatan?  Gulf  of  To 
huantepec?  Gulf  of  California?  Bay  of  San  Sebastim  Vlscaino 
(m-s-A'/'w,;?  Where  is  Cape  Rgxo( rr///o)?  Tetas?  Corrientes?  San 
Lucas  9  Where  if,  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  ?  Of  Lower  California  ? 
Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec?  What  mountains  range  thr()u<^li  Mexico? 
Where  is  the  volcano  of  Popocatepetl  ?  Iztaccihuatl?  Orizaba?  Jo- 
rullo?    Colima?   Where  is  Lake  Cbapala?     Terminos? 

What  river  on  the  north  ?  What  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia in  the  north  ?  AVhat  river  flows  out  of  Lake  Chapiila  in  a 
westerly  course  and  empties  into  the  Pacific  Ocean?  What  and 
where  is  the  capital  ?  In  what  State,  and  in  what  part  of  Mexico,  is 
Piiebla?  Cholula?  Vera  Cruz?  Guiidalnxnra?  Guanaxuato?  San 
Luis  Potosi'f  Chihmihua?  Durango?  Buena  V^ista?  Qucretaro? 
Meri<la?  Matamoras?  Monterey?  Tanipico?  Oaxaca?  Acapulco? 
I'ros?     Moncl'va?     Saltillo?    Loreto?  Victoria?     Bagdad? 


li !' 


202 


MEXICO. 


1.  Position  and  Extent.— Mexico  lies  south  of  the  United  States, 
and  is  chiefly  included  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Its  extreme  length  from  northwest  to  southeast  is  2000  miles ; 
its  extreme  breadth,  about  800.  At  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  (%' 
*van-ta-pek^)  it  is  only  30  miles  wide.    Area,  008,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Featnxea.— Mo  u  at  a  ins. —The  Sierra  Madre,  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  vast  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  range  through 
Mexico  and  Central  America.  These  mountains  are  much  depresscl 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  but  reappear  in  still  greater  grandeur, 
under  the  name  of  the  Andes  Mountains,  in  South  America,  which 
they  traverse  to  its  extreme  southern  limits.  In  Mexico  they  aio 
broken  into  numerous  spurs,  lofty  peaks,  and  extensive  table-landw. 

3.  South  of  the  city  of  Mexico  are  the  twin  volcanoes  Popocate- 
petl (^o-;)0-A;aA-toy-^<7^),  (the  hill  that  smokes),  and  Iztaccihuatl  {ecf- 
tak-se-hwaf.'F),  (the  white  lady).  The  height  of  the  former  is  17,720 
feet,  being  the  highest  land  in  North  America  except  Mount  St. 
Elias.  It  is  still  active.  Iztaccihuatl  is  15,300  feet  high.  This  vol- 
cano is  now  extinct. 

4.  Between  the  city  of  Mexico  n^d  the  gulf  coast  is  the  volcano 
of  Orizab^a,  17,380  feet  high.  Its  summit,  crowned  with  perpetual 
Rn:)w,  greets  the  mariner  at  a  great  distance  as  he  approaches  the 
coast.     This  volcano  also  is  now  extinct. 

5.  About  seventy  miles  from  the  Pacific  coast  is  the  volcano  of 
Jorullo  {ho-rooVyo),  thrown  up  suddenly  by  an  earth<iuake  in  1759 
It  is  1500  feet  high. 

C.  Coa'^t- line.— The  sea-  and  gulf-coasts  of  Mexico  are  irregular 
and  indented  with  many  bays.  On  the  gulf  there  are  few  good 
harbors,  bat  on  the  Pacific  there  are  some  excellent  ones.  Acapulco, 
the  stopping-place  of  the  California  mail  steamers,  is  the  best. 

7.  Surface.— Tha  surface  near  the  gulf  coast  in  the  east  is  low 
and  sandy;  but  towards  the  interior  it  rises  in  terraces  until  it 
attains  a  height  of  7000  feet  above  the  sea,  when  it  spreads  out  into 
an  extensive  talde-land,  in  some  places  150  miles  wide,  and  then 
rapidly  descends  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  on  the  west. 

8.  Lakes. — There  are  but  few  lakes,  and  th(^y  are  unimportant; 


I'M 


111 
ii.  f 


MEv,rn,=l.  Where  iP  it?  Length  and  breadth ?     Area?     2.  Moantaiti.^ 

How  brokon  in  Moxico?     .1.  Mountains  south  of  the  city  of  Mexico?     Ilow 

hiuh  ?    4.  Whiit  of  Oriznha  ?  b.  Of  Jorullo  ?    (J.  Cottst-linc,  Ac.  ?    7.  Surface  f 
Of  tho  interior?    8.  Lakes? 


MEXICO. 


203 


the  largest,  Chapala  {chah-pah^lah),  covers  an  area  of  150  square 
miles.  It  is  connected  with  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  the  Rio  Grande  de 
Santiago  [re^o  grahn^day  day  sahn-te-aVgo). 

9.  Bivers.—The  principal  rivers  are  the  Rio  Grande,  separating 
Mexico  from  Texas,  the  Colora  o,  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  the  Rio  Grande  de  Santiago,  which  empties  into  the 
Pacific. 

.0.  iSoil  and  Climate.— Mexico  includes  three  different  regions: 
on  the  coast,  the  hot  lands ;  upon  the  upper  terraces,  the  temperate 
lands,  from  4000  to  8000  feet  above  the  sea ;  and  in  the  mountain 
regions,  the  cold  lands.  The  soil  of  Mexico  is  fertile,  but  in  some 
portions  there  is  great  want  of  water.  There  are  two  seasons,— the 
dry,  from  June  to  November,  and  the  rainy,  from  November  to  June. 

11.  Although  Mexico  is  for  the  most  part  in  or  near  the  tropical 
zone,  more  than  half  the  territory  is- so  elevated  that  the  climate  is 
temperate ;  on  the  low  lands  and  sea-coast  it  is  hot  and  unhealthy. 
The  southwestern  shores  are  visited  at  times  by  furious  hurricanes. 

12.  Products.— Owing  to  the  differences  in  elevation,  the  different 
parts  of  Mexico  have  greatly  varied  productions.  In  the  higher 
regions  are  produced  the  fruits  and  grains  of  the  temperate  zones ; 
in  the  low  lands,  nearly  all  kinds  of  tropical  fruits.  Indian  corn, 
sugar,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  coffee  are  cultivated.  Cotton  propagates 
itself,  but  it  is  not  well  attended  to.  Pulque  {pooVkay),  made  from 
the  fermented  juice  of  the  maguey  {mah-(/wa/),—a.  species  of  the 
agave,  or  American  aloe, — is  in  general  use  as  a  beverage. 

13.  There  are  numerous  species  of  the  cactus  ;  on  that  known  as 
the  prickly  pear,  the  cochineal  insect  is  found,  from  which  a  beauti- 
fill  crimson  dye  is  extracted.  The  State  of  Oaxaca  [wah-hah'hah) 
produces  from  three  to  four  million  pounds  of  cochinea!  annual!}?. 

14.  Among  the  rare  flowers  is  the  cheirostemon,  or  hand-plant, 
which  is  shaped  like  the  fingers  of  the  human  hand.    It  is  bright  red. 

15.  On  the  coasts  are  extensive  forests  of  mahogany,  Brazil  wood, 
Ciunpcche  wood,  American  ebony,  and  other  useful  and  valuable  woods. 

IG.  The  minerals  of  Mexico  are  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  zinc, 
lead,  sulphur,  and  cobalt.     The  silver  deposits  p.e  very  rich. 
17.  PopxUation.- The  population  is  9,176,vU  .     It  is  composed 

I)  HivtTMl'  10.  Wh:it  (>f  fho  foil?  Seaf-onN?  11.  Climate?  Hurricanes; 
1?.  What  of  the  productti  ?  Of  pulrpic?  IM.  What  of  the  cactus?  II. 
•  >r  riiro  flowor«  ?     15.  What  woodfe ?     KK  Minrraia?     17.  Population?     H 

c  >iupot<«(l  ? 


.1! 


<IW 


204 


MEXICO. 


of  Indians,  who  constitute  more  than  half  the  population,  descendants 
of  Spanish  emigrants,  and  mixed  races.  Among  the  last  are  m-esti- 
zoes,  mulattoes,  zamboes,  and  negroes.  The  distinctions  of  race  and 
color  are  now  loss  marked  than  formerly. 

18.  The  Mexicans  as  a  people  are  indolent,  and  have  done  but 
little  in  the  way  of  internal  improvement.  Silver-mining  is  the  only 
employment  that  is  diligently  pursued.  There  are  about  250  miles  of 
railroad.  The  highway  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico  is  in- 
fested with  robbers,  who  attack  and  murder  travellers  with  impunity. 

19.  Divisions.— Mexico  comprises  twenty-seven  States,  one  terri- 
tory, and  the  Federal  district,  making  in  all  twenty-nine  political 
divisions.  The  most  populous  of  these  is  tne  State  of  Jalisco,  which 
has  nearly  a  million  of  inhabitants. 

20.  Chief  Towns.— Mexico,  the  capital,  two  miles  west  of  Lake 
Tezcuco  {tez-koo'ko),  ia  situated  in  a  valley  7450  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  surrounded  by  lofty  mountains. 

21.  This  city  was  the  centre  of  Aztec  civilization ;  it  was  taken 


COLLEGE  OF  MINES,  CITY  OK   MEXICO. 


18.  What  of  the  Mexicans  ?  OfroaiKs?  19.  TIdw  many  Ptnte.s  ?  The  most 
populous?  20.  What,  of  the  city  of  Mexico?  21.  What  further  of  this  city? 
When  was  it  ua[)turi'(l  ? 


hK 


MEXICO. 


205 


by  the  Spaniards  under  Cortez,  in  1520.  The  present  city  is  a  splen- 
did capital  of  200,000  inhabitants.  The  plaza  mayor  ( iA!,o;for 
great  square  has  an  area  of  twelve  acres,  and  upon  it  front  the 
cat^^edral  and  the  palace;  the  former  is  a  magnificent  structure. 

bcott,  m  1847,  and  by  the  French,  under  General  Forey.  in  1803 

22.  Puebla  {pwebaah),  the  second  city  in  Mexico,  and  noted  for 
Its  numerous  churches  and  its  manufactures,  is  situated  in  the  great 
plain  of  Cholula.  It  is  famous  for  its  heroic  resistance  whef  C 
sieged  by  the  French  m  1863.  It  has  a  flourishing  college  and  a 
library  of  30,000  volumes.  ^  ' 

2JJ.  Vera  Cruz  lies  on  the  gulf  coast,  and  is  a  walled  town,  defended 
I.y  the  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulua  {san  hoo-alaV  day  oo-loo^ah),  which 

In  TsTh    r  '"^  'f  «"^  ^"  *^'  '^"^•^''-     ^*  ™  '^^'^  ^y  the  French 
n  1838,  by  General  Scott  m  1847,  and .  bandoned  to  tho  Spaniards  in 

18G2,  immediately  after  which  it  was  occupied  by  the  French 

24.  Guadalaxara  {gwah-dah-lah-hah'rah)  is  the  third  city  in  Mexi- 
00     Guanaxuato  [gwah-nah-hwah^to),  San  Luis  Potosi  ipo-to-see^) 
Chihuahua    (cAe-traA^O,    Durango,    Queretaro    {kay-ray^tah.J), 
Morelia,  and  Mer^ida  are  important  towns. 

Matamoras  and  Monterey  are  noted  for  the  victories  of  Genera! 
Taylor  in  184G.  Tampico  is  an  important  gulf  port.  Acapuico 
[ak-kah-pooVko)  is  the  chief  seaport  on  the  Pacific. 

25.  Guaymas  {gwi'mahs)  and  Mazathu/  are  important  places  on 
the  east  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California. 

2G.  At  Cholula,  about  seven  miles  from  Puebla,  is  a  remarkable 
pyramid,  tho  base  of  which  covers  several  acres.  It  is  built  of  un- 
burnt  brick  in  regular  terraces,  but  is  now  overgrown  with  vege- 
tation. Upon  its  top  was  an  Aztec  temple  dedicated  to  the  Mexican 
god  (f  air  ;  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel  now  stands  there. 

27.  Surveys  have  been  made  and  effortn  directed  towards  con- 
nocting  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  with  tho  Pacific,  by  r.  canal  and  rail- 
road  across  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec ;  but  the  condition  of  the 
country  has  rendor«>d  tho  execution  of  the  project  impracticable. 

-8.  Government—Mexico  was  formerly  a  Spanish  vice-royalty. 
It  threw  off  the  yoke  of  the  mother-country,  and  hocame  independ- 

San^lS  P  ;*"  ?r  m/     ^^'  ^'''''  ^"""^  ^     24.  Guadalaxam,  Guanaxuato,  and 
AeLulnn?     or'    n  ^'''"'  '""""f  ^,^'"  Mat,nnora8  and  Monterey?     Tampico  T 

18 


206 


MEXICO. 


I'll 


PYRAMID  AT  CHOLULA. 

ent,  in  1821,  <and  soon  after  formed  a  republic  of  confederated 
states.  But  the  country  has  been  badly  governed,  and  has  been 
frequently  in  a  state  of  anarchy. 

20.  In  18G1,  England,  Spain,  and  France  invaded  the  territory, 
ostensibly  to  enforce  certain  claims  against  the  Mexican  Government. 
The  English  and  Spanish  soon  withdrew;  but  the  French  remained, 
and  overran  a  large  portion  of  the  country.  Under  their  influence 
the  Archduke  Maximilian  of  Austria  was  proclaimed  emperor,  and 
he  formally  assumed  the  government  in  18G4.  In  1867,  the  French 
troops  were  withdrawn  ;  and  in  July  of  that  year  Maximilian  was 
overthrown  and  executed,  and  the  republic  again  prevailed. 

30.  Religion. — The  established  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  The 
Church  is  controlled  by  one  archbishop,  twelve  bishops,  and  a  great 
number  of  inferior  clergy.  In  every  city  are  convents  and  nun- 
neries ;  and  the  wealth  of  the  Church  is  very  great. 

31.  Education. — In  Mexico  there  are  a  university,  various  col- 
leges and  seminaries,  schools  of  mines,  of  medicine,  of  agriculture, 
and  of  the  fine  and  mechanic  arts,  and  a  large  number  of  primary 
schools. 

32.  Yncatan  is  in  the  easternmost  part  of  Mexico.  Twice  it  re- 
sulted, and  set  up  an  independent  government;  but  after  each  rovd- 

29.  What  fui-Jhor  of  the  jjovernmont?  HO.  T?cligion?  31.  Education?  32, 
What  of  Yuofttan  ?    Of  Uxmal  ?     Chief  towns  ? 


CENTRAL   AMERICA. 


207 


lution  it  again  united  voluntarily  with  Mexico.     At  Uxmal  (oox- 

::      tTnTeT^^^  ^^"^^^"^  ''  '''^'  interest    tUood 

and  cotton  are  the  principal  exports  of  this  State.     Merida  Cam 

peche.  and  Sisal  {se-sahn  are  the  chief  towns.  ' 


ACAPULCO. 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Am  "fr°  Wh""!  '*'"'  '"'■  ''*'•  ''"'""'  Amerioa.-B„„„d  Central 

jrs  i',:,.;:  "-s"  .::;;r»;;;:r  ss; 

\^here  IS  Grey  town?     Bound  Costa  Rica.     Capital?  ^ 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-C^tral  America  comprises  the  Ion« 
Cm„ALAMKn.cA.-l.Whercisit?    U^^^^^T^i;^^^;^^,   ^rea?  States/ 


208 


CENTRAL   AMERICA. 


and  irregular  tract  of  country  lying  southeast  of  Mexieo,  and  joined 
to  South  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  It  is  about  1000  miles 
long,  and  from  80  to  300  broad.  Area,  213,000  square  miles.  It 
comprises  the  States  of  Guatemala,  Honduras,  San  Salvador,  Nica- 
ragua, and  Costa  Rica  {kos^tah  re^kah). 

2.  Natural  Features.— The  face  of  the  country  is  greatly  diversi- 
fied. The  Sierra  Madre  traverse  the  whole  extent  of  Central  Ame- 
rica; they  are  broken  into  table-lands,  shoot  up  into  peaks,  and 
descend  in  terraces  to  the  Pacific  and  Caribbean  sea-coasts. 

3.  Among  the  peaks  are  several  volcanoes.  In  Guatemala,  the  vol- 
cano de  Agua  (of  water)  is  13,450  feet  high,  and  the  volcano  de  Fuego 
(of  fire)  13,800  feet.  The  rivers  are  short.  Lake  Nicaragua  and 
Lake  Managua  {mah-nah^gwah),  in  the  State  of  Nicaragua,  are  thft 
principal  lakes. 

4.  Climatt,. — In  general,  the  climate,  except  on  the  lowlands 
of  the  coast,  is  mild,  healthy,  and  delightful.  Earthquakes  are  fre- 
quent and  very  destructive. 

5.  Products. — The  principal  products  are  indigo,  sugar,  cotton, 
and  a  great  variety  of  tropical  fruits.  The  forests  yield  valuable 
woods.  Mahogany  is  an  important  article  of  export;  logwood  and 
other  dyestuffs  are  found.    Gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead  abound. 

Cattle  are  raised  in  great  numbers.  The  forests  are  pe(,pled  by 
birds  of  brilliant  plumage,  among  which  the  qucsal  is  the  rarest 
and  most  beautiful.     Venomous  reptiles  are  numerous. 

6.  Population.— The  population  numbers  2,189,000,  of  whom 
about  one-fourth  are  whites,  and  the  remainder  are  Indians,  negroes, 
mestizoes,  mulattoes,  and  zamboes.  The  people  arc  in  general  indo- 
lent and  uneducated. 

7.  Government.— The  States  of  Central  America  threw  off  the 
Spanish  yoke  in  1821.  For  a  short  period  they  wore  incorporated 
with  Mexico;  but  in  1823  they  became  the  United  States  of  Central 
America.  They  are  now  separate  independent  republics  ;  but  there 
is  much  confusion  in  ,)ubl:c  affairs. 

8.  Religion. — The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  established  by  laAv 
in  all  the  States. 


2.  Mountains?    3.Volcnnoes?    Rivers?    Lakes?    4.  Climate?    Earthquakes? 

.7,    t  i-t,ti.t:^:      iTiinciiUn;       Trii.i  t  ul   lurUK,  Ao.  T     CuUle  ?      0.  PopUlutiOH  ?       Wliat 

of  the  people?     7.  Government?     8.  Religion? 


CENTRAL   AMERICA. 


209 


9.  GUATEMALA  is  the  largest  and  most  northerly  State.  New 
Guatemala  its  capital,  is  an  inland  city,  on  a  plateau  5000  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  houses  are  low,  and  the  walls  very  thick,  as  a  pre- 
caution against  earthquakes.  Old  Guatemala,  the  former  capital  12 
miles  from  New  Guatemala,  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1773. 

10.  HONDURAS,  lying  on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  is  noted  for  its 
forests  of  mahogany.  Comayagua  [ko-mi-ah^gwah),  in  the  interior,  is 
the  capital.  Omo^a  and  Truxillo  [troo-heeVyo)  are  the  chief  seaports, 
ihe  bay  islands  Roatan  {ro-ah-tahn')  and  others  belong  to  this  State. 

11.  SAN  SALVADOR,  the  smallest  of  the  States,  has  the 
densest  population.  The  capital,  San  Salvador  [sahl-vah-dore^),  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1854,  but  has  been  rebuilt.  The 
chief  seaports  are  La  Union  and  Sonsonate  {son-so-nah'iay). 

12.  NICARAGUA  stretches  across  the  isthmus  from  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Nicaragua  and  Managua  are  the 
pnncipal  lakes:  the  latter  is  deep  enough  for  the  largest  vessels. 
There  is  an  overland  route  through  this  State  from  Greytown,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  San  Juan  River,  to  the  Pacific,  by  the  river  San  Juan 
{hoo-ahn'),  Lake  Nicaragua  [nik-ali-rah^gwah),  and  a  short  road  to  the 
coast.  Managua,  on  Lake  Managua,  is  the  capital.  Leon,  the 
former  capital,  has  been  the  scene  of  numerous  political  revolutions. 
Greytown  was  declared  a  free  port  in  1851. 

The  Mosquito  Territory  lies  on  the  east  coast  of  Nicaragua,  and 
IS  the  abode  of  a  tribe  of  Indians  whose  chief  calls  himself  King 
of  Mosqultia  {mos-1cee'she-ah).  It  was  for  some  time  under  the  pro- 
tection of  Great  Britain,  but  is  now  a  part  of  Nicaragua. 

13.  COSTA  RICA,  the  southernmost  State,  is  divided  by  the 
bierra  Madre  into  the  oriental  and  occidental  districts.  San  Jos6 
{ho-sai/),  the  capital,  is  situated  among  the  mountains,  nearly 
midway  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

14.  BALIZE  [ha-lcez')  in  a  British  colony,  ceded  by  Spain  in  1783 ; 

9.  GUATEMALA.-Whcro  is  it?     What  of  its  capital  ?      Of  Old  Guatemala  ? 

h"  ,!      •"/■ " YtTI''^ o  "  ^^'  '"''*  *""'■  "'^"^  ""^«'l  •     Capital  ?     Seaports  ?     Of 
thi>l)!iy  islands?     11.  Sw  SAi.VATinn._Wl...t  i- -id  of  i*  '     1"    tvt'...,..  .  _,. , 


-Wh 


nuifoTVV  »  1.  n^'^''^^''''""^''^  Capital?  Ureytown?  What  of  Mog- 
nmtoTorritory?  13.  Costa  Rica,— Where  is  it?  Capital?  14.  Balizf - 
NVhcreisit?    What  of  it?     What  woods?     Capital?  '*.  wauze.- 

18* 


210 


THE   WEST    INDIES. 


the  territory  extends  about  200  miles  along  the  coast.  It  is  a  depend- 
ency of  Jamaica,  and  is  governed  by  a  superintendent  appointed  by 
the  crown.  A  large  portion  of  the  mahogany,  logwood,  and  fustic 
ot  commerce  is  furnished  by  this  colony.     Balize  is  the  capital. 


THE  WEST  INDIES. 


CITY  OF  HAVANA,  AND  MORO  CASTLE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  21,  West  Indies. — Where  are  the  West 
India  Islands?  Name  the  four  groups.  Ans.  Bahamas,  Greater 
Antilles,  Lesser  Antilles,  and  the  Carihhee  Islands.  Which  is  the 
largest  isl.and?     Which  next? 

Bahama  Islands. — Name  the  four  largest  of  the  Bahama  Island? 
What  island  in  this  group  was  the  first  land  sighted  by  Columbus? 
What  town  on  Now  Providence?  Wh.at  strait  between  the  Bahamas 
and  Florida?  What  baiik  between  the  Bahamas  and  Cuba?  Where 
is  the  Gulf  Stream?  Tbrort^'a  which  of  the  Bahamas  does  the  tropic 
of  Cancer  pass  ? 

Questions  on  Map  jNfo.  cl,  vjt-reater  Antilles. — Cuba. — Where 
18  Cuba?    What  channel  between  Cuba  and  Yucatan?   What  passage 


THE  CARIBBEE  ISLANDS.  211 

between  Cuba  and  Hayti  ?    What  gulf  northwest  ?   What  sea  south  I 

if  ^Yvl       •    M  "^'''  '"^"^^-     ^^''^^  and  where  is  the  capL 

SrCar^r^""""'?^"'    SantiagodeCuba?    Fuel 
Prmcipe?      Galenas?     Hayti  (^ap  JVo.  23). -Where   is   Hayti? 

Rivers?     What  ,s  the  capital  of  Dominica?     Of  Hayti?     Where  is 
AuxCayes?     Cape  Hay tien?     Jamaica  (if.^  iV^o.  21)  LwheTe 
Jamaica?   What  mountains?  What  and  wherels  the  capital ^   Where 
IS  Kingston?     Pohto  liico.-Where  is  it?     What  pas'ag    beleen 
Porto  Rico  and  Hayti  ?    What  and  where  is  the  capital  ? 

Lesser  AntUles-Where  are  they?    Name  foui  of  them.    What 
town  in  Uargarita? 

The  Caribbee  Islands.-Where  are  they?    How  divided  ?    Ans 
Into  the  leeward  and  the  Windward  Islands.     Which  are  farthest 
rorth       Name  four  of  the  largest  of  the  Leeward  Islands.     Name 
our  of  the  largest  of  the  Windward  Islands.    What  town  in  Guade! 
loupe?     What  town  in  Trinidad?     In  Barba^does ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-The  West  Indies  compris.  the  long 
curving  Cham  of  islands,  and  groups  of  islands,  lying  around  and  in 
the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  stretching  from  the  United  States  to  South 
America. 

Al^af^"'  '"^'''''^"  r  ''^""'  ^^^^  ^°  ""'"^^^'  ^^d  occupy  an  area 
f  95,000  square  miles.     The  name  West  Indies  was  given  to  them 
because  Columbus  thought  when  he  sighted  San  Salvador  that  he 
hart  discovered  the  eastern  coast  of  India. 

r.!'  ^^1 7-u  ^'"Ti  ''''^  ^'"'  P^^'^P''^^  groups,_the  Bahamas,  the 
Greater  Antilles,  the  Lesser  Antilles,  and  the  Caribbee  Islands.  The 
Caribbeo  Islands  are  divided  into  the  Leeward  and  the  Windward 
Islands.  "«*»VA 

4.  Prc;c;ucts.-The  principal  products,  which  are  very  largely  ex- 
ported, are  sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  a  great  variety  of  tropical 
f nnts,  such  as  oranges,  lemons,  pineapples,  cocoanuts,  bananas,  and 
plantains.  Rum,  made  from  the  juice  of  the  sugar-cane,  is  exp;rted 
m  considerable  quantities.  Various  kinds  of  drugs  and  dye-woods  ar« 
also  obtained. 


■P'l 


Olhe,  product,  ?     What  of  roptZ'  L?  """'  '    *•  •^""'"l""  I"""""""  ' 


212 


THE   WEST   INDIES. 


There  arc  many  venomous  reptiles,  and  birdg  of  gaudy  plumage. 
The  green  turtle  is  found  on  the  shores,  and  is  used  extensively  for 
food. 

5.  Soil  and  Ch'mate.— The  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  '^limate, 
whieli  is  mild  in  winter,  is  hot,  and  on  the  coast  generally  unhe^lthyl 
in  summer. 

0.  Population. — The  inhabitants  consist  of  whites,  negroes,  and 
mixed  races,  the  negroes  being  six  times  as  numerous  as  the  whites. 
The  entire  popuIati.,n  is  about  4,000,000.  Great  Britain  aboJi.shed 
slavery  in  her  \\'et.\.  Indian  possessions  In  1834,  iudcum.J^ing  the 
plauicrs  by  a  grant  cf  $>00,UO0,0UO. 


1'^ 


BANANA-TREE. 


THE   BAHAMA  ISLAx\DS. 

1.  The  Bahamas,  numbering  more 
than  500,  lie  off  tlic  coast  of  Florida,  beini,' 
separated  from  the  mainland  by  the  Strait 
^of  Florida  and  the  Gulf  Stream.  The 
principal  islands  are  New  Providence, 
Great  Bahama,  Great  Al)'ac(),  Great Cav- 
cos  {ki'koce),  Andros,  Elcuthera,  Groat 
Inagua  [e-uah'gimh),  Turk's,  an<l  San 
Salvador.  The  last  mentioned  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  first  land  seen 
by  Columbus,  in  1492.  The  Indian  nam., 
was  Guaiuihaui  {(jwah-jiah-hah^ne). 

2.  In  general,  the  Bahamas  are  low  and 
flat.  Turk's  and  Fortune  Islands  nre  noted 
for  their  exportation  of  salt.  Nassau,  a 
city  in  New  Providence,  is  a  favorite  re- 
sort for  those  afflicted  with  pulmonary  dis- 
eases. It  is  noted  for  its  exports  of  pine- 
apples, l)aiianas,  and  other  tropical  fruits. 
T'le  Bahamas  belong  to  Great  Britain. 


^  *:/''."'•.'-  CHinctc?  0.  Wlmtoftlio  inlinl.itimtH?  Popnlntioti?  Whiit  about  tlio 
British  \Ve«t  IntUeB?  Tmk  Bmi  am  a  Islands.— i.  Mow  iniiiiv,  nnd  whoro  iirc 
thoy?  Principal  ones?  Wlmt  ..f  Sun  Salvn.lor  ?  Indiim  ninno?  2.  Surfuju? 
lurk's  and  Fortune  IsIiukIh,  fur  what  n  ilctl?     Nassau? 


THE   GREATER  ANTILLES. 


213 


THE   GREATER  ANTILLES 


This  group  comprises  the  four  large  islands  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica, 
and  Porto  Rico,  and  lies  southeast  of  Florida  and  the  Bahamas. 

CUBA. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-Cuba  lies  south  of  the  United  States 
and  east  of  Mexico.  It  is  .he  largest  and  most  important  of  tho 
V  OS  India  Islands.  It  is  about  650  miles  long  by  00  broad.  Area, 
U400  square  m.les,-nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  State  of  Tennessee 

1  Natural  Features.- A  mountain-range,  called,  in  a  portion 
of  Its  length,  Sierra  del  Cobre  {Ico^bm^),  runs  through  the  island 
from  east  to  west.  From  this  range  short  and  unimportant  rivers 
low  in  both  directions  to  tho  sea.  The  longest  river  is  the  Cauto 
{hviv  Hwn.ch  empties  into  the  Imy  o{  Bnena  {bway^nah)  Esperanza: 
It  IS  navigable  for  schooners  GO  miles  fnmi  its  mouth. 

3.  Products.-Tropical  fruits  in  great  variety  grow  spontaneously, 
lobacco,  sugar,  Indian  corn,  coffoo,  maiiogany,  and  wax  are  largely 
^^xported.  Cuba  is  especially  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  cigars, 
lliivana  cigars  being  esteemed  the  best  in  the  world. 

Mhieruls.-The  copper-mines  of  Cuba  are  extensive.  Coal  is 
lound. 

Climate.-Tho  climate  is  hot,  and  in  summer  imhealthy  to 
strangers  ;  the  yellow  fever  often  rages  on  the  coast.  In  the  moun- 
tuins,  it  IS  milder  and  more  healthy. 

4.  Population.— The  population  is  1,400,000.  Nearly  all  tho 
nogrona  are  slaves. 

5.  Chief  Towns.-IIavana,  the  capital,  is  the  chief  city,  and  is 
the  centre  of  a  largo  commerce.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  tho  iinest  in 
tlie^worhl,  and  is  strongly  fortified  by  Moro  Castle.  Tho  remaiua 
01  Columbus  ar»^  deposited  in  the  cathedral  at  Havana. 

0.  Matan/as.  00  miles  east  of  Havana,  is  an  important  commercial 
!'"rt,  and  is  .M.nnected  with  TIavann  by  a  railroad,    d.-nfmyos  Lsr-ai. 
Mry^lforr)  an.l  Santiag..  ,lo  Cuba  are  imp.,rtant  seaports  on  tho  sooth 
i  "erto  I  nncipe(;,,m/r^/<,;>m.u^.<-;my)  is  a  large  town  in  the  intcri,»r. 

1  ,.m!M/lr'^7''"  ,^^y'  V"'— "^^''"^^  '^"  ♦'•^voomi.riHO  ?     r»/.„.-t.  Whoro  Is  it  ? 

EE  S"'  vff '""v- '^='  ---^^^'v 

wtuaiuaB/     OtUor  seaports  /     I'uorto  l'ririoi|)o? 


hill 


^11 


1  f' 


214 


THE    WEST    INDIES. 


7.  Government  and  Religion.— Cuba  belongs  to  Spain,  and  is 
governed  by  Spanish  law,  under  the  authority  of  a  Captain-General 
appointed  by  the  crown  of  Spain.  The  lloinan  Catholic  religion  is 
established. 

IIAYTI. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Ilayti  (liai/tee),  originally  called  by 
the  Spaniards  Ilispaniola,  or  Little  Spain,  lies  southeast  of  Cuba,  and 
is  about  300  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  .md  about  140  broad.  Area, 
29,000  square  miles, — a  little  exceeding  that  of  South  Carolina. 

2.  Government. — Originally  a  Spanish  possession,  it  was  after- 
wards divided  between  France  and  Spain,  the  former  power  havin<«- 
the  western  portion.  The  island  is  now  divided  into  two  states, — the 
Republic  of  Ilayti,  under  the  control  of  the  negroes,  on  the  west,  and 
i\\i>.  Republic  of  Dominica  {dom-e-ne^lcah),  on  the  east.  Until  recently, 
however,  the  State  of  Ilayti  was  an  empire,  under  a  blatik  emi)eror. 

3.  Climate  and  Soil. — In  climate  and  productions  it  is  similar 
to  Cuba.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  well  watered.  In  the  interior 
are  high  mountain-ranges. 

4.  Population.— The  populati(m  is  about  900,000,  consisting  al- 
most entirely  of  blacks  and  mulattoes.  The  few  whites  have  been 
attra(!ted  by  commerce  to  the  seaports. 

5.  Chief  Towns.— Port  au  (o)  Prince  is  the  capital  and  chief  sea- 
port of  the  Republic  of  Ilayti.  An\  Cayes  (o  J:ay^)  is  an  important 
seaport  in  the  southwest.  Cape  Ilaytien,  on  the  north,  has  been 
twice  destroyed,— first  by  fire,  and  afterwards  by  an  earthquake. 

6.  St.  Domingo,  on  the  south  coast,  is  the  capital  and  fortified 
seaport  of  the  Dominican  Republic.  It  is  the  oldest  existing  town  in 
the  AVestern  hemisphere,  having  been  founded  in  1504.  It  contains 
a  Gothic  cathedral.  ])uilt,  it  is  said,  in  1520. 

7.  Religion.— The  R(mnm  Cathidic  religion  is  established  in  both 
States. 

JAMAICA. 
1.  Position  and  Extent. — Jamaica  lies  southeast  of  Cuba,  and 

7.  Governmont  nml  roliRlon  ?  /Ar///A—1.  Where  is  it?  Lcnjrth  iind  limidtli? 
Arpii?  2.  What  originally?  lluw  iidw  divided?  ;{.  Cliinato?  Soil?  M..iin. 
tnins?  4.  Po|)u1iititin?  .').  I'ort  im  I'rinoc  ?  Anx  Cnyc.x?  Ciipo  llnyticn  ?  tl. 
St.  DoiniiiKo?  7.  IlcliKion?  ./(i;/ui(Va.— I.  Whoro  is  it?  Leii^rth  iin(hm«u<Uhi' 
Area?     Cliraiito,  An.  ?  ° 


THE   GREATER    ANTILLES. 


215 


extends 
160  miles 
from    east 
to  west,  by 
about 60 in 
breadth. 
Arca,5400 
square 
niiies.    In 
climate, 
soil,     and 
p  r  o  d  u  c- 
tiiins  it  is 
like  Cuba. 
2.    The 
Blue 
M  o  u  n- 
tiiins,     in 
which  cop- 
per and 
load   are 
fmuul,  tra- 
verse  the  island.  The  pimento-tree,which  produces  allspice,  grows  wild 

'^KOn,^''^T.^'*,?T'^'''  inhabitants,  whites  and  blacks,  uumber 
3H0,O()O.     The  blacks  are  all  free. 

4.  Chief  Towns.-Spanishf.wn,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a 
plain  near  the  southern  eoast.  Kincjston,  10  miles  distant  from 
Npamsbtown,  is  the  largest  town,  and  has  a  fine  harbor 

r..  Government  and  RelIgion.-.ran.ai<-a  belongs  to  Creat  Bri- 
ta...,  and  .s  K,»vorned,  both  as  to  state  and  church,  by  British  laws 
It  has  garrisons  of  colored  troops,  who  have  white  officers. 

PORTO  Riro. 
1.  Position  and  Extent.-Porto  Rico,  the  smallest  island  of  tho 
(-cater  Antilles,  lies  cast  of  Ilayti.    Area,  3800  s(,uaro  miles.     It  is 
well  watered  aiul  fertile. 


SCENE  IN  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


2.    M 

(Jov 


ountaiii!*?     IMinento-trco?     ;{.  Population?     4. 


ornmont  and  religion?      Porto  I, 


'i'  itsfmility? 


tion?     4.  Capital?     Kingston? 
■I.  Whero  is  it?     Area?     What 


1    !»• 


3'  ' 


!     •! 


i . 


i'ili  il 

ill!  ^ 


216 


THE  WEST   INDIES. 


2.  Population. — The  population,  consisting  of  whites  and  negroes, 
numbers  616,000.  St.  John,  or  San  Juan,  the  chief  town,  is  on  the 
northern  coast.  Porto  R'w.o  (ree^ko)  belongs  to  Spain,  and  is  gov- 
erned by  Spanish  officials. 


LESSER  ANTILLES. 

1.  The  Lesser  Antilles  lie  near  the  northern  coast  of  South  Ame- 
rica, and  are  sometimes  called  the  Venezuelan  Coast  Chain,  from 
their  proximity  to  Venezuela.  This  is  the  smallest  group  of  the 
West  Indies,  and  comprises  numerous  small  islands. 

2.  Among  these,  CuraQoa  is  noted  for  its  famous  cordial  of  that 
name. 

3.  The  other  principal  islands  are  Buen  Ay  re,  Oruba.  and  Avos 
(r<//t'e.v),  belonging  to  Holland;  Margarita,  Los  Roques  {loce  ro^kex), 
and  Tortuga,  belonging  to  Venezuela;  and  some  smaller  islands  be- 
longing to  Spain. 


THE   CARIBBEE   ISLANDS. 

L  Position  and  Extent. — TiieCaribbee  Islands  are  an  extensive 
grcup  or  chain,  extending  from  the  eastern  extremity  of  Porto  Kicit 
to  Scmth  America,  and  divided  into  the  Leeward  and  the  Windward 
[slands.  They  derive  their  name  froni  that  of  the  aborigines,  the 
Caribs,  a  fierce  and  savage  race,  now  nearly  extinct. 

2.  The  Leeward  Islands  are  Antigua  {(ihn-te'<jah),  Anguilla 
\ang-ghiVlah),  St.  Kitts,  Barbu^da,  and  Montserrat',  belonging  to 
Great  Britain;  Guadeloupe,  Maric-galanto  [mah-re^  gah-losf),  and 
North  St.  Martin,  bchmging  to  Fraiuio ;  South  St.  Martin,  Saba,  and 
St.  Jilustatius  (yoo-«/a^Vie-MA),  belonging  to  Holland;  Santa  Cruz,  St, 

2.  Population  ?    Chief  to\vn?     To  whom  doo8  Porto  11  ioo  holong?    Lkhskp 
Antim-es.— 1.  Whoro  mo  fhoy?      Whiit  of  them  ?     2.  Wlmt  of  Curnfoa?    .1 
Of  tho  other  Drinci""!  iyhi'i'ls?    To  wh(!!!i  (}•.'.  ihi'sf  la-Af.f.-.T''     '•'.••.  —u.......  ..ij;,.. 

MiiTKarita  belong?     Thk  Caiimuikk  Islands. —Wlipro  nro  fhcv?     IIi.w  di 
nilfifl?     Why  8o  cnUod?     2.  To  what  ^mwors  do  the  Leeward  Islands  eliicllv 


THE   BERMUDAS. 


217 


Thomas  and  St.  John,  to  Denmark;  and  St.  Bartholomew,  to  Swe- 
den.    Ihere  are  numerous  smaller  islands  connected  with  these 

3.  The  Windward  Islands  are  Trinidad,  Barbadoes,  St=  Lucia, 
Tobago  and  other«,  belonging  to  Great  Britain;  Martinique  (mat 
lin-cek'),  and  others,  belonging  to  France. 

4.  Chief  Towns  -Basse-Terre  {Ual.s.4au-)  i,  the  chief  city  of 
Guadaloupe.  Pomt-a-Pftre(^t.aN^-a/.-^,e.r.O,  a  flourishing  city  in  the 
island  of  Guadeloupe^  was  overwhelmed,  in  1843,  by  an  earthquake, 
which  destroyed  6000  persons.  ^ 

6.  Trinidad  is  a  large  island,  near  the  South  American  coast.     It 
has  a  population  of  80,000.    Port  Spain,  its  capital,  is  a  fine  city. 
0.  Bridgetown,  the  capital  of  Barbadoes,  is  a  flourishing  city 


mh  ehictiv 


THE   BERMUDAS. 

The  Bermuda  Islands  are  a  small  group  of  islands,  seven  or  eight 
^n  number,  .^^hich  lie  in  the  Atlantic  about  800  miles  east  from  the 
coast  of  South  Carolina.  Their  total  area  is  not  more  than  thirty 
s.,uaro  miles.  The  climate  is  salubrious  and  delightful  The  Bei-- 
mu, las  are  a  naval  station  of  Great  Britain,  to  which  they  belong, 
bt.  George  is  <lie  capital.  * 


AVhii 

Isll! 


s;fs=is^=s=s«s~ 


218 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


QENERAl     SCENE. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  24,  South 
America.— 1.  Bound  South  Ame- 
rica. Between  what  parallels  of  lati- 
tude does  South  America  lie  ?  Me- 
ridians of  lonf»;itudo ?  Throu<>;h what 
States  does  the  equator  pass  ?  The 
tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 

2.  Divisions.— What  three  States  on  the  north  coast?  Four  on 
the  east  coast?  Five  on  the  west  coast,  including  United  States  of 
Colombia,  which  is  also  on  the  north  ?  One  entirely  in  the  interior? 
How  many  divisions?     Ans.   Ttcehe. 

3.  Seas,  Bays,  &c.~What  sea  on  the  north  ?  What  gulf  on  the 
northwest?  On  the  north?  AVhere  is  Bay  of  All  Saints?  Marani- 
bayo  Bay?  Blanco  Bay?  St.  Mathias  Bay?  Bay  of  St.  George'; 
What  strait  at  tho  southern  extremity?  Where  is  iho  Gulf  of  Guaya- 
quil?    BayoIChoco?     Of  Panaum? 

4.  Capes.— What  is  the  most  northern  capo?     The  most  eastern  .' 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


219 


The  most  southern?  The  most  western?  Where  is  Cape  Orange? 
North?     Frio?     St.  Antonio?     St.  Francisco? 

5.  Islands.— Where  is  Margarita  Island  ?  Trinidad  ?  Joannes  ? 
St.  Catharina?  Galapagos?  Falkland?  Terra  del  Fiiego?  Wel- 
lington?  Chiloe?    Juan  Fernandez?    St.  Felix?    Chjincha?   Lobos? 

G.  Mountains.— What  great  range  of  mountains  along  the  west 
coast  ?  What  range  near  and  parallel  with  the  north  coast  ?  On  the 
east  coast  ?  Where  are  the  Geral  Mts.  ?  Balchitta  Mts.  ?  Vulcan  Mts.  ? 

7.  Lakes.— Where  is  Lake  Maracaybo?  Titicaca?  Pansa?  T)e 
los  Patos  ?     Reyes  ?     Pernagua  ? 

8.  Rivers.— Describe  the  following  rivers:  Orinoco.  Amazon.  To- 
cantins.  St.  Francisco.  Parana.  Paraguay.  Uruguay.  Rio  de  la 
Plata.     Negro. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— South  America,  the  Southern  grand 
division  of  the  Western  Continent,  is  a  triangular  peninsula,  extend- 
ing from  Cape  Gallinas  to  Cape  Horn.  It  is  4500  miles  long,  3000 
miles  broad  in  its  widest  part,  and  is  united  to  North  America  by 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.     Area,  6,552,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Featurea.— Mountains. —The  Andes  Mountains 
extend  along  the  west  coast  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  to  Terra  del 
Fucgo,  a  distance  of  4800  miles,  and  are  a  continuation  of  the  great 
North  American  range  known  in  British  America  and  the  United 
States  as  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  in  Mexico  and  Central  America 
its  the  Sierra  Madre.  The  Andes  are  remarkable  for  their  length 
and  height,  and  for  their  numerous  towering  peaks  and  volcanoes- 
Aconcagua  and  Tupungato  in  Chili,  Chimborazo  and  Cotopaxi  in 
Ecuador,  Gualateiri  in  Peru,  and  Sorata  in  Bolivia,  are  some  of  the 
loftiest  peaks.  Aconcagua  is  the  highest  land  in  the  Western  Con- 
tment,  and  is  23,100  feet  above  the  sea. 

3.  In  the  volcanic  districts  of  the  Andes  earthquakes  are  frequent, 
scmotimes  destroying  cities,  towns,  and  many  lives.  Immense  ra' 
vi.u>s,  occasionally  2000  feet  deep,  are  found  in  these  mountains. 
They  often  enclose  rivers. 

4.  On  tlio  cast  coast  are  the  Brazilian  Coast  Mountains ;  in  the  inte- 
rior are  numerous  parallel  and  cross  ranges ;  and  near  the  centre, 
parallel  to  the  Andes,  is  a  ^Iw^range  called  (lu.  Geral  Mountains.  ' 

lirendth 


IT 


.w  united  to  North  Amcrioa?  Aroa?    2.  Mountains?  l-.-i  wuai 
llighoHt  peaks?    3.  What  of  oarthquakcH?    Ravines?     4.  Other 


Or  what  rein(irkahh<  ? 
inountaina  ? 


'  ) 


220 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


5.  Along  the  northern  part  of  Brazil,  separating  it  from  Venezuela 
and  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  are  the  Parime  Mountains ;  in  a 
portion  of  their  extent  they  are  called  the  Acaray  Mountains. 

6.  Coast-line  and  Lakes. —  The  coast-line  of  South  America 
IS  remarkably  free  from  indentations.  There  are  few  lakes.  The 
largest  are  Lake  Titicaca,  on  the  borders  of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  which 
is  12,847  feet  above  the  sea  and  has  a  surface  of  4000  square  miles, 

and  Lake   Maracaybo,  in 
Venezuela. 

7.  Rivers. — South  Ame- 
rica is  noted  for  its  magni- 
ficent rivers.  The  Amazon, 
in  the  north,  the  largest,  al- 
though not  the  longest,  in 
the  world,  is  3600  miles  in 
length,  and  drains  a  greater 
extent  of  country  than  any 
other.  Its  largest  affluent 
is  the  Madeira.  The  Ori- 
noco is  1500  miles  long,  and 
flows  through  Venezuela 
into  the  Atlantic.     It  is  said  to  have  400  navigable  tributaries. 

8.  The  other  most  important  river  is  the  Parana,  which,  after  its 
junction  with  the  Uruguay,  forms  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  flows  into 
the  Atlantic  Oeean.  The  streams  emptying  into  the  Pacific  are  mostly 
short  mountain-torrents. 

9.  Surface. —  South  Amei'ica  is  remarkable  for  its  vast  level 
plains,  lying  in  the  basins  of  the  great  rivers,  sometimes  extending 
hundreds  of  miles.  In  the  nortli  they  are  called  Llanos,  and  in  the 
south  Pampas.  In  the  valley  of  the  Amazon  are  extensive  forest 
plains  called  Silvas,  and  in  the  mountainous  regions  are  numerous 
elevated  plateaus  or  table-lauds. 

10.  Products. — The  chief  products  are  sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  in- 
digo, wheat,  barley,  and  Indian  corn,  with  tropical  fruits  in  gro;it 
variety.  Various  dye-woods  are  found,  and  cinchona,  or  Peruvian 
bark,  from  which  quinine  is  made.  Hides,  horns,  tallow,  and  jcrkcd- 
bccf  arc  largely  exported. 

5.  Mountains  in  Nortliprn  Brnzil.  <te. .'  6.  Coast-lino?  Lnkes?  7.  Rivors? 
8.  Other  rivers  ?    D.  Surface?    Wliat  are  the  plains  called?     10.  Products? 


ALLIGATOR. 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


221 


11.  There  are  extensive  forests  in  South  America,  the  tropical 
vegetation  of  which  is  exceedingly  luxuriant ;  among  the  valuable 
woods  are  Brazil-wood,  rosewood,  and  mahogany. 

12.  Minerals.— Gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  diamonds  are 
found.  The  governments  of  South  America  are,  however,  so  unsta- 
ble, and  the  mining  systems  so  imperfect,  that  the  metallic  wealth 
of  the  country  is  not  fairly  developed, 

13.  Animals. — Thejaguar, 
the  puma  or  American  lion, 
and  the  ocelot,  are  the  prin- 
cipal beasts  of  prey.  The 
vampire,  a  huge  bat,  sucks 
the  blood  of  sleeping  travel- 
lers and  animals.  The  ant- 
cater,  tapir,  peccary,  sloth, 
armadillo,  chinchilla,  lama, 
alpaca,  and  guanaco  are 
found  in  various  parts. 

14.  There  are  numerous 
species  of  deer ;  and  the  fo- 
rests resound  with  the  chattering  of  innumerable  monkeys,  and 
the  varied  song  of  birds  of  beautiful  form  and  rich  plumage.  Of 
the  latter  the  most  noted 
are  parrots,  mo  caws,  tou- 
cans, and  ''lemming-birds. 
Condors  ar;.. 
themountaina.  .■  . 
and  hogs  are  fou 
not    indigenous. 


'habit 
oxen, 
1 1  are 
i>oa-con- 
fitrictors,  alligators,  and 
other  reptiles  of  huge  size, 
infest  the  tropical  rivers  and 
lowlands. 

15.  Climate.— The  trade- 
winds,  l)l()wing  for  several 


THE  LAMA. 


BOA-CONSTRICTOR. 


months  in  the  same  direction,  the  high  and  snow-capped  mountains, 


n.  Fores 
Joa-constrictors 


ta?    12.  Minerals?    1."?.  Aniiniils  ?    14.0th 


Ac?     16.  Climate? 


er  animals  ?    Birds,  Ac.  ? 


l»:f 


222 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


the  great  extent  of  surface  covered  oy  dense  forests,  and  the  sur- 
rounding ocean,  render  the  climate  more  temperate  than  it  is  in  tht 
same  latitudes  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 

16.  Divisions.— South  America  comprises  12  divisions,— namely. 
The  United  States  of  Colombia,  Venezuela,  Ecuador,  Guiana,  Brazil' 
Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili,  Argentine  Confederation,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,' 
and  Patagonia. 

17.  Population.— The  population  of  South  America  is  nearly 
26,000,000,  and  is  composed  in  all  parts,  except  in  Patagonia,  of 
nearly  the  same  races,- namely,  whites,  Indians,  and  negroes ;  from 
these  the  mixed  races,  muiattoes,  zamboes,  and  others,  are  formed. 

18.  The  Creoles,  or  whites  of  European  descent,  are  the  ruling 
race,  holding  all  the  offices  in  church  and  state.  The  subjugated 
Indians  are  quiet  and  apathetic.  They  perform  a  large  share  of 
the  labor  in  agriculture  and  the  mines.  The  wild  Indians  are 
savages.  They  roam  chiefly  through  the  forests  of  Brazil  and  the 
pampas  of  Patagonia. 

19.  The  negroes,  brought  at  first  from  Africa,  were  never  nume> 
reus,  except  in  Brazil  and  Guiana.  The  mixed  races  are  despised 
by  the  whites.  They  are  engaged  chiefly  in  laborious  occupations. 
In  Peru  the  lines  of  distinction  between  the  races,  of  which  ihere 
are  several  varieties,  are  clearly  drawn. 

20.  Government.— For  about  three  hundred  years  the  greater 
part  of  South  America  was  subject  to  Spain.  But  the  colonies, 
taking  ad/antage  of  tL3  disturbed  state  of  the  mother-country^ 
achieved  their  independence,  between  the  years  1810  and  1829! 
Most  of  the  States  are  styled  republics,  Brazil  is  an  empire ;  Guiana 
consists  of  three  colonial  dependencies.     Patagonia  is  unsettled, 

21.  Owing  to  the  ignorance  of  the  people  and  the  ambition  of  the 
rulers,  the  States  of  South  America  are  republican  only  in  form. 
The  governors  and  presidents  frequently  oppress  the  people. 

22.  But  this  condition  of  things  is  gradually  giving  way  before 
the  civilization  of  the  age,  and  South  America  may,  within  a  few 
decades,  boast  as  rapid  progress  as  any  country  in  the  world, 

23.  Relision, — The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  prevailing  religion, 

r^A^u  ^7'^!''"o'     Name  tho  States.     17.  Population?     How  composed  ?     18. 
Ut  the  Creoles?    Indians?     1 9.  Xnirroos ?     Of  the  mixed  rftce".  ?     20   'Govern 
mcnt?     What  are  the  States  now?     21.  What  further  of' these  States  ?    22. 
What  progress?    23.  Religion? 


THE   UNITED   STATES    OF   COLOMBIA. 


223 


In  many  States  no  other  is  tolerated;  in  some,  however,  freedom  of 
worship  IS  allowed.  In  British  and  Dutch  Guiana,  Protestantism  is 
established. 

24  History.-South  America  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  on 
his  third  voyage,  in  1498.  It  was  first  colonized  by  Spaniards  and 
Portuguese.  On  the  western  coast  was  found  a  peculiar  semi-civili- 
zation, which  has  been  graphically  described  by  Prescott  in  his 
"Conquest  of  Peru."  The  Spaniards  have  been  everywhere  cruel 
to  the  natives,  and  have  sought  to  find  and  amass  gold  rather  than 
to  promote  the  civilization  of  the  people. 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  COLOMBIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  25,  United  States  of  Colombia  - 

Bound  United  States  of  Colombia.     What  sea  north?     AVhat  cape 
farthest  north?  Where  is  Cape  de  Vela?  Aguja?  Corrientes?  What 
gulfs  north?   What  bay  west?   What  isthmus  west?    Between  what 
waters  is  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  ?  What  large  river  flows  north  and 
empties  into  the  Caribbean  Sea  through  several  mouths  ?     What  is  its 
principal  afiluent  ?   What  mountain-range  west  of  the  Cauca  ?   What 
between  the  Cauca  and  Magdalena  ?     What  east  of  the  Magdalena  ? 
Where  is  the  Peak  of  Tolima  ?    Name  the  rivers  in  the  south.     Into 
what  do  they  flow?    Where  are  the  Llanos?   Where  and  what  is  the 
^apital?   Where  IS  Popayan?    Pasto?   Carthagena?    Santa  Martha? 
Porto  Bello?  Through  what  part  of  Colombia  does  the  Equator  pass? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-The  United  States  of  Colombia,  for- 
merly called  New  Granada,  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  South  America,  chiefly  between  the  Orinoco  Kiver  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean  Its  greatest  length  is  about  900  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  about  650  miles.  Area,  457,000  square  miles,  or  nearly 
double  that  of  the  State  of  Texas. 

2.  Natural    Fe^tnres.~Mountatns.~Tbe    Andes,   extending, 
from  Ecuador,  bmnch^ff^^^  (.^^^^^|= 

24.  Who  discovered  South  America?    Whjit  of  the  F-.r.iiiLr,l,  ?    T.r„  t- 


•i  .* 


■'] 


■f. 

'  .1  1 


Ui 


224 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


and  Western  Andes,  forming  two  beautiful  valleys.  The  -.vestern  and 
central  parts  are  very  mountainous;  the  northern  and  eastern  portions 
consist  of  llanos  or  grassy  plains.  The  highest  point  in  Colombia  is 
the  Peak  of  Tolima  [to-lee^mah),  18,200  feet  above  the  sea. 

3.  Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  in  the  west  are  the  Magdalena 
and  Cauca  [kow^kah),  which  flow  northward,  form  a  junction  as  they 
approach  the  coast,  and  empty,  by  several  mouths,  into  the  Carib- 
bean Sea.  The  rivers  in  the  eastern  and  southern  parts  are  tributa- 
ries of  the  Amazon  or  the  Orinoco. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — In  the  plains  the  soil  is  very  fertile,  but 
imperfectly  cultivated.  The  climate  varies  with  the  elevation :  on 
the  table-lands  there  is  perpetual  spring ;  on  the  coast  and  lowlands 
it  is  very  hot,  and  at  certain  seasons  unhealthy.  On  the  western  coast 
and  at  the  city  of  Carthagena  the  yellow  fever  prevails  in  summer. 

5.  There  are  few  good  roads  and  no  railroads  in  Colombia;  in  the 
mountjT  ".nous  districts  travellers  are  carried  over  difficult  passes  on 
the  backs  of  Indians.  Steamboat  navigation  on  the  larger  rivers 
has  been  lately  introduced  to  a  limited  extent. 

6.  Products. — In  the  fertile 
districts  grain  may  be  sown  at 
any  period  of  the  year.  The 
chief  products  are  coffee,  to- 
bacco, sugar,  cotton,  rice,  wheat, 
and  Indian  corn.  Tropical  fruits 
abound  in  great  variety.  Peru- 
vian bark,  dye-woods,  and  hides 
are  largely  exported. 

7.  There  are  many  species  of 
animals:  bears  are  found  in  the 
mountains ;  deer  on  the  higher 
plains;  alligators  infest  the 
Magdalena  and  Cauca  Rivers. 
The  condor  inhabits  the  Andes; 
in  the  forests  is  heard  the  sonj^ 
of  the  tropical  nightingale.  Vast 
herds  of  cattle  feed  on  the  llanos. 


THE   CONDOR. 


3.  Rivers?    4  Soil  ?    Climate?   Of  the  western  coast?    5.  What  of  roads  and 


travelling? 


Of  steamboats?     6.   Products  ?     7.  Animals? 


)f  roads  and 


THE   UNITED   STATES   OF   COLOxMBIA. 


225 


8.  In  Colombia  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  wh^ch  with 
enterprise  and  capital  would  be  very  productive. 

9.  Population.— The  population  numbers  2,795,000,  comprising 
the  usual  varieties.  The  educated  Creoles  rank  first  in  South 
America  for  scientific  and  literary  culture.  The  Llaneros,  or  people 
of  the  llanos,  are  expert  horsemen,  and  use  the  lasso  in  catchin? 
cattle.  ^ 

10.  Chief  Towas.-Bogota  {ho-go-ta¥),  the  capital,  is  situated  in 
the  interior,  on  a  lofty  plateau  of  the  Eastern  Andes,  8000  feet  above 
the  sea.  It  has  a  delightful  climate.  Popayan^  and  Pasto  are  the 
other  chief  inland  towns.  The  principal  seaports  are  Carthagena, 
Santa  Martha,  and  Porto  Bello. 

In  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Chagres  [chaVgres)  and  Aspinwall 
are  the  principal  ports  on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  Panama  a«d 
Buenaventura  {hicaf/nah-ven-too'rah)  on  the  Pacific. 

11.  Government.— The  United  States  of  Colombia  is  a  con- 
federated republic,  composed  of  nine  states.  The  constitution  is 
liberal  in  its  principles.  There  have  been  several  revolutions. 
Education  is  constantly  improving. 

12.  Religion.— The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  established  by 
law ;  but  other  creeds  are  tolerated. 

Questions  on   Maps   No.   25,    26,   Isthmus  of  Panama.— 

[Map  No.  25.)  Where  is  the  Isthmus  of  Panama?  What  two 
countries  does  it  connect?  [Map  No.  26.)  Along  what  river  does 
the  Panama  Railroad  run?  On  what  sea  is  Aspinwall?  On  what 
bay  is  Panama?  What  towns  on  the  railroad  route?  Where  is 
Navy  Bay  ? 

The  Isthmus  of  Panama.— 1.  Panama  is  one  of  the  States  of 
Colombia.  The  Isthmus  of  Panama  is  one  of  the  routes  of  commu- 
nication between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans,  and  is,  conse- 
quently, of  importance  to  the  interests  of  the  world.  It  is,  there- 
fore, proper  to  speak  of  it  in  a  special  paragraph. 

2.  It  was  formerly  called  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.  Its  greatest 
breadth  is  114  miles,  and  its  least  47  miles. 


8.  Minerals?     9.  Population  ?     10.  What  of  Bogota  ?     Other  towns?     Sea 
ports?     Of  tho  I«t»<mus  of  P^n^ma    i-o  "^     1!    r  '^ii'Li  lownsf     sea- 

i\h,nnH««9  19  1?  ;•  •  9  L,""'^"?^'  *«••  ^i-  G^uvcrnmcnt.''  Constitution? 
Mucat.on?  12  Religion?  Thk  IsTinfts  op  Panama— 1.  What  of  the  State 
nf  Panama  ?     What  of  the  Isthmus  ?     2.  What  formerly  culled  ?     Howwide  ? 


Hi 
m 


■:»  . 


i  1' 

!      i 

ilfi      :      i" 

1     '^  I 
i  1 

\ 

1 

IH^^M 

u 

1 

liHU 

f 


1    ^■■: 


'V, 
V 

I 


mv 


:  f 


226 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


3.  Aspinwali,  on  an  island  in  Navy  Bay,  which  opens  into  th? 
Caribbean  Sea,  is  the  Atlantic  depot  of  the  lines  of  steamers. 

4.  A  railroad  extends  from  Aspinwali  to  Panama  on  the  Pacific 
coast.     It  is  48  miles  long,  and  was  complete''  in  1855. 

5.  American  and  British  steamers  sail  statedly  to  Aspinwali,  and 
passengers,  mails,  and  stores  are  transported  across  the  isthmus  by 
railroad  to  Panama,  on  the  Pacific,  whence  steamers  sail  to  San  Fran 
cisco  and  other  ports. 

J.  The  ports  on  the  Isthmus  have  been  declared  free  to  all  nations, 
for  inter-oceanic  communication,  by  Colombia. 

7.  Chagres,  at  the  mouth  of  Chagres  River,  was  formerly  the 
principal  port;  but  it  has  declined  in  importance  since  the  estal)lish- 
nient  of  Aspinwali.  Gorgona,  San  Pablo,  Barbacoas,  and  Gatuu 
(gah-toon^)  are  towns  on  the  railroad  route. 


VENEZUELA. 


CiTT  OF  CARACCAS. 


3.  Wlmt  of  Aspinwal!  ?    4.  Of  tho  railroad  ?  6.  What  of  sfoamors '/    fl.  Whut 
of  tho  ports  on  tho  Isthmua?     7.  Of  Chagres?    Other  towns  on  tho  route? 


VENEZUELA. 


227 


Questions  on  Map  No.  25,  Venezuela.— Bound  Venezuela. 
What  sea  north  ?  Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela?  Gulf  of  Triste? 
CapeParia?  Gulf  of  Paria?  Serpent's  Mouth  ?  What  mountains 
m  the  north  and  northwest?  Describe  them.  On  the  southern 
boundary?  Other  mountains ?  What  lake  on  the  northwest?  AVhat 
great  river  flows  through  Venezuela?  Into  what  does  it  flow?  Where 
is  the  Delta  of  the  Orinoco  ?  Name  some  of  its  affluents  on  the  west. 
On  the  east  and  south.  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  La 
Guuyra?  Cumana?  City  of  Bolivar?  Truxillo?  Maracaybo?  Mer- 
ida?     Puerto  Cabollo?     Coro?     Barcelona?    Barinas? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Venezuela  lies  east  of  the  United 
States  of  Colombia,  and  north  of  Brazil.  Its  greatest  length  from 
east  to  west  is  about  750  miles;  its  average  breadth,  about  550. 
Area,  410,000  sqr.are  miles,  or  about  three  times  that  of  Prussia. 

2.  Natural  FeatureH.—Motititaijis.—ThQ  Eastern  Andes  range 
through  Venezuela  in  the  northwest  and  north  ;  on  its  southeni 
border  are  the  Parime  [pah-ree'may]  Mountains.  The  valley  of  the 
Orinoco  occupies  the  greater  part  of  its  area. 

.3.  Z, a /.e 5.— Lake  Maracaybo  {mah-rah-ki'bo),  in  the  northwest,  is 
a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  100  miles  long  by  70  broad.  It  is  deep 
enough  for  all  kinds  of  navigation ;  but  there  is  a  shifting  sat.dbar 
across  its  mouth,  which  impedes  entrance.  There  are  many  islands 
near  the  coast,  of  which  Margarita  is  the  principal. 

4.  Jiivers.~Tho  Orinoco,  the  largest  river  in  Venezuela,  is  1500 
miles  long,  and  is  said  to  have  four  hundred  navigable  tributaries. 
The  Casiquiaro  {kah-sc-lce-al/ ray)  River  has  the  remarkable  pocu- 
liiirity  that  it  is  an  affluent  of  the  Orinoco,  and  is  also  united  with 
the  Illo  Negro,  a  branch  of  the  Amazon.  Steamboat  navigation  has 
lately  been  introduced  into  Venezuela,  and  the  enterprise  Ih  oncou- 
raged  by  the  government. 

5.  Soil  and  Climafe.—'Tho.  soil  is  for  the  most  part  fertile,  1)ut 
imperfectly  cultivated.  The  clinuite  is  like  that  of  Colombia.  There 
an(  two  seasons  in  the  year,  the  wet  and  the  dry  ;  with  tliis  ecpiablo 
division,  there  is  a  perpetual  rich  vegetation.  Fevers  prevail  on  tho 
coast  in  summer. 


\  KNRZtTPr,A.— 1.  Where  iH  Vcno/ucla?     LonKth  and  b,t-,u.,...' 
M...int.nnH?   Valloy/    .i.  Lakes  ?    Iglands  ?   4.  Whnt  ol  Orinoo..  R.v, 
ot  Iho  Usuiuiaro ?    Of  gtoiunboats?    6.  Soil?   Climuto?    Whut  on  th 


readtb?     Area?     2. 
iveri*  What 
u  coast  ? 


lis  ...  ui 


m 


'* 


228 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


6.  Products. — The  minerals  and  the  products  of  the  field  are 
similar  to  those  of  Colombia.  The  cacao,  or  chocolate  plant,  is  culti- 
vated. Various  medicinal  plants  .are  found.  There  are  many  and 
beautiful  kinds  of  birds.  Monkeys  abound.  Vast  herds  of  cattle 
feed  upon  the  llanos.  The  electric  eel  is  found  in  the  streams: 
when  of  considerable  size,  it  gives  a  !?hock  sufficient  to  stun  a  horse. 

7.  Population. — The  population  is  1,565,000,  and  consists  of  the 
usual  classes.  The  Ottomac  Indians  on  the  Orinoco  eat,  in  times  of 
scarcity,  a  sr  jcies  of  clay,  and  are  in  consequence  sickly  and  short-lived. 

The  roads  are  very  bad,  and  travelling  is  difficult  and  often  dan- 
gerous. Travellers  are  carried  over  the  mountains  on  light  chairs 
fastened  to  the  backs  of  Indians.  Streams  are  crossed  by  means  of 
frail  bridges  made  of  ropes.  Transportation  of  merchandise  in  the 
mountainous  districts  is  carried  on  by  means  of  pack-mules. 

8.  Chief  Towns. — Carac''cas,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  fine  val- 
ley, twelve  miles  from  the  coast.  It  has  been  frequently  visited  by 
earthquakes,  and  in  1812  was  almost  entirely  destroyed;  12,000 
people  perished  in  its  ruins.  It  has  a  university  and  a  militarji 
school.     La  Guayra  [lah  gwi^rah)  is  its  seaport. 

9.  Cuniana  {hoo-mali-nah^)  is  an  important  town  near  the  coast. 
The  city  of  Btdivar  is  the  chief  town  on  the  Orinoco.  Truxillo  and 
J5er''ida  arc  the  principal  places  west  of  the  mountains.  Puerto  €a- 
bello  {pumii"'to  kah-beV i/o)  is  a  flourishing  seaport. 

10.  Government. — Venezuela  is  a  republic  like  Colombia,  and  is 
composed  of  thirteen  States.  A  very  liberal  constitution  was  ado|)ti'(l 
in  18Ga. 

11.  Religion. — The  Roman  Catholic  religion  prevails;  but  other 
creeds  are  tolerated. 


ECUADOR. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  25,  Ecuador. — Bound  Ecuadiir.  WI  a' 
capes  on  the  coast?  What  large  gulf ?  What  bays?  What  mnuii- 
tain-rangi^s  ?  Wluvt  peaks  in  the  Eastern  Andes  ?  What  other  peals'* 
in  the  Andes?     What  river  in  i\w  south?     Name  its  three  lary-est 

6.  ProdiiotB?  Plftnts?  Aniraal?.  Ao.r  v.  i'i.pii'iiuion?  V/hnr  of  the  Ort'nino 
Indinns?  Whiit  <if  ronds  .■'  Triivolliiti;?  Triin»|torti»tion  of  i>'erd>ainli.i»> !'  ''. 
What  ut' Ciiracuua?  Scapurti'  tf.  Uthur  tuwua  ?  Soupurt?  lU.  (.iuvcriinit'iiC'' 
11.  Religion? 


ECUADOR. 


229 


affluents  in  Ecuador.    What  and  where  is  the  capital?    Where  is 
Guayaquil?    Cuenca?    Riobamba?    Callo?    Payaguas?    Rosario? 


MOUNT  COTOPAXI,  ANDES  RANGE. 


1.  Position  and  Extent.— Ecuador  {ek-waJi-dore'),  so  called  from 
Its  lying  under  the  equator,  is  situated  on  the  Pacific  coasts  south 
ot  Columbia.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  800  miles,  and  its  greatest 
l.readth  about  350  miles.  Area,  208,000  square  mile8,~about  equal 
to  that  of  the  German  Empire. 

2  Natural  Feature8.-3fo«rt^a/n.?.-Thore  are  three  ranges 
"t  the  Andes  in  Ecuador,  with  a  general  course  in  a  northeasterly 
•hrection.  The  range  farthest  eu.t  is  the  loftiest.  The  middle  raniro 
rises  10.000  to  12,000  feet,  and  spreads  out  oastwardly  into  an  ele- 
vated plateau,  with  numerous  towering  peaks.  Ohimborazo  the 
loftiest,  is  21,420  feet  high.  Cotopaxi  is  10.000  feet  high,  ami  is 
the  most  remarkable  volcano  in  the  M'orld.  No  other 'volcano 
approaches  it  in  terrible  sublimity.  The  roar  of  Cotopaxi.  it  is 
suid,  has  been  heard  at  a  distanc  o  of  several  huudred  mileg.     The 

A  ^*'y^''o""«;r^-  '^^'^  '"'"'"'  f^'-onf'"'-?  Whpro  is  U?     Letifffh  and  breadth? 
Area?     2.  Whut,  mountninn?  Which  i.  tbo  loCfiest  rnn^o?     Whrof  U«  mid 
dlo  range?    Wiiat  of  Chiu,bora«o  ?    Cotopaxi?    Of  tlie  third  range? 

20 


11 


230 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


li'  J 


third  range  is  near  the  coast,  and  is  not  so  lofty  as  the  other 
two  ranges. 

3.  Elvers. — The  Amazon  and  its  tributaries  in  the  north,  south, 
and  west  are  magnificent  navigable  streams.  Those  flowing  west  into 
the  Pacific  are  short  mountain-torrents. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — There  are  two  seasons:  winter,  from 
December  to  May,  which  is  a  season  of  delightful  temperature ;  and 
summer,  from  June  to  November,  during  whi(^h  high  winds  ijrevail, 
and  rain  seldom  falls. 

The  soil  on  the  coast  is  sterile,  and  the  climate  sickly;  Dut  on  the 
table-lands,  among  the  mountains,  the  soil  is  good  and  the  climate 
delightful.  At  Quito  perpetual  spring  prevails.  Wheat  may  be 
sown  so  as  to  ripen  every  month  in  the  year. 

5.  Products. — The  productions  of  the  soil  and  the  minerals  are 
similar  to  those  of  Colombia.  The  forests  are  filled  with  birds  of 
brilliant  plumage,  and  the  affluents  of  the  Amazon  are  infested  with 
dangerous  reptiles. 

G.  Population. — The  inhabitants  number  1,040,000,  comprising 
Creoles,  Indians,  and  the  mixed  races.  The  Indians  are  more  indus- 
trious than  those  of  most  of  the  South  American  States. 

There  are  few  roads  of  any  description  except  on  the  table-lands. 
Merchandise  is  transported  on  the  backs  of  mules. 

7.  Chief  Towns.— Quito  {ke^io),  the  capital,  is  built  on  the  side 
of  Mount  Pichincha,  9500  feet  above  the  sea,  and  is  surrounded  by 
snow-capped  volcanic  mountains.  It  has  a  celebrated  university,  and 
is  noted  for  its  literary  society.  Guayaquil  {gwi-ah-keeV),  near  the 
Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  is  the  principal  seaport;  it  is  very  unhealthy. 
Cuenca  [kwen^kah)  and  Riobamba  are  the  other  chief  towns. 

8.  Government.— E(uiador  is  a  liberal  but  unstable  republic.  It 
consists  of  throe  departments,  Quito,  Guayaquil,  and  Assuay  [as- 
»wV).  Revoluti(»n8  frequently  occur,  and  the  character  of  the  govern- 
ment is  on  this  account  constantly  changing. 

9.  Education. — An  educational  system,  including  a  university, 
ten  colleges  and  .seminaries,  and  numerous  primary  scluxds,  has 
lately  been  organized. 

10.  Religion.— The  prevailing  religion  is  Ronian  Catholic. 

3.  Rivers?    4.  Soil?    Climate?    6.  Products?    ft.  Population  ?    Roads,  Ac? 
7   Whr.t  of  Quito?    For  what  noted  ?    Guayaquil?   Other  towns?     8.  Govern 
inent?     tf.  Eduoatiun?     lU.  Religion? 


GUIANA. 


231 


GUIANA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  24,  Guiana.-Bound  Guiana.  What 
point  on  the  coast?  What  mountains  on  the  southern  boundary? 
What  rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  To  what  three  powers 
does  Guiana  belong?  Which  has  the  eastern  part?  The  middle? 
The  western  ?  What  is  the  chief  town  in  French  Guiana?  In  Dutch 
Guiana  ?    In  British  Guiana  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-Guiana  lies  on  the  northern  coast  of 
South  America,  east  of  Venezuela.  It  is  about  560  miles  lone  from 
cast  to  west,  and  about  200  broad.  Area,  169,000  square  miles  - 
about  equal  to  that  of  Spain.  The  western  part  belongs  to  England, 
the  eastern  to  France,  and  the  centre  to  Holland. 

2.  Natural  FeatnreB.-Mountains.-TheAcRray{ah-kah-rn 
Mountains  form  the  southern  boundary:  they  are  about  4000  feet 
high.  From  this  elevation  the  surface  of  the  country  gradually  falls 
until  within  40  or  50  miles  of  the  sea-coast,  when  it  is  very  little 
above  high-watei.  This  broad  strip  along  the  coast  is  marshy,  and 
at  some  points  dikes  are  necessary  to  keep  out  the  sea. 

3.  Bivers.— The  rivers,  of  which  the  Essequibo  (es-se-ke'bo)  is 
the  longest,  are  streams  of  moderate  length  flowing  northward  into 
the  Atlantic.     There  are  many  picturesque  cataracts. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate.-ThQ  soil  is  very  fertile,  but  the  climate 
iH  hot  and  unhealthy.  There  are  two  wet  and  two  dry  seasons  • 
ram  falls  almost  constantly  during  December,  January,  and  Febru- 
ary,  and  again  during  June,  July,  and  August.  Thunder-storms  are 
troquent  and  violent,  but  hurricanes  are  rare. 

5  Products.— The  principal  products  are  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco, 
tmiber,  dye-stuff"H,  rum,  cloves,  and  nutmegs.  Among  the  wild  plants 
the  Victoria  Regia,  the  largest  of  water-lilies,  is  particularly  noted 
for  its  enormous  leaves  and  splendid  flowers. 

6.  Population.— The  entire  populaticm  is  estimated  at  221  000 
Of  these,  127,000  are  in  the  British,  64,000  in  the  Dutch,  and  30  000 
in  the  French  coh)nies.     French  Guiana  was  for  a  time  a  place  of 

(3riANA.—l.  Where  is  Guiana?    Lnnirth  n..,!  !.r,.,.,iM.  9      a o     m.  ._,  ^^ 

Pr'l  .0  ,?  PlinfH?  ;;  P  .  f  ;•"•"'•  .i^'"^'"*'  «*"'™''  '""»  hurrioa„e«? 
Vron  J.innov  !,•.  .  ;  "»»"»^'""  "<  <ho  several  colonies?  What  •/ 
uench  (imana/     British  Uumna?    Of  slavery  ? 


a 


l\ 


I 


232 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


exile  for  French  prisoners  of  state.  In  British  Guiana  many  Chinese 
and  Indian  Coolies  are  employed.  Slavery  is  now  abolished  in  all 
parts  of  Guiana. 

7.  Chief  Towns. — Georgetown,  on  the  Demerara  River,  is  the 
capital  of  British  Guiana ;  Paramar^'ibo,  on  the  Surinam'',  that  of 
Dutch  Guiana ;  and  Cayenne  {ki-en^),  on  an  island  near  the  coast,  that 
of  French  Guiana.  New  Amsterdam  is  a  flourishing  settlement  in 
the  Dutch  colony. 

8.  Government  and  Religion. —  In  govern  and  religion 
these  colonies  are  controlled  respectively  by  the  countries  to  v/hich 
they  belong.  In  the  British  and  Dutch  colonies  the  religion  is  Pro- 
testant, and  in  the  French  it  is  Roman  Catholic.  Education  is  im- 
proving in  all  the  provinces. 


BRAZIL. 


City  or  p.io  hf  .lAMnon 


7.  What  of  floorrctdwn  ?    Parnmnribo?    Cayenne?    New  Amsterdam ?    8. 
Qovcrnmcnt?     Rcligidn  ?     Education? 


erdam  ?    8. 


BRAZIL. 


233 


Questions  on  Map  No.  5J4,  Brazil.-Bound  Brazil.  What  cape 
north  ?  What  on  the  east  ?  On  the  southeast  ?  Where  is  the  Bay 
of  All  Saints?  Marambayo  Bay?  Paranagua  Bay?  Where  is 
Joannes  Island?  Fernando  de  Noronha?  Martin  Vas  and  Trini- 
dad? Abrolhos?  St.Catharina?  What  mountain-range  along  the 
east  coast?  Where  are  the  Geral  Mts. ?  Maracayon  Mts.  ?  What 
great  river  in  the  north?  Describe  its  course.  How  wide  at  its 
mouth?  What  are  its  two  largest  affluents  north?  Three  largest 
80uth?  Describe  the  Tocantins  River.  The  San  Francisco.  What 
two  rivers  flow  south  and  form  the  east  and  west  boundaries  of 
Paraguay?  Where  is  Lake  de  los  Patos  ?  Lake  Pern agua?  Where 
is  Xarayes  Marsh  ?  Where  is  the  diamond  district?  Where  are  the 
gold-regions?  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Bahia?  Para? 
Maranham?     Pernambuco?    Goyanna?     Diamantina?    Petrapolis? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— The  Empire  of  Brazil  comprises  nearly 
all  of  the  eastern  and  central  portion  of  South  America.  It  extends 
from  the  north  to  the  south  2500  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is 
about  the  same.  Area,  2,724,000  square  miles,— about  nine-tenths 
that  of  the  United  States. 

2.  Natural  FeAtnreB.— Mountains.— -The  principal  mountain- 
ranges  are  the  Brazilian  Coast  Range,  the  Organ  Mountains,  and  the 
Goral  Mountains.  The  intersecting  chains  form  many  plateaus  or 
high  table-lands.     In  the  interior  are  dense  forests  of  great  extent. 

3.  li ivers.— Tho  Amazon  flows  across  the  northern  part,  and, 
with  its  numerous  tributaries,  drains  the  largest  river-basin  in  the 
world;  in  this  basin  are  immense  llanos,  or  grassy  plains,  and 
silvas  covered  with  dense  forests.  The  Madeira,  the  largest  afflu- 
ent of  the  Amazon,  is  itself  a  mighty  river.  The  other  principal 
tributaries  are  the  Tapajos  [iah-pah^zhoce),  Xingu  [sUng-goo^),  Ne- 
gro {nat/gro),  and  Purus  (poo^rooce).  The  Tocantins  (fo-kan-teens^) 
flows  into  the  Para,  which  is  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Amazon. 

4.  These  rivers,  with  the  San  Francisco,  Parana,  Paraguay,  and 
their  tributaries,  form  the  most  magnificent  river-system  in  the 
world.     Owing  to  the  lack  of  internal  improvements,  travelling  is 

hWhnt  of  Rriizil?    Lonpth  nnd  brendth  ?     Area?    Coniparntivo 


T3nAzii,. 

-A *  n        t 


inintamo 


What  of  iiit 


•■iwt'clinj;  chnins?     Of  the  interior ?    ;{. 


Wlmt  of  tho  Amazon?    Of  the  Madeira?     Other  trihHtnries  of 


The  Tocantiiifl  ?     4.  What  further  of  rivers  ?     II 
navigation  ? 

20* 


tho  Amazon  ? 
ow  crossed  ?     Of  steamboat 


^1 
Jl! 


i 

I  i 

i;  f 
;  i 

I I  ' 

f 

1  •  f 

* 

■1  ! 

234 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


I; 
I 


difficult ;  many  of  the  rivers  are  crossed  on  rafts,  or  m  frail  bridges 
made  of  ropes. 

Steamboat  navigation  on  the  rivers  has  lately  been  introduced; 
and  a  steamer  recently  explored  the  Amazon  to  a  point  distant  about 
300  miles  from  Lima,  in  Peru,  reaching  a  part  of  the  river  that  had 
until  then  been  navigated  only  by  Indian  canoes.  The  country  was 
inhabited  by  savages,  and  was  found  to  be  of  wonderful  fertility. 

5.  Lakes. — There  are  few  lakes:  the  largest.  Lake  de  los  Patos 
(day  loce  pa¥toce),  on  the  coast,  is  150  miles  long  by  35  wide. 

6.  ^oi7.— The  soil  is  fertile  in  the  river-valleys,  and  well  suited 
for  pasturage  on  the  table-lands.  Not  more  than  the  hundred-and- 
fiftieth  part  of  Brazil,  however,  is  cultivated.  In  the  uncultivated 
regions  the  luxuriance  and  beauty  of  the  forest  are  indescribable. 

7.  Climate. — The  climate  is  varied;  but,  owing  to  the  extent 
of  sea-coast,  it  is  milder  than  elsewhere  in  the  same  latitudes.  The 
rainy  season  is  from  October  to  March. 

8.  Products. — The  principal  products  are  coffee,  sugar,  dye-stuffs, 
India-rubber,  cotton,  and  valuable  woods,  chief  among  which  arc 
Brazil-wood,  rosewood,  and  mahogany.  The  myrtle-tree,  and  tho 
sago,  wax,  cocoa-nut,  and  a  hundred  other  species  of  palm,  are 
found.     Hides,  horns,  tallow,  and  jerked  beef  are  largely  exported. 

9.  Animals,  &c. — Among  the  wild  animals  are  beasts  of  prey, 
monkeys  in  great  variety,  and  tribes  of  gaudy  birds,  including  many 
kinds  of  humming-birds,  which  flit  among  the  gorgeous  foliage,  ap- 
pearing like  sparkles  of  the  purest  gems. 

10.  The  boa-constrictor,  a  huge  serpent,  sometimes  30  feet  in  length, 
is  the  terrible  guardian  of  the  dense  forests.  Alligators  infest  the 
rivers.     Cattle  and  wild  hogs  roam  tho  plains  and  skirt  the  woods. 

11.  Mines,  di-c— Brazil  is  noted  for  the  richness  of  its  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones.  The  most  famous  diamond  localities 
are  in  the  central  regions  of  Brazil.     Beautiful  topazes  are  found. 

12.  The  pasturage  on  tho  pampas  and  llanos  is  abundant,  but  coarse. 
During  the  dry  season  cattle  often  die  for  want  of  water  and  herbage. 

13.  Population.— The  population  in  1870  was  10,045,000.  The 


6.  Lakes  ?  6,  Soil  ?  What  part  cnltivntod  ?  Of  the  uncultivated  regions  ? 
j[-Cninatc?  Of  tho  rainy  season  ?  8.  Produota?  AVhat  valuable  woods,  Ac? 
".  Of  aniinala  and  birds:  10.  Boa-constrictors,  ic?  UalLif,  &,K.y  ]I.  Mint-M, 
Ac?  12.  What  of  pasturage?  13.  Population  ?  Who  are  tho  whltos  f  What 
of  tho  others  ? 


BRAZIL. 


235 


which  in  beauty 
rivals     that     of 
Naples.      The 
city  is  the  largest 
in    South   Ame- 
rica, and  has  an 
extensive     com- 
merce.   Near  it 
is   the   imperial 
palace    of     Sao 
Chris  to  vfto 
{sowng    krees- 
to-vbwng^). 

15.Bahia(6aA- 
e^ah)  is  an  im- 
portant city,  on 
the  Bay  of  AH 

Saints.  Pernam-  street  scene  in  rio  Janeiro 

buco.  Para  {pah-rah^),  and  Maranham,  all  on  or  very  near  the  coast 
are  considerable  towns.  ' 

16.  JDiamantina  {de-ah-mahn-te^nah)  is  the  chief  town  in  an  im- 
portant diamond  district  lying  just  beyond  the  Coast  R^nge    " 
IS  on  the  river  San  Francisco.  ^ 

17.  Qovernment—Brazil,  originally  a  Portuguese  colony,  became 
a  kingdom  m  1808,  and  an  empire  in  1822.     In'l841,  the  Emper" 
Don  Pedro  I.,  for  reasons  of  state,  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son!  who 
ascended  the  throne,  as  Don  Pedro  II.,  the  same  year.  This  prince  s 
of  the  royal  family  of  Portugal.  ^  ' 

18.  Brazil  is  a  constitutional  empire.    The  government  is  popular 
and  well  administered.  Brazil  is  djvidedinto  twenty-one  provinoe'I,  of 

14.  What  is  said  of  Rio  Janeiro?    What  near  fh;«  «U^?    ir,   wvf-^pu- 
•iim  other  towns?"    ]f».  Of  Dinmnnfim.       IT   i±  .^  •'•'•"  Hat  ui  hahia. 

l«41r     18.  What  fur  ho    S  t^o^^^^^^  What  occurredin 

cation.  Ac.  ?     Of  the  press?     Oi^Z^^:S^l  Ac.7  "'°'  P""""*'^^     ^^"^ 


236 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


which  there  are  eleven  each  larger  than  Great  Britain.  A  good 
school  and  university  system  is  in  operation.  Some  learned  Bra- 
zilians have  attained  distinction  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  The  press 
is  free,  and  a  taste  for  literature  is  increasing.  The  Emperor  en- 
courages European  immigration.  About  60,000  Germans  and  Swiss 
are  now  settled  in  about  60  distinct  communities. 

19.  Religion. — The  Roman  Catholic  worship  is  established  by  law ; 
other  creeds  are  tolerated. 


PERU. 


r ' 


CITY  OF  CUZCO. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  27,  Peru. — Bound  Peru.  What  cape 
farthest  west?  Where  is  Callao  Bay?  Pisco  Bay?  Cape  Lobos? 
Chipam  Bay?  Where  are  the  Lobos  Islands?  Chincha  Islands? 
What  mountain-ranffes  near  the  coast?  Where  is  the  volcano  of  Gua- 
lateiri?    Arequipa  Volcano?    Mt.  Chuquibamba?    What  lake  on  the 

ly.  Religion? 


PERU. 


237 


southeast  boundary?  What  lake  is  the  source  of  the  Amazon  ?  What 
river  is  a  large  portion  of  the  northern  boundary  ?  Name  three  afflu- 
ents  of  the  Amazon  in  Peru,  and  state  the  direction  in  which  they 
flow.  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is  Callac?  Cuzco? 
Piura?    Arequipa?     Truxillo?     Ayacucho? 

h  Position  and  Extent.-Peru  lies  on  the  Pacific  coast,  south 
of  Ecuador.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  1500  miles;  its  breadth, 
about  560  miles.  Area,  540,000  square  miles,  or  about  three  times 
that  of  Spam. 

2.  Natural  TeAturea.— Mountains.— The  Andes,  divided  into 
two  parallel  ranges,  traverse  the  western  portion.  The  western  range 
forms  the  water-shed  between  the  vivers  that  flow  into  the  Atlantic 
and  those  that  flow  into  the  Pacific.  Some  of  the  loftiest  volcanic 
summits  of  the  Andes  are  in  Peru.  Gualateiri  [gwuh-lah-tay-e-^, 
the  loftiest  peak  in  Peru,  is  22,000  feet  high,  and  is  in  the  south. 
The  western  part  of  Peru  is  a  rainless  region. 

3.  Rivers.— T\iQTnngnTdiguK{toon-goo-ra¥gwah),  on  the  north- 
ern boundary,  an  affluent  of  the  Amazon,  and  its  tributaries  the 
Iluallaga  [wahl-yali^gah),  Ucayale  (oo-ki-ah/lag),  and  Javary  {hah- 
vah-re^)  are  the  principal  rivers.  Lake  Reyes  {ray^yes),  near  the 
centre,  is  the  source  of  the  Amazon.  The  rivers  west  of  the  Andes, 
flowing  into  the  Pacific,  are  short  and  shallow,  and  are  useless  for 
navigation. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — In  the  eastern  part,  watered  by  the 
affluents  of  the  Amazon,  the  soil  is  very  fertile;  but  a  large  portion 
of  this  part  of  Peru  is  uncultivated.  In  the  mountains  it  is  sterile. 
In  some  parts  on  the  coast  there  has  been  no  rain  wi*hin  the  memory 
Of"  man.  East  of  the  mountains  rain  falls  during  half  the  year,  while 
during  the  other  half  drought  prevails. 

The  climate  varies  with  the  elevation  of  the  surface.  Fearful 
earthqu.'kps  occur  in  the  volcanic  regions. 

5.  Products. — The  products  are  the  cereal  grains,  coffbe,  sugar, 
ontton,  wool,  and  hides.  Peruvian  bark  is  now  scarce.  Guano,  a  rich 
manure,  is  obtained  from  the  Chincha  and  Lobos  Islands,  near  the 


Peru. 


-^-  Where  is  Pcni?^  Length  nnd  breadth  ?  Area?  2.  What  of  the 
..  h!)t  d»cs  the  western  raii,i;c  form  ?  What  of  the  ioTtiest  volcanic 
^umm.ts  of  the  Andes?  Of  Gualateiri  ?  3.  Rivers?  Lake?  Other  rver.  ? 
♦.Soil?  In  the  mountains?  Of  rain  ?  Climate?  Earthquakes?  5.  Pro- 
ducts?     Guano?     Minerals? 


"»;:  ! 


238 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


coast.    Gold  and  silver  are  found.     The  silver-mines  of  Cerro  Parco 
are  the  most  profitable  in  South  America. 

6.  Population.— The  population  is  about  2,500,000.  Of  these 
one-quarter  are  whites,  one-half  Indians,  and  the  rest  are  of  the 
mixed  races. 

A  railroad  from  Callao  to  Lima  has  recently  been  constructed ;  but 
there  is  a  veant  of  good  roads,  and  travelling  is  difficult  and  often 
dangerous. 

7.  Chief  Towns. — Lima  {lee^mah),  the  capital,  is  situated  about 
six  miles  from  the  coast.  This  city  has  been  several  times  destroyed 
by  earthquakes.  Cuzco  [koos^ko),  on  an  affluent  of  the  Amazon,  and 
far  in  the  interior,  is  the  second  city  in  Peru.  It  has  some  splendid 
buildings.  The  plateau  on  which  it  is  built  is  13,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Truxillo,  Piura  {pe-oo^rah),  and  Arequipa  {ah- 
ray-kee^pah)  are  important  places.  Arequipa  was  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  in  18G8. 

8.  Government.— Peru  is  a  republic.  It  achieved  its  independ- 
ence of  Spain  at  the  battle  of  Ayacucho  {i-ah-koo^cho),  in  1824. 
Revolutions  have  since  been  frequent.  It  is  divided  into  eighteen 
departments.     Education  is  constantly  improving. 

9.  Religion. — The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  esUioiished  reli-ion. 


BOLIVIA. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  27,  Bolivia. — Bound  Bolivia.  What 
bay  on  the  coast?  What  range  of  mountains?  In  what  part  of 
Bolivia  is  the  Peak  of  Sorata?  Carangas  ?  Potosi  ?  What  lake  on 
the  boundary  of  Peru?  Where  is  Lake  Pansa?  What  river  con- 
nects these  lakes  ?  Where  is  the  Madeira  River  ?  Name  some  of  the 
affluents  of  the  Madeira.  What  river  is  a  part  of  the  eastern  bound- 
ary near  the  south  ?  Where  is  the  Pilcomayo  ?  In  what  direction 
does  it  flow  ?  Where  do  all  the  rivers  in  Bolivia  (except  the  Paraguay 
and  Desaguadero)  rise  ?  In  what  direction  do  they  all  flow  except 
these  two  and  the  Pilcomayo?  In  what  direction,  then, does  the  sur- 
face fall  from  the  Andes  Mountains  ?    Where  is  the  desert  of  Ata- 


6.  Population?     Roads?     7.  What  of  Lima?     Cuzco? 
towns  ?    8.  Government  ?    Education  ?     9.  Ecligion  ? 


Truxillo  and  other 


BOLIVIA. 


239 


)  and  other 


*ama?    What  and  where  isthecapital?    Where  is  La  Paz?    Cocha. 
bamba?    Cobija?    Potosi? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-Bolivia,  named  after  the  Liberator 

r/m  ^  T'  'r  '''''  ''  ^^^^^^-  I*  '^  -^'-^  1000  miles  long 
and  400  broad  Area,  480,000  square  miles,  or  nearly  equal  to  that 
of  one-seventh  of  the  United  States.  J    4  "^  «>  mat 

2.  Natural  Features.^ Mountains.-The  Andes  Mountains 
range  through  Bolivia:  they  rise  abruptly  in  the  west,  and,  at  an 
elevation  of  13,000  to  14,000  feet  above  the  sea,  spread  out  into  a 
magnifacent  plateau,  extending  eastward  250  to  800  miles  They  are 
divided  into  two  parallel  ranges,  the  Western  and  Eastern  Andes 

3.  East  of  the  latter  lies  a  beautiful  country,  sloping  gradually 

towards  the  interior  and  the  north.     The  western  part,  lying  on  the 

Pacific  coast,  occupies  the  desert  of  Atacama,  a  rainless  region  with 

occasional  mountain-torrents  that  empty  into  the  Pacific,  fertilizing 

narrow  valleys  *' 

in  their  course. 

There    are    in 

Bolivia,  in  the 

Eastern  Andes, 

nine peaks each 

exceeding  20,- 

000     feet      in 

height.       Of 

these,  Mts.  So- 

rata,  Potosi, 

Carangas'',  and 

lllimani  [eel-ye-   ^ 

maJ/ne)  are 

the  highest. 

4.  Lakes. — 
Lake  Titicaca 
{fe-te-kah^kah), 

on  the  boundary-line  of  Peru,  is  situated  on  a  plateau  between  the 
Eastern  and  Western  Andes,  12.847  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Ar?r?"'9'^m^»;,."?"!i'^9"^"'''?.''*^?  ,P^''^  '"^  '^^  I^^n^th  and  breadth? 
Area?  2.  Of  the  Andes?  How  divided?  3.  What  east?  What  in  the  west? 
Lofty  peaks  ?    4.  Of  Lake  Titicaca  ?    Where  does  it  discharge  Vts  waters  ? 


BRIDGE   OF   ROPES. 


ii^  I 


240 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


It  is  about  180  miles  long,  by  40  miles  wide,  and  receives  several 
streams.  Its  only  discharge  is  by  the  Desaguadero  {des-aJi-gwah- 
day^ro),  a  river  that  flows  south  and,  after  a  course  of  about  two 
hundred  miles,  falls  into  Lake  Pansa. 

5.  Rivers. — The  Madeira  River  is  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary; 
its  principal  affluents  are  the  Branco,  Madalena,  Mamore  {mah-mo- 
rai/),  and  Beni  [bay-ne^):  they  rise  in  the  Andes  and  flow  north. 
Other  rivers  are  the  Pilcomayo  {pil-ko-mVo),  which  also  rises  in 
the  Andes,  but  flows  east  and  south ;  and  the  Paraguay,  which  flows 
south  and  forms  for  some  distance  the  eastern  boundary. 

6.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  fertile,  in  the 
mountainous  region  sterile.  The  climate  varies  with  the  locality : 
in  the  mountains  it  is  cold,  and  in  the  plains  warm  and  damp. 

7.  Products. — The  chief  vegetable  productions  are  cereal  grains 
and  tropical  fruits.  In  the  lowlands,  coffee  and  sugar  are  produced. 
There  are  in  the  mountains  valuable  deposits  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  tin ;  but,  owing  to  want  of  enterprise,  the  mines  of  the  precious 
metals  are  no  longer  productive.  The  silver-mines  of  Potosi  were 
once  renowned  for  their  riches.  On  the  llanos  are  found  vast  herds 
of  cattle. 

8.  Populattou. — The  population  is  1,987,000.  It  is  composed  of 
Creoles  and  the  mixed  races. 

9.  Chief  ToTvns. — Sucre  [soo^hray)  is  the  capital ;  it  is  on  a 
plateau  9000  feet  above  the  sea.  La  Paz,  in  a  deep  valley  at  the  foot 
of  the  Eastern  Andes,  is  the  largest  city,  and  contains  a  cathedral, 
14  churches,  a  university,  a  college,  a  law  achool,  and  other  public 
institutions.  Potosi,  Orura,  Cochabamba,  and  Tarija  {fah-7-e^hah), 
all  in  the  interior,  are  important  places.  Cobija  {ku-be^huh)  is  tlio 
chief  seaport. 

10.  Oovernment. — Bolivia  became  independent  in  1824.  It  is  a 
republic,  divided  into  nine  departments. 

11.  There  are  no  railroads  iu  Bolivia,  and  hardly  any  common 
roads.  Merchandise  is  transported  on  the  backs  of  mules.  The 
want  of  facilities  for  transportation  is  destroying  the  little  commerce 


'11 


0.    itlTors  r      utncr  rivcrr  .- 


inmate:        t.    tftrnu-cir  .-        iTitiirt  ts!- : 


Of  the  silver-mines?  Of  the  llanos?  8.  Population?  9.  What  is  said  cf 
Bucrof  LaPaz?  Coimbra?  Cobija?  10.  Government?  11.  P.uilroads,  Ac? 
Of  faollitles  for  transportation  ?     Education  ? 


CHILI. 


241 


that  the  State  now  has.     The  education  of  youth  is  becoming  more 
systematic  and  extended.  ^ 

12.  ReUglon—The  prevailing  religion  is  Catholic ;  but  it  is  not 
supported  by  the  government.  * 


CHILI. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  28,  ChiU.~(See  Man  M,  9i\     n      a 

Ci,i.j.     Where  is  Chi,„eWa„a?    Whorit  Sh^'a'c'  ipdZ 

Wellmgton  Wand?     Qaeen  Adelaide's  Archipelago?     IW  Te 

Fuego?  San  Juan  Fernandez?  St.  Felix?  {MapKo^»,  WhlJv 

on  ihe  coast  north  of  Valparaiso?    What  south  ofValpaaio 

Where  are  the  Gulfs  of  Ancud  and  Coreoyado?    WLat  sreat Toun 

.a,n-range  on  the  east  ?    Where  is  the  volcano  of  Aeoneagu™    Name" 

.omc  of  the  peaks  north  „f  Aeoneagua.     Some  of  those  south      In 

wha    part  of  Chili  are  the  Araueanian  Indians?    Wh    c  is  the 

B,..B,o  Riycr?    What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?    Where  ,  Valna 

ru....?    Talcahuana?    Huaseo  and  Cari.al ?'  Caldera  and  CopiapT; 

C„„„,n,bo?  Concepoion?    Valdivia?  What  towns  on  Chiloe  Island  ? 

JnZTT>,  '"^  f  "'«"'-CI'»l  i«  a  long  and  narrow  strip  of 
B  ivLT  T  "'^7^'"  '^'"'  "f  South  America,  extending  Lm 
™!lT    In  t'  ^""^"^  "  ■'•'"S*  "bout  2100  „,iles.  and  of  an  ave- 

t^erf  ,«■"""'  '^"  "■"""•  ^""''  2«».000  square  miles^eariy 
«u.e  tlatof  Prussm.     The  islandsof  Cl.iloe  (cWay')  and  Ju'an 
Fernan'dez  are  a  part  of  its  territory.    Chili  'claims  the  Ihot  W 
tory  of  Patagonia,  under  the  name  of  the  Territory  of  MugeUan 

2.  Natural  Peature8.-Jf,„„.^.,:,„._T|,e  Andes  formal       . 
on,  Wundary  ,  „,e  surface  rise,  from  tho  Pa*  0"".      wist 
f  the  sumnnt  of  these  mountains,  which  hero  lift  th  ir  nu  ner  1; 
».-..w-cap|,c,l  peaks  to  a  height  of  upwards  of  20,000  feet     A  oTa 

"(the  sea,  and  ,s  the  highest  land  in  the  Western  Continent. 

fro  n  Chrte""'!  A™'  "'."""'""-I'"""™  "ver  the  An,le..  extending 
iron,  thih  to  tho  Argentine  Confederation;  „nlv  .„,.  1. j!^ 

,.',!-.,1f.'f"'."L "»."■■:-'•  Wh.ro  I.  Chili;     A,..?~l,|.„d,p     Wh,.  „f 

ua?    3.  MouDtaio- 


''iitiiironift?    9   TK„  A  ,     Ac    ,     '■  ^""•'^     Area?     Is 

"'iijroniar    ^.Iho  Andes?    Of  tho  iurfann  ?    r>f  a„„„ 
l)i.^»08?     Volcanoes?  "'©•urtaoe/'    Of  Aoonoag 


21 


242 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


ri 


now  passable  by  wagons.     There  are  eight  active  volcanoes,  varying 
in  height  from  7500  to  upwards  of  20,000  feet. 

4.  Rivers. — The  rivers  are  all  short,  as  they  have  their  sources  in 
the  Andes.     The  longest,  the  Bio-Bio,  is  about  200  miles  in  length. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  on  the  coast  is  good,  especially 
in  the  valleys  between  the  mountains.  The  climate  is  one  of  tlio 
finest  in  the  world;  nevertheless,  the  people  are  not  remarkable  for 
longevity.  There  are  four  seasons,  but  in  the  opposite  order  from 
ours, — January  being  in  mid-summer  and  July  in  mid-winter.  In 
the  northern  part  of  Chili  little  or  no  rain  falls;  in  the  centre  and 
south  the  rainy  season  1-3  from  June  to  September.  Earthquakes  are 
frequent  and  destructive. 

6.  Products.—  AVheat,  corn,  and  other  cereals  are  produced. 
Cattle  abound.  The  mineral  products  are  silver,  copper,  load,  iron, 
cobalt,  and  quicksilver.  Coal  has  been  discovered  at  Lota,  on  the 
coast.  Troes  of  rare  and  rich  woods,  and  of  many  varieties,  are 
found  in  the  forests. 

7.  Populatlou. — The  population  is  2,146,000,  and  comprises  the 
usual  Soutli  American  races.  The  Araucaniati  Indians,  a  bravo  and 
warlike  tribe,  though  often  assailed,  maintain  their  independence  in 
the  Andes,  not  400  miles  from  the  capital. 

8.  Chief  To^vns. — Santiago,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  an  olo- 
vated  plateau,  90  miles  from  the  sea.  Valparaiso  [val-pah-ri^so] 
is  the  chief  seaport.  It  is  connected  with  Santiago  by  a  railroad. 
Talcahuana  [tal-kah-wah^nah),  on  Talcahuana  Bay,  has  a  fine  har- 
bor, the  best  on  the  coast.  Huasco  {hioahsl\o)  and  CarizaK  are  in 
the  silver  district.  From  Tongoy  {tong-(/(/ee)  copper  is  exported  to 
the  United  States. 

y.  Coquimbo  {fio-keem^ho),  Ccmcepcion  and  Valdivia  are  importr 
ant  towns  near  the  coast.  San  Carlos  and  Castro  are  the  principal 
places  in  Chiloo  Island.  Caldora  is  connected  with  Copia[)<)'',  in  tlio 
silver  district,  by  a  railroad,  which  it  is  pioposed  to  continue  to  the 
Parana  River,  in  the  Argentine  Confederation. 

10.  Oovernment. — Until  1810  Chili  was  a  Spunish  vice-royalty, 
In  1817  it  becanu>  independent.     It  is  now  a  c<;nfedorate  republic, 

4.  RlvcfS?  .'.  S  >i!  ?  CHmatc?  "r.-isnns?  fi.  r'-diiotB?  Minerals ?  Worxl:;'- 
7.  l'o|tnlati()n  ?  Of  tlio  Araiioiuiiiiii  In(lian><?  8,  Of  HnnMiKo?  ViUpiiriiico? 
Tulonhuniia?  HiiaHcn  nml  Carizal  ?  Of  Tnnitoy'f  9.  Viildivia  and  oflicr 
towns i*  Wha*  of  Caldora  and  Topiapo?   10.  (lovorn-ncnt  ?  Of  Chili's  advanio? 


es,  varying 

■  sources  in 
in  length. 
,  especially 
one  of  tlio 
irkable  for 
order  from 
nnter.  In 
centre  and 
quakes  are 

produced. 

lead,  iron, 
)ta,  on  the 
ricties,  are 

iprises  the 
,  brave  and 
endence  in 

on  an  elo- 
l-pah-ri^so) 
a  railroad, 
a  fine  liar- 
zaK  are  in 
ixported  to 


ARGENTINE    CONFEDERATION.  243 

H'ith   fifteen  provinces.     Chili  advances  mora  rapidly  in  commerce 
.ind  the  arts  than  any  other  Spanish-American  State. 

11.  Education.-The  educational  system  has  made  great  pro- 
gress.  Upwards  of  a  thoi  oand  schools  are  organized,  with  an 
aggregate  of  more  than  30,000  pupils. 

12.  Rellgion.-The  established  religion  is  Roman  Catholic ; 
other  creeds  are  tolerated,  but  not  encouraged. 


ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION. 

Questions   on    Map    No.  28,  Argentine    Confederation.-^ 
Bound  the  Argentine  Confederation.     What  bays  on   the  coast? 
AV hat  capes?    What  mountains  wes    and  northwest?     Where  are 
Cordova  Mts.?     Vulcan  Mts.?     Balchitta  Mts.  ?    Where  is  Lake 
Ybera  ?     Describe  the  course  of  the  Parana  River  in  the  Argentine 
Confederation       Uruguay?      Vermejo.     Salado  that  flows  into  Pa- 
mna     Into  what  does  the  Parana  empty?    The  Rio  de  la  Plata? 
\hat  other  river  flows  from  the  north  into  the  Rio  de  la  Plata? 
Into  what  lake  does  the  Dulce  flow?     The  Bevedero?     What  two 
u.toB.tterLake?   frhese  lakes  ha. e  ho  known  outlet.)   Where  is  the 
CdoradoR^ver?    TheRioNegro?    What  and  where  is  the  capital? 
Where  is  Mendoza?    Corrientos?    Parana?    Rosario  on  the  Rosa- 
no?    Rosario  on  the  Parana?    Oran?    Santiago?    Cordova?    Mag- 
dalena?     Describe   the   proposed   railroad   route   from   Rosario   to 
Copiapo  m  Chill.     Where  is  the  Despoblado  ? 

1.  Poaltion  and  Extent.-The  Argentine  Confederation  lies  east 
ri'^n  ^^'^^"'''S«  ^«"Sth  is  about  1200  miles,  and  its  breadth 
about  650.     Area.  880.000  square  miles.-noarly  equal  t.  that  o 
one.  ourth  of  Europe.  The  Argentine  Confederation  claims  all  the 
erritory  of  Patagonia  south  of  the  Rio  Negro  (re^o  nay^yro)  and 
enHt  of  the  Andes.  J  *f    i 

2.  Natural  Featnres.-.Vojaii'ani.^.-Tho  Andes  separate  the 
Argentine  ConCcioratiou  from  Chili.     They  rise  abruptly  on  the 


ire  importr 
)  principal 
[[h/,  in  tho 
inuo  to  tho 

ico-roynlty. 
e  republic, 

,,_.,.       ^  !'■  Kiliiofttion?     12.  Ui.liif!....  V     a..«„„-,..5,  fi-.._^-. ,    ,,.. 


Viilpiiriiico! 
,  and  otiirr 
i'H  lulviinco? 


l^onKth  aiidbrondth?     A 


n. 


rca?     Whnt  dcu-n  if  cliiiin  ?     2.  Whnt  of  tho  A 


flP  IS 


•""It'?     Whnt 


w  do  thoy  riw  on  fh«  riiili  sido?     How  d 


•urface?     Of  D«»pobhidu? 


iH  f<iii<l  of  tho  Andes  at  tho  north?     0th 


oMccnl  on  tho  Argrntine 


vr  uiuuntuiUM  ?     Of  tbt 


244 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


western  or  Chili  side,  and  descend  on  the  eastern  or  Argentine  side, 
by  gentle  slopes,  towards  the  sea-coast,  forming  an  inclined  piano 
without  great  undulations.  At  the  north  the  Andes  branch  into 
numerous  irregular  cross-ranges  and  peaks,  rendering  that  part  ex- 
ceedingly rugged  and  mountainous.  The  Balchitta  Chain  is  in  the 
southwest,  and  extends  into  Patagonia.  The  Vulcan  Mountains  are 
in  the  south. 

The  surface  of  the  country  consists  principally  of  pampas  or  plain:?, 
and  is  well  adapted  to  grazing.  The  region  called  the  Despoblado 
(uninhabited),  in  the  northwest,  and  a  part  of  the  Gran  Chaco,  in  the 
northeast,  are  almost  entirely  desert. 

3.  Lakes. — The  principal  lakes  are  the  Bevedero  {bay-van-dai/ro), 
Porongos  {poron-goce^),  Bitter,  and  Andalgala;  they  all  receive  con- 
siderable rivers  and  have  no  known  outlet.  Lake  Ybera  {e-bai/rah), 
in  the  east,  is  a  swampy  region  interspersed  with  small  lakes. 

4.  Rivers. — The  Parana^  River  rises  in  Brazil,  flows  in  a  south- 
erly direction,  and,  uniting  with  the  Uruguay,  forms  the  Rio  do  la 
Plata.  The  principal  aflluents  of  the  Parana  are  the  Salado  and  Para- 
guay. The  Vermejo  {ver^ay^ho)  flows  into  the  Paraguay.  The 
Salado  in  the  south,  the  Colorado,  and  the  Rio  Negro  flow  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.     The  other  principal  rivers  flow  into  lakes. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate. — West  and  south  of  the  centre,  the  soil  is 
not  fertile.  The  climate  varies  in  different  parts,  but  ts  generally 
equable  and  healthy.  In  some  portions  the  air  is  so  dry  and  pure 
that  beof  is  cured  without  salt. 

C.  Products. — Wheat,  rice,  Indian  corn,  cotton,  sugar,  toljaccn, 
and  wine,  are  produced ;  but  the  raising  of  cattle  is  the  chief  em- 
ployment. In  the  State  of  Buenos  Ayres  {ho^nos  ai/riz)  alone  four 
millions  of  cattle  graze  upon  the  pampas.  They  are  caught  by 
mounted  herdsmen,  called  Gauchos  [guw^choce],  who  throw  the  laswi 
with  great  skill. 

7.  Population.— The  population  is  1,737,000.  It  consists  of  tlio 
varieties  common  in  South  America.  The  Gauchos  are  Croolfs; 
they  are  very  ignorant,  ])ut  have  great  pride  of  birth,  claiming  to 
be  descended  from  the  best  blood  of  Castile. 


ij.   Liahrn  :        tt  iiaT  rri    iiicsii.-       ijrtnc    xin-iar       i.    n  liac  ni    inc^   I'nrnns    KlVrr: 

What  of  the  Ilio  do  la  IMiitii?  AffliiontR  oT  tho  Pnmnn,  ?  Other  rivers?  5.  Soil? 
Climate?  0.  Pnicliiots?  Chief  cmployuiont  ?  What  of  (he  State  of  nmnos 
Ayrcs?    Wiiat  of  tho  hcrdsiiion  ?     7.  Population?     What  of  the  flauohos? 


ARGENTINE   CONFEDERATION. 


245 


LASSOING 


<A?Tv^Tl  T""  ^^''''  '^'  °^P^*^^'  «"  the  west  side 
of  the  La  Plata  River.  170  miles  from  the  sea,  is  the  largest  city ; 
•t  IS  well  built,  and  has  a  population  of  about  2()0,(m  with  con- 
siderable commerce. 

ant  town.  In  1861  it  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake.  Corrien^tes. 
on  he  Parana,  is  a  considerable  town.  Parana  (pah-rah^ah^),  also 
on  he  Parana  is  a  flourishing  port.  Santiago,  on  the  Dulce  IdooF. 
«a//).  and  Cor^dova  and  San  Luis,  near  the  centre,  are  towns  of 
p^rowing  nnportance.  A  railroad  is  projected  across  the  country,  con- 
necting Rosano  on  the  Parana  River,  with  Copiapo  and  Caldera 
[kal-dar/ rah)  in  Chili. 

10.  Government.-The  Argentine  Confederation  consists  of  four- 
tocn  States  It  is  a  rq)ublic.  with  a  legislative  body  composed  of 
two  branches.  ^ 

11.  Rellglon.-Tho  ostabHshed  religion  is  Roman  Catholio 

townsT'trL'^^rr.  ^Z;;^!'  A il-;'?-^!'     ^--n^-?     Pamna?     Other 

t   -t  d  .ailruau:     iu.  uoveii.u.cnt?     11.  Religion  ? 

21* 


KJ'iH 


246 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


mm 


PARAGUAY. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  28,  Paraguay.— Bound  Paraguay. 
What  river  on  the  east  and  south?  On  the  west?  What  moun- 
tains in  the  north?  Where  is  Grand  Island?  What  and  where  is 
the  capital?  Where  is  Concepcion?  Curuguaty?  Villa  Rica? 
Military  Colony  ?     Has  Paraguay  any  ser  coast  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Paraguay  lies  south  and  west  of 
Brazil,  and  is  included  between  the  Parana  and  Paraguay  Rivers. 
Greatest  length,  about  600  miles;  breadth,  about  200.  Area  74,000 
square  miles,— nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  State  of  Nebraska. 

2.  Natural  Features.— ^o«w^atn*.— A  range  of  the  Brazilian 
mountains  extends  through  the  eastern  part.  On  each  side  of  the 
mountains  are  fertile  plains,  upon  which  horses  and  cattle  roam  in 
grejit  numbers. 

3.  ^0/7  and  Climate. — The  soil  is 
very  fertile.  The  climate  varies  accord-^ 
ing  to  elevation  as  one  passes  from  the 
lower  country  to  the  mountains.  In 
general  it  is  mild  and  healthy. 

4.  Rivers. — The  Paraguay  and  Pa- 
rana are  the  principal  rivers.  On  the 
Parana  River  ai-e  several  magnificent 
waterfalls;  one  stretch  of  a  hundred 
miles  is  a  continuous  series  of  rapids. 

5.  Products.— The  vegetable  pro- 
ducts of  Paraguay  arc  of  great  variety, 
and  include  many  valuable  woods  and 
gums.  Hides  are  largely  exported. 
Yerba  Mat6  {mah-kv/),  or  Paraguay  ton, 
is  used  instead  of  the  tea  of  China.  Tlio 
animals  and  minerals  are  like  those  of 
the  adjacent  provinces  of  Brazil. 

G.  Population.— The  population 


#IONKEYS     CROSSING 

SOUTH    AMERICA 


A     STREAM    IN 


IS 


l'irMn«?     -f  «  ilv     ip      r  ,      }"\'!^^^  "^^^  nroadth  :  Area?    2.  Mountains? 
■>   «/!•-"' L  ^'"""^°^     4-  Hivors?     WatcrfallB?     6.  Products?     Ev 
ports/   Of  \  01  baMatfi?   r..  Population?  ^.  iroauctsr     i.\ 


URUGUAY. 


247 


1,337  000.     It  consists  chiefly  of  Indians,  a  few  whites,  and  the 
mixed  breeds. 

7.  Chief  Towns—Asuncion  (ah-soon-se-own^),  the  capital,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Paraguay,  is  a  neat  and  cleanly  city.  It  is  situated 
nearly  opposite  the  junction  of  the  Paraguay  and  Pilcomayo  Rivers, 
1000  miles  from  the  sea.  Concepcion  {kon.sep.se.ownn,  in  the  north 
Gurugnaty{koo-roo.gwah.te^),  near  the  centre,  and  Villa  ilica  (veeV. 
yah  re^kah),  south  of  the  centre,  are  the  other  principal  towns 

«.  Government—Paraguay  formerly  included  all  the  territory 
between  latitude  16°  south  and  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  and  between 
Bra.a  on  the  east  and  Chili  and  Peru  on  the  west;  bit  revolt  and 
cessions  have  reduced  it  to  the  small  strip  between  the  Parana  and 
Paraguay  Rivers. 

9.  This  State  declared  its  independence  in  1810.  In  1812  Doctor 
Francia,  a  native  Creole,  usurped  the  government,  made  himself  dic- 
tator, and  ruled,  from  1812  to  1840,  with  a  vigorous  hand.  :Some 
years  after  the  death  of  Francia,  Antonio  Lopez  became  President 
The  government  is  a  republic.  The  people  are  better  educated  than 
those  of  the  adjacent  States.  A  good  school  system  was  organized 
by  the  Dictator  Francia. 

10.  Religion— The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  established.  Since 
the  edict  of  toleration  issued  by  Lopez  in  184G,  other  denominations 
have  been  tolerated,  but  they  are  not  permitted  to  erect  places  of 
worship. 

11.  In  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  Jesuit  mis< 
sions  of  Paraguay  included  100,000  Indian  converts,  who  were 
taught  reading,  writing,  a  few  of  the  simplest  trades,  and  the  use 
of  arms.  In  1759,  the  Spanish  government,  jealous  of  the  intentions 
of  the  Jesuits,  banished  the  teachers  and  broke  up  the  missions. 


URUGUAY. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  28,  Uruguay.-.B()und  Uruguav     What 
river  on  the  west?     On  the  south?    What  lake  in  Uruguay?     What 

r.  What  of  Asuncion?    Other  towns?    8.  What  did  it.  innl.i.ln-    0  Wh««n  di.' 

!Lion  v''"l  l'"\';jr;''"^  ■     ^^•"'/."^■•■^'""^•.'^"P''''^    Government?    10.  Re^ 
go vc  nm  ,  t"/  •'*'''""««•  •"  »»'«  «>gl>»oonth  century  ?     What,  of  the  Spanish 


248 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


mountains?    What  and  where  is  the  capital?     Where  is  Colonia? 
Maldonido?     SanJos6?     Mercedes?     Durango? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Uruguay  [oo-roo-gwV),  the  smallest 
of  the  South  American  States,  lies  on  the  Atlantic,  south  of  Brazil. 
It  is  about  350  miles  long,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  nearly  the 
same.  Area,  70,000  square  miles,— about  twice  that  of  the  State  of 
Indiana. 

2.  Natural  reatures.—ilfown^ains.— The  Coast  Range  of  Bra- 
zil extends  into  Uruguay,  decreasing  in  height  as  it  approaches  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata  at  the  south.  The  coast  is  low  and  sandy.  In  the 
western  part  the  surface  is  gently  undulating. 

8.  Rivers. — The  principal  river,  the  Uruguay,  forms  the  western 
boundary  of  the  repablic.  The  Parana  and  Uruguay  Rivers  unite 
and  form  the  Rio  de  la  Plata, 

4.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  well  suited  for  grazing.  The 
climate  is  damp,  but  mild  and  healthy. 

5.  Products. — The  principal  products  of  the  soil  are  wheat,  In- 
dian corn,  and 
melons.  Hides, 
horns,  jerked 
beef,  and  tal- 
low are  the 
chief  exports. 
Vast  herds  of 
cattle  and 
horses  roam 
on  the  pampas. 

6,  Popula- 
tion.— The  po- 
pulation is 
about  387,000. 
It  consists 
chiefly  of  Cre- 
oles of  Spanish 
descent.     Thd 


MONTEVIDEO. 


Indians  and  negroes  are  comparatively  a  small  number. 

UntroiTAY.— l.WheroiHit?  Lcn-'lh  •UHlbrcsultli  ?  Aron?  2.  Mountains?  Const 
aaasurface?  a.Kivcrs?  4.Soil?  Climuto/'  5.  Productsl'  Exports?  0. Population ? 


PATAGONIA. 


249 


7.  Chief  Towns.— Montevideo,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
left  bank  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  It  has  an  excellent 
harbor.  Colo^nia  and  Maldonado  are  the  other  chief  towns.  San 
Jo86  {ho-say'),  on  the  Uruguay,  is  an  important  inland  settlement. 

8.  Government.— Uruguay  is  a  republic,  with  thirteen  depart- 
ments. The  constitution  is  liberal,  but  in  practice  the  government 
is  a  military  despotism. 

9.  Religion.— The  established  religion  is  Roman  Catholic;  other 
forms  of  worship  are  tolerated. 


PATAGONIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  24,  Patagonia.  — Bound  Patagonia. 
What  bays  on  the  east?  What  peninsula?  What  cape?  What 
strait  between  Patagonia  and  Terra  del  Fuego?  What  is  Terra  del 
Fuego?  What  cape  farthest  south?  What  islands  off  the  coast? 
What  other  island?  What  mountains  in  Patagonia?  Where  is 
Punta  Arenas  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Patagonia  i^  the  peninsula  forming 
the  southern  extremity  of  South  America.  It  extends  from  the  Rio 
Negro  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  and  is  about  1000  miles  in  length, 
by  an  average  breadth  of  about  280  miles.  Area,  280,000  square 
miles,  or  more  than  twice  that  of  Prussia.  It  includes  Terra  del 
Fuego  {ter^rah  del  foo-ee'go),  (the  Land  of  Fire),  and  the  group 
of  islands  near  the  coast.  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Confederation 
each  claim  the  territory  of  Pat-^gonia. 

2.  Natural  Features.-/ .  nniains.— The  Andes  traverse  the 
western  part,  declining  in  height  towards  the  south.  The  Balchitta 
Mountains  are  in  the  northeast.  From  the  mountains  in  the  cast  to 
those  in  the  west  stretches  a  succession  of  terraces,  forming  sterile 
plateaus,  about  which  very  little  is  known. 

3.  liivers.— The  Rio  Negro  forms  a  part  of  the  northern  bound- 
ary, and  flows  into  the  Atlantic.     The  other  rivers  are  unimportant. 

4.  Surface.  — The  face  of  the   country  is   rocky  and   barren: 
7.  Of  Montpvideo  ?     OtJinr  towns?     8    r3,„ro,....v.«»,*  »     o   t>„i:-: o     "^4 

'""'•^"o-  'i^^"'"  ''  '^^  ^''^''"*-  W^'^*  islands?'  Area?  Wh.fciaim./pntal 
fjonm?  2.  Mountains?  What  further  of  the  mountains?  3.  Rivers?  4  Sur- 
face.'     Of  rain?     Climate?     Harbors?     Tides? 


1! 


»i 


Hi 


m ' 


250 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


slaty  shingles  and  boulder  cover  immense  areas.  Kain  falls  in  great 
quantit.3s  and  the  climate  is  very  disagreeable.  Eastward  it  is  less 
damp.  There  are  few  good  harbors.  The  tides  on  the  coast  rise  from 
thirty  to  forty  feet. 

5.  Products.— The  country  is  a  desert.     The  inhabitants,  who 
are  savages,  live  by  hunting  and  fishing.    Seals  abound  on  the  coast 

lor  nnn°^^V*'*°°'":^'^'  °""'^''  ^^  ^^^  Patagonians  is  estimated  ai 
1-0,000  They  are  large  and  ill  formed,  usually  about  six  and  a  half 
feet  in  height.  The  name  Patagonian  means  large-footed:  the  people 
were  so  called  because  their  feet,  wrapped  m  hides,  appeared  to  the 
earliest  narigators  to  be  of  immense  si^e.  Their  feet  and  hands  are 
however,  generally  small  in  proportion  to  the  rest  of  their  bodies  ' 
7.  There  are  no  towrs  or  villages  in  Patagonia,  with  the  excep- 
t,on  of  Punta  Arenas  {poon^fak  ah-ray^nas),  a  new  port  on  the  Strait 
i,i  Magellan,  founded  by  Chili  in  1853. 


THE   ISLANDS   OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

L  The  islands  of  South  America  are  fewer  in  number  and  smaller 
m  e^ctent  than  the  islands  of  the  other  grand  divisions.  The  largest 
of  those  in  the  Caribbean  Sea  are  Cura(joa  {ku-rah-so^ah),  Buen  Ayre 
{mm  vray),  Oruba,  and  Margarita.  The  first  three  belong  to  the 
Ijo  herlands,  and  form  a  Dutch  government,  the  capital  of  which  is 
Wilhamstadt,  m  Cura^oa.  These  islands  are  moderately  fertile. 
The  chief  product  is  salt.    Populatiou  of  the  whole,  about  20,000. 

2.  Margan.ca  lies  about  30  miles  north  of  Venc.uela,  and  belongs 
to  that  State;  sugar,  coifoe,  cotton,  and  other  tropical  productions 
aoound.  Salt-nuiking  and  fishing  are  carried  on  to  some  extent. 
Pearls  were  formerly  found  on  the  coast,  but  few  are  now  met  with. 
Asuncion  is  the  capital.     Population  of  the  island,  about  15,000. 

^.  ihe  Galapagos  {gah-lap^ah-goce)  Islands  lie  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  about  050  miles  wet  of  Ecuador,  and  form  an  appendage  t.> 
that  republic.    They  are  13  in  number^l  volcanic,  and  mistly  sterile. 

,.i-_^':"*^"°*f.'     «•  What  of  the  people?     Of  their  namoT^  Whnf  ^.  e.ja  .. 


ISLANDS. 


251 


lis  in  great 
fd  it  is  less 
t  rise  from 

tants,  who 
I  the  coast, 
itimated  at 
and  a  half 
the  people 
-red  to  the 
hands  are, 
bodies, 
the  excep- 
the  Strait 


id  smaller 
he  largest 
uen  Ayre 
)ng  to  the 
which  is 
ly  fertile. 
20,000. 
i  belongs 
oductions 
e  extent, 
met  with. 

5,oor. 

e  Pacific 
3ndago  to 
ly  sterile. 

I  of  thorn? 

ducts?    2. 

of  turtle? 


The  only  inhaoitant.  are  on  Charles  Islands ;  and  they  are  chiefly  cor. 

4.  Ihe  Chincha  and  lobos  (lo^boce)  Islands  lie  near  the  coast  of 
Peru,  and  are  noted  for  their  large  deposits  of  Lni^Z  '  ,    '^ 
frnm  tho  eoi^  «p    u-  u     •  n  ^    u<^posiis  01  guano,  the  income 

from  the  sale  of  which  yields  a  considerable  revenue  to  the  Peruvian 
government.  ^^ciuvian 


GUANO  ISLAND. 

5.  The  Ju^an  Fernan^dez  Islands,  two  in  number,  are  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean  about  500  miles  westward  from  Chili.  The  easternmost. 
Mas-u.Tierra  {mahs-ah-fper-raf^),  has  a  few  Chilians  settled  on  it.  On 
this  island  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scottish  sailor,  resided  by  himself 
for  several  years:  his  narrative  is  supposed  to  have  given  .i«e  to  the 
story  of  Robinson  Crusoe. 

-  0  wide,  with  a  population  of  60,000.  The  soil  is  fertile,  producing, 
-arley,  oats  potatoes,  and  apples.  The  forests  are  extensive,  an3 
apply  the  finest  timber.    San  Carlos  and  Castro  are  the  chief  towns  • 

the  lormer  is  the  capital. 


4.  Chincha  and  Lobos? 


4.  tnincha  and  Lobos?     For  whaf  nnfo,i?     ^    t.,       n  1     _    — 

noted?     6.Chiloe?    Populati^np'^^n^r  iwsf  ?:.l"r"'^^-     ^°'- "''^'^ 


I  :.  ■■! 


252 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


7.  On  the  west  coast  of  Chili  are  a  number  of  islands,  of  which 
Wellington  is  the  largest.  The  few  inhabitants  are  savages  of  tho 
lowest  grade. 

8.  Terra  del  Fuego,  or  Land  of  Fire,  so  called  fror .  its  volcanoes, 
is  a  cluster  of  islands  situated  south  of  Patagonia,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  It  extends  from  cast  to  west 
about  500  miles,  and  forms  the  southernmost  part  of  South  America. 
Some  of  the  islands  are  covered  with  trees ;  others  are  rocky  and 
sterile.  The  inhabitants  are  a  wretched  race  of  .vages.  Area, 
50,000  square  miles.  Toya  [to^yah),  a  small  island  on  the  east  coast 
of  Patagonia,  abounding  in  guano,  has  lately  been  taken  possession 
of  by  France. 

9.  The  Falkland  Islands  lie  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  from  300  to  350 
miles  east  from  Patagonia.  They  comprise  East  Falkland  and  West 
Falkland,  with  a  number  of  smaller  islands.  Their  area  is  about 
equal  to  that  of  ;the  State  of  Connecticut.  The  soil  consists  mostly 
of  peat.  Trees  are  unknown.  Horses,  cattle,  and  swine,  introduced 
by  the  first  settlers,  are  numerous,  and  many  have  "become  wild. 
Sea-elephants  and  seals  frequent  the  shores.  Port  Louis  is  a  British 
settlement  on  East  Falkland. 

10.  The  islands  of  Brazil  all  lie  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Joannes 
{zho-an^aes),  situated  between  the  mouths  of  the  Amazon  and  the 
Para,  is  150  miles  long.     Population,  about  20,000. 

11.  Maranham''  Island  is  at  the  mouth  of  Maranham  River;  it  is 
about  20  miles  long,  and  contains  the  city  of  Maranham,  an  important 
seat  of  commerce.     Population  of  the  island,  about  40,000. 

12.  Fernando  de  Noronha  [fer-nan^do  day  no-rone^yah)  lies  about 
175  miles  northeast  of  Cape  San  Roque  [roHcay).  It  is  well  fortified 
and  garrisoned,  and  is  about  8  miles  in  length.  It  is  a  Brazilian 
penal  settlement,  and  the  inhabitants  are  principally  convicts. 

13.  St.  Catharina  is  a  fertile  island,  lying  close  to  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  and  about  500  miles  southwest  of  Rio  Janeiro.  It  is  30 
miles  in  length,  and  has  a  population  of  about  12,000.  Desterro  is 
the  chief  town. 


7.  Islands  on  the  west  coast  of  Chili?  8.  Terra  del  Fucpro?  How  Ion;?? 
What  is  said  further?  Of  the  inhabitants?  Toya?  1).  Falkland  Islands? 
What  do  they  comprise?  Area?  Su'il?  Trees?  OPnnimnlR?  What  pisrt' 
10.  What  of  the  islands  of  Brazil?  11.  Maranham  L-land?  12.  Fermmdo 
do  Noronha?     St.  Cutharina? 


EUROPE. 


EUROPE. 


253 


CITY  OF  LONDON. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  29,  Europe.-Bound  Europe.  Between 
^^^mt  parallels  of  latitude  does  Europe  principally  lie?  Meridians 
ot  longitude? 

Divisions—Where  is  Russia?  Sweden?  Norway?  Denmark  !> 
Wmany?  Prussia?  Austria?  Italy?  Switzerland?  Holland? 
Belgium?  France?  Spain?  Portugal?  Turkey?  Greece?  Where 
are  the  British  Isles?     What  do  the  British  Isles  incrde? 

Seas,  Bays,  &c. -Where  is  the  White  Sea?     Tcheskaya  Gulf^ 

m^^TTun^'r^^'''''-  K^^-^Bay?  Caspian  Sea?  Azof^ 
Back?  The  Bosphorus?  Sea  of  Marmora?  The  Dardanelles? 
ine  ArchiDelairo?   Mftditpirrapenn'     4fi'-:a'^;-'>     o^,    •,     o  ^ 

Gulf  of 
? 


GulfofTaranto?     Bay  ot  Naples?     Strait  of  Bonifacio?    .,uix  o 
Oenoa?    Gulf  of  Lyons?     Strait  of  Gibraltar?     Bay  of  Biscay 


'PI 


I  nil 


254 


EUROPE. 


English  Channel?    Zuyder  Zee?    N:)rth  Soa?    Baltic?    Gulf  of  Fin. 
land?     Riga?    Dantzic?    Bothnia?    Cattegat?    SkagerRack?    St. 

George's  Channel?    Irish  Sea?     Lake  Lad- 
^  oga?    Onega?     Geneva? 

Capes. — Where  is  North  Cape  ?  Cape 
Sviatoi?  Matapan?  Passaro?  St.  Vincent? 
Finisterrc  ?  Ortogal  ?  Land's  End  ?  Cape 
Clear?     The  Naze? 

Islands. — Where  is  Nova  Zembla  ?  Can- 
dia  ?  Negropont  ?  Where  are  the  Ionian 
Isles?  Where  is  Sicily?  Malta?  Sar- 
dinia? Corsica?  Elba?  Where  are  the 
Balearic  Isles?  Wlierc  is  Ireland  ?  Great 
Britain, — including  England,  Scotland,  and 
Wales?  Where  are  the  Shetland  Isles? 
Orkneys?  Hebrides?  Where  is  Zealand ? 
Where  are  the  Faroes?     The  Loffodens? 

Mountains. — Where  are  the  Ural  Moun- 
tains?    Caucasus?     Carpathian?     Alps? 
Apennines?  Auvergne?  Cevennes?    Pyro- 
nees?     Sierra   Nevada?     Sierra   Morena? 
Cantabrian  ?     Dovrefield  ?     Scandinavian?     Valdai  Hills? 

Rivers. — Describe  the  Ural  River.    Volga.    Don.    Dnieper.    Daii- 

Guadahpiivlr.     Ta-^us.   Garonne.    Loire. 


BAy  OF  NAPLES. 


*      U])0. 


Po. 


Tiber.    Rhone. 


Seine.     Rhine.     Elbe.     Oder.     Vistula.     Niomcu.     Duua.     Dwina. 
Tornea. 

Peninsulas.— What  peninsula  in  the  Black  Sea?  Between  tho 
Archipelag.>  and  the  Medit«;rrnn(an?  Between  the  Adriatic  on  tlio 
east  and  tlu;  Mediterranean  on  the  west?  Between  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Between  the  Nortli  Sea  and  tho 
Cattegat?     Between  the  Baltic  Sea  and  tho  Atlantic  Ocean? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Europe  occuniea  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  Eastern  Continent:  it  is  separated  from  Asia  by  the  Ih-al 
Mountains,  Ural  River,  Caspian  Sea,  Caucasus  Mountains,  and  Black 
Sea,  and  from  Afri'm  by  tho  Mediterranean  Sea.    Its  greatest  lenirtli 


E.'HOi'R.— 1.  Where  is  Kuropc?     How  Bcpitratod  from  Asia  and  Africa? 
Len){tb  and  broadth?     Area? 


EUROPE. 


255 


md  Afriin? 


ALPS,  AND  ALPINE  VILLAGE. 

is  3400  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  2400  miles.     Area, 
3,764,388  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Featurea.-.Vo  ,t  n  ff  a  in. ..-There  are  several  ranges 
<>t  mountains.  An  almost  continuous  mountain-line  from  the  Cau- 
casus, running  westward,  divides  Europe  into  the  level  country 
iH.rth  and  the  mountainous  country  south.  The  southern  p.)rtion 
IS  greatly  diversified;  the  Alps.  Apennines,  Pyrenees,  and  Cau- 
casus  are  the  most  noted  mountains  of  this  portion. 

3.  The  Pyrenees,  separnting  France  and  Spain,  present  a  steep 
and  precipitous  face  tewards  Spain,  but  descend  by  g,.ntlo  slopes 
towards  France.  The  Ural  Mountains  are  between  Europe  and  Si- 
bcria  in  Asia.  AL.unt  Elburus,  in  the  Caucasus  range,  between 
the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas,  is  the  highest  laud  in  Europe,  ,i„a  h 
l/,770  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

4.  Coanf.lnic.—rho  indentations  „f  the  coast  of  Euroi)e  are 
si>  numerous  that  it  1ms  a  cuiiHt-lino  ..f   ninro  t! nn  nnr.       ., 


S( 


arcely  any  portion  is  ^OO  miles  .listant  from  the 


sea. 


Whnt 


''Vi^il;:!;'";"^!;;!:/:'";! '^r"'^';-'''!""  p-t«on?  3.  pyrenco.? 


I'rul?     Mt.  Elburus?     4.  Whiit  of  tho  oonRt-I 


DO? 


raipa 


256 


EUROPE. 


5.  ^eas. — The  most  important  inland  seas  are  the  Baltic,  in  the 
north ;  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Azof,  in  the  southeast ;  the 
Caspian,  on  the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia;  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, between  Europe  and  Africa.  The  Mediterranean  is  the 
largest  inland  sea  in  the  world,  having  a  length  of  2200  miles. 

6.  Lakes.—There  are  a  great  number  of  small  lakes.  Ladoga, 
the  largest,  lies  in  a  depressed  region  of  western  Russia :  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  hundreds  of  smaller  lakes. 

7.  liivers.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Danube,  which  flows 
easterly  into  the  Black  Sea ;  the  Rhine,  which  flows  into  the  North 
Sea  ;  the  Loire,  Seine,  and  Rhone  in  France;  the  Tagus  in  Spain 
and  Portugal ;  the  Po  in  Italy ;  the  Volga,  Don,  Dnieper,  Dniester, 
and  Ural  in  Russia.  The  Tiber  in  Italy,  although  a  small  stream, 
is  one  of  the  most  famous  rivers  of  history. 


STRAIT    OF  QlBflALTAR. 


8.  Soil  and  r/Zma/*!.— Kuropo  oxtondn  from  the  3r>th  degrfo 
t>f  north  latitude  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  haw  almost  every  variety 

•v  Whn»  Kpn«i?     6.   Lukes?     7.  Priiioiiml  rivers ?     What  of  the  Tiber ?    8. 
Soil  aii'l  cl'iiiato  ? 


EUROPE. 


257 


of  soil  and  climate.     In  general,  the  climate  is  more  equable  than 
elsewhere,  and  aie  chaugcs  of  the  seasons  are  more  regular. 

9.  The  isothermal  lines  from  America  and  A.sia  curve  ten  degrees 
northward  in  Europe,  indicating  a  higher  temperature  than  in  those 
divisions.  This  is  due  to  the  hot  winds  from  the  great  deserts  in  the 
broad  tropical  belt  running  through  Africa  and  Arabia,  and  to  the 
warm  winds  from  the  Gulf  Stream  on  the  western  and  northwestern 
shores. 

10.  Products.— Europe  has  a  great  variety  of  products,  including 
the  grains  of  the  temperate  zone,  some  of  the  fruits  of  the  tropics, 
and  all  of  the  principal  fruits  which  flourish  in  the  milder  regions 
of  the  earth. 

11.  The  mineral  productions  are  gold,  silver,  platinum,  iron,  lead, 
copper,  zinc,  coal,  and  salt. 

12.  Of  the  various  fisheries,  the  herring-fishery  of  the  British 
Islands  is  the  most  important. 

13.  Animals.— The  principal  wild  animals  are  the  wild  boar, 
the  wolf, 
and  several 
varieties  of 
the  bear. 
Of  domcd- 
ticanimals, 
the  horse, 
shcop,  hog, 
and  cattle 
alK)und.  In 
tlin  north- 
ern coun- 
trios  the 
rolndcer  is 
iHcd  for 
<l  r aught. 

The  oik  is  found  in  Russia  and  Poland,  and  the  chamois  and  ibex 
inlialiit  the  Alpine  cliffs. 
14.  There  are  nuninrmis  Bpocica  of  birds,  of  which  tho  most  noted 

0.  What  \n  ^nid  of  tlio  i^ofJiormal  Hncs  ?  To  wlint  is  tlio  hiirlmr  trtn|M'ra(uro 
rt".;/  in.  Pro,ln..t.:'  II.  Minorals?  12.  Fi«horie8 ?  I.",.  Wl'.l  und  (LmuHlio 
nniinalsi'     14.  Birds? 

•  19* 


LAMMERQEYER. 


>i': 


M 


I-  .!l 


258 


EUROPE. 


are  the  golden  eagle  and  the  lammergeyer,  oi  bearded  vulture,  which 
destroys  sheep. 

15.  Divisions.— Europe  is  divided  into  forty-one  States,  of  which 
the  principal  are  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Russia,  ^r)rway  and 
Sweden,  Denmark,  Holland,  Belgium,  Prussia,  Austria,  the  several 
German  States,  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  Switzerland,  Italy,  Turkey, 
and  Greece. 

16.  It  is  the  smallest  of  the  grand  divisions  of  the  earth,  but  con- 
tains  some  of  the  most  populous,  wealthy,  powerful,  and  enlightened 
countries  in  the  world.  . 

17.  Population.— The  population  numbers  302,000,000,  and  con- 
Bists  chiefly  of  several  varieties  of  the  Caucasian  or  white  race. 

18.  In  most  of  the  countries  there  is  a  small  class  of  privileged 
persons,  known  as  the  nobility,  who  are  entitled  by  birth  to  import- 
ant  political  rights  not  granted  to  the  rest  of  the  people. 

19.  Chief  Cities.— Europe  has  many  magnificent  capitals.  The 
largest  is  London,  in  England,  the  capital  of  the  British  Empire. 
Paris,  in  Franco,  is  r  ted  for  its  life  and  gayety,  its  public  buildings, 
and  its  churches.  Berlin,  the  capital  of  Prussia,  is  a  splendid  city! 
Vienna,  with  its  imperial  palace  of  Schonbrunn,  is  famous  for  its  his- 
toric associations,  especially  those  connected  with  the  wars  of  Napo- 
leon I.     St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  are  renowned  cities  in  Russia. 

20.  Rome,  "the  Eternal  City,"  is  the  centre  of  attraction  in  Italy. 
Constantinople  is  the  capital  of  Turkey,  or  the  Ottoman  Empire! 
The  chief  cities  of  Europe  are  nearly  all  connected  by  railroads! 
and  travel  between  them  is  easy  and  pleasant. 

21.  In  all  the  great  cities,  but  particularly  in  those  of  Italy,  are 
•lifendid  galleries  filled  with  world-renowned  paintings  and  statues. 
The  galleries  of  art  in  Rome  are  the  richest  in  the  world. 

22.  Education.— There  are  universities  and  colleges  in  several 
of  the  capitals,  and  in  many  otiicr  cities.  These  are  provided  with 
every  appliance  for  instructiim  in  the  most  liberal  course  of  study. 

^    23.  The  Univorsltios  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  are  the  most  noted 
la  England.     Germany  has  twenty-two  universities,  besides  several 

Jf;i'I"'''.'«^w7'' '!.'"''!''•' ^    Ifi.AVhat  is  sai.l  further  of  Enropo?    V.  P... 
X^'^'V   J\^'"\'   f'Tlhcr  ..f  th«  population'     10,  Chiof  citiL?     IWlin  7 

;«1^'::^n,em?    Swi;;'^----:^-:'-^    £f-±'»«:*':-^    21.Whatn,r.hori, 
ford!'    Cambridfjo  ?    (} 


•da«At 


2:1.  What  fnrth 


or  of  education  in  ()) 


Whnt  of  Fninc"?    Hpain  ond  ttnly!' 


EUROPE. 


259 


Hundred  colleges  (gymnasia).  France  has  taken  the  lead  in  poly- 
technic  and  industrial  schools  ;  while  the  University  of  France  is 
the  source  and  centre  of  public  instruction  for  the  nation,  and  is  the 
largest  in  the  world.  The  universities  of  Spain  and  Italy,  although 
still  important,  are  far  less  famous  than  formerly. 

24.  Education  is  carefully  attended  to  among  the  higher  and 
middle  ranks ;  but  until  recently  the  lower  classes  have  been  much 
neglected.  General  education  has  made  greater  progress  in  Ger- 
many than  elsewhere. 

25.  Government.-Tho  governments  are  for  the  most  part  mon- 
archies: absolute,  in  Russia  and  Turkey;  limited  or  constitutional, 
in  Great  Britain,  Prussia,  Belgium,  and  the  majority  of  the  coun, 
tries.     Nine-tenths  of  the  European  governments  are  limited 

26.  Great  Britain,  France,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia  are  called 
from  their  extent  and  strength,  "the  Great  Powers."     Upon  their 
concurrence  or  disagreement  often  depends  the  question  of  peace  or 


„^«»' 


CAPF.   sr     VINCtNt, 


24.  How  is  fiduoation  uttemlod  to?    26.  What  of  govorninonts  ?     20.  Of  tho 


)  ■ 


!  « 


260 


EUROPE. 


\9(i 


Ti^r  in  Europe.    On  great  questions  it  is  their  policy  to  act  in  unison 
and  dictate  terms  to  tlie  other  powers. 

27.  Religion—The  Christian  religion,  in  some  form,  prevails  over 
the  greater  portion  of  Europe.  In  the  north  (excepting  Russia) 
the  people,  comprising  about  one-fourth  of  the  whole,  are  generally 
Protestants ;  in  the  south,  the  people,  comprising  one-half  of  the 
whole,  are  generally  Koman  Catholics;  in  Russia  and  Greece  the 
people,  comprising  one-fifth  of  the  whole,  belong  mostly  to  the  Greek 
Church ;  in  Turkey,  the  governing  race  are  Mohammedans. 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE. 


1.  The  Br.tlsh  Empire  deludes  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Bnta.n  auu  Ireland,  with  Gibraltar  and  Malta,  in  Europe ;  and 
various  colonies  and  possessions  in  Asia,  Africa,  America,  the  West 
Indies,  and  Australasia.  These  are  severally  referred  to  under  their 
proper  heads.  The  whole  emp^e  contains  7.566,000  square  miles, 
and  has  a  population  of  227,000,(K)r 

THE  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 
Questions  on  Map  No.  30,  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland.— Between  what  parallels  of  latitud(  (h.  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland  principally  lie?  Meridians  of  longitude?  Which  t!.. 
largest  island?     Which  next?    What  sea  between  the  two?     Wiiut 
channels? 


Turkey?  Hr.tisii  Lmi-iue.-I.  What  does  the  Urilinh  Empire  iuoludeV   ,,,.«»? 


SCOTLAND. 


261 


1.  The  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Jritain  and  Ireland,  the 

centre  and  seat  of  government  of  the  British  Empire,  is  the  most 
powerful  State  in  the  Old  AVorld.  It  comprises  the  two  large  islands 
situated  northwest  of  France,  the  larger  of  which  is  called  Great 
Britain,  and  contains  Scotland,  England,  and  Wales.  Ireland  is  the 
smaller  island. 

The  United  Kingdom  includes  the  adjacent  islands,— viz. :  in  the 
north,  Shetland,  Orkney,  and  Hebrides  {he¥rid-eez);  on  the  south, 
Scilly,  the  Channel  Islands,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  and  in  the  Irish 
Sea,  Anglesea  {ang^g'l-se)  and  the  Isle  of  Man. 

2.  Great  Britain  was  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  a  smaller 
territory,  of  like  name,  in  France  (the  province  of  Armorica),  which 
was  peopled  mainly  by  exiles  from  Britain  and  was  thence  called 
Bretagno,  or  Brittany,  The  term  was  not  much  used,  however,  until 
1707,  when  a  legislative  union  took  place  between  England  and  Scot- 
land, and  "  Great  Britain"  became  the  legal  title  of  the  whole  king- 
dom. It  so  continued  until  1800,  when  a  legislative  Union  took  place 
between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  since  which  time  the  legal  title 
has  Vjccu  "The  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland." 

3.  Area  of  the  United  Kingdom,  121,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 31,817,000. 

4.  The  privileged  class,  the  hereditary  nobility  and  the  gentry,  are 
among  the  richest  and  most  powerful  in  Europe.  They  control  to  a 
great  extent  the  legislation  and  government  of  the  empire.  The 
government  is  treated  of  under  the  head  of  England. 

SCOTL  \ND. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  30,  Scotland.— In  what  direction  is 
Scotland  from  England?  Bound  Scotland.  Where  is  Capo  Wrath  ? 
Dunnet  Head?  John  O'Groat's  {(/raicfs)  House?  Duncansby  Head? 
Dornoch  Firth?  Murray  Firth?  Kinnaird's  Head  ?  Firth  of  Tay? 
Firth  of  Forth  ?  Solway  Firth?  Mull  of  Galloway  ?  North  Chan- 
nel? Firth  of  Clyde?  Jura  Sound?  Loch  Linnho?  The  Minch  ? 
Little  Minch?  Where  are  the  Shetland  Islands  (see  Map  Ko.  29)? 
The  Orkney  Islands  {see  Map  Xo.  30)  ?    The  IIel)rides  ?    Where  are 

Orkat  BniTAiw  Avn  TnKi.ANn. — 1.  What  id  saidof  itf  What  dopH  itoom- 
]n\Hc?  2.  Why  called  Great  liritain?  3.  Area?  4.  What  is  ^aid  of  th* 
juivilegod  class? 


!      1   i 


m    ■  :l; 


^K  IiIbI^  if 


202 


EUROPE. 


the  following  islands ?-Arran?  Islay  ?  Mull?  Staffa?  Skye? 
What  hills  between  Scotland  and  England?  Where  are  the  Gram 
pian  Hills?  What  peaks  north  of  the  Grampian  Hills?  Where  arf, 
Ben  More  Hills?  Where  is  the  river  Tweed ?  Forth?  Tay?  Dee^ 
Clyde?  Esk?  The  Caledonian  Canal?  Where  is  Edinburgh? 
ulasgow?    Leith?    Aberdeen?    Dundee?    Paisley?    Inverness? 

1.  Position  and  Extent—Scotland  occupies  the  northern  por- 
tion of  Great  Britain,  including  the  adjacent  groups  of  islands.    It 
greatest  length  is  about  300  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  160 
Area,   30,000  square  miles,-ju8t  equal  to  that  of  the  State  of 
Maine. 

2.  Natural  FeatnreB.-^Mountains.—In  general  the  surface  is 
hilly  or  mountainous.  The  Grampian  Hills  divide  the  country  into 
the  Highlands  and  the  Lowlands.  In  the  Highlands  are  numerous 
mountain-peaks,  and  the  scenery  is  picturesque.  The  principal  peaks 
are  Ben  Nev's,  the  highest,  4368  feet,  Ben  Cruachan,  Ben  Aven  and 
Ben  Macdhui  {mac-doo'ee).    Ben  means  "head,"  or  "summit." 

The  Cheviot  Hills  are  between  Scotland  and  England.  Other  ele- 
vations are  the  Lammermoor  Hills,  the  Lowthers,  and  the  Ben  More 
liills. 

3.  Coast-line.-The  coast  of  Scotland  is  so  deeply  indented 
that  at  some  points  it  is  not  thirty  miles  across  from  sea  to  sea. 
Ihe  hrths,  or  sea-lochs  penetrating  the  coast,  offer  many  good  har- 
b.n-8 ;  of  these,  one  of  the  most  noted  is  the  Firlh  of  Clyde. 

4.  Lakes.—Theve  are  numerous  beautiful  lakes:  among  them 
the  most  striking  are  Lochs  Lomond,  Ness,  Tay,  Fyne,  and  Leven. 
m  the  Highlands  the  country  is  better  suited  for  grazing  than  for 
agriculture.  ^ 

Tt/^^vT'~l^i^  principal   rivers  are  the  T^y,  Clyde,  Forth, 
Iweed,  Exk,  and  Dee.  ^        j     >  » 

6  Islanda.-The  principal  islands  near  the  coast  of  Scotland  are 
the  Shetland  Orkney,  and  Hebrides  groups.  In  the  small,  unin- 
habited island  of  Staffa,  one  of  the  Hebrides  group,  is  a  remarkablo 
cave,  called  Fingal's  Cave,  formed  of  natural  basaltic  columns;  the 

JZar-hYr^.^.'^.t'^'^^^^^^^  Area?    2.  Whnt 

._       ....  ,„  ,„„j.„.ijg^    iThicipHl  imaks?    Cheviot  Hills    An  7 

i.  Cuast-Imo  /  4.  Lukes  ?  5.  Kivers  ?    6.  Principal  islands  ?   What  of  Staffa  ? 


SCOTLAND. 


263 


sea  flows  through  it.  It  is  227  feet  long  and  about  54  feet  b-oad ;  the 
roof  is  GG  feet  from  the  water.  The  whole  structure  lo'^  s  like  a 
work  of  art. 

7.  Products. 
— In  the  High- 
lands,   cattle 
chiefly    are 
raised.    In  the 
Lowlands, 
wheat,    barley, 
oats,  and  pota- 
toes   are    pro- 
duced.     Agri- 
culture is  car- 
ried   to    great 
perfection. 
There  are  many 
valuable  mines 
ofcoal  and  iron. 
The    latter    is 
largely    manu- 
factured. 

8.  Cotton, 
woollen,  and 

linen  fabrics,  and  whiskey,  are  extensively  made.  There  are  valuable 
fisheries  of  herring,  cod,  mackerel,  and  haddock.  Salmon  are  caught 
in  nearly  all  the  rivers. 

9.  Population.— The  population  numbers  3,359,000,  and  is 
divided  into  Highlanders  and  Lowlanders.  The  former  are  the 
descendants  of  the  Colts,  and  some  of  them  speak  the  Gaelic  lan- 
guage. The  Lowlanders  arc  a  mixed  race  of  Saxons,  Celts,  and 
Danes,  and  speak  English  with  some  peculiarities  of  pronunciation. 

10.  Some  of  the  Highlanders  wear  the  ancient  picturesque  dress 
of  tartan,  or  plaid.  Scotland  has  produced  many  eminent  philoso- 
phers and  men  of  learning ;  the  great  mass  of  the  people  are  sedate, 
industrious,  and  well  educated. 


FINGAL'S  CAVE,  AT  STAFFA. 


7.  Products?  Minerals?  8.  Manufactures?  Fisheries?  9.  Population? 
10.  What  is  said  of  the  costume  of  some  of  the  Highlanders?  What  is  saitJ 
<  f  eminent  men,  «kc.  ? 


|l 


I     ! 


264 


EUROPE. 


11.     Chief 

Towns The 

capital,     Edin- 
burgh,  is  built 
on  severrl  hills 
near    the   Firth 
of    Forth,    and 
adjoining  LeitL, 
iti>  .seaport.     On 
the     east     and 
west    are    high 
pr ec  i  pitous 
rocks.     On   the 
east  is  Arthur's 
Seat,    822    feet 
above  the  sea. 

Edinburgh 
has  a  renowned 
university,  and 
a  highly  culti- 
vated and  lite- 
rary society:  it 
is  called  the 
Athens  of  the 
North.     It  has 

fhp  !•  ^' pfT'  *^'  ^^^^  ''^^  ^"  ^''""^  ^^^*^^^  ^«  population,  is  on 
the  river  Clyde.     It  is  specially  noted  for  its  cotton  and  other  manu- 
fttctures,  and  its  iron  ships.     It  has  a  flourishing  university.     Leith 
Aberdeen   Dundee  and  Paisley  are  important  towns.     Inverness  i: 
the  chief  town  in  the  Highlands. 

Thit  ^"'PT*"""*  '''".^''   '^""''*  *^'  ^^^*^^"   ^'^^  western  coasts, 
rhere  are  also  extensive  railroad  communications. 

14.  Government-Scotland,  as  a  portion  of  the  United  King- 


CASTLE  OF  EDINBURGH. 


t\ 


ENGLAND.  . 


265 


aom,  sends  re^jreBentatives  t-  the  Imperial  Parliament.     There  are 
however  some  ancient  statutes  peculiar  to  Scotland  which  still  re^ 

rnT'vetTlOT    l'  ^.^^^t*-^--"  -*h  England  was  established 
m  the  year  1/07,  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. 

15.  Rellgion.-The  Presbyterian  is  the  establinhed  church  of  Scot, 
land;  but  various  other  forms  exist.  About  half  of  the  Presby Lr  an 
mimsters  d.ssatsfied  with  the  Establishment,  withdrew  from        ^ 

iatonT  .  T     "  ^"'  ^'""'  ''  ^^^^^^»^'"  untrammelled  by 

actors         '"       '  new  organization  the  churches  elect  their  own 


ENGLAND 


ill 


NEW  HOUSES  OF  PARLIAMENT. 


(s  The  Wash  ?     Strait  of  Do 


ver?    What 


lere 


--Bound  England.    Wh( 
countries  does  the  Strait 


15,   Religion? 


2:5 


266 


EUROPE. 


of  Dover  separate?  Where  is  Beachy  Head?  Isle  of  Wight?  St. 
Alban's  Head?  Start  Pt.?  Eddystone  Light-House ?  Mount's  Bay? 
Land's  End?  Bristol  Channel  ?  St.  George's  Channel ?  What  coun- 
tries does  St.  George's  Channel  separate?  Where  is  the  Irish  Sea? 
Isle  of  Man  ?  Where  are  the  Cheviot  Hills  ?  Where  is  the  river 
Tweed?  Humber?  Ouse  that  flows  north?  Thames?  Avon? 
Severn?  Mersey?  Where  and  what  is  the  capital?  Where  is 
Liverpool?  Manchester?  Sheffield?  "Birmingham?  Bath?  Chel- 
tenham? Brighton?  Chatham?  Portsmouth?  In  what  direction 
from  England  is  Wales?  What  waters  does  the  Strait  of  Dover 
connect  ?  Near  what  coast  are  the  Channel  Islands  {see  small  map)  ? 
Name  them.     To  what  power  do  they  belong?    Ans.  Great  Britain. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— England  is  the  southernmost  and 
largest  portion  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  separated  from  Scotland  by 
the  Tweed  and  Esk  Rivers  and  the  Cheviot  Hills.  Its  length  from 
noith  to  south  is  about  380  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  about 
IGO  miles.  Area,  51,000  square  miles,— about  equal  to  that  of  the 
State  of  Alabama. 

2.  Natural  Features.— ^7/ r/acc— There  are  no  high  moun- 
tains in  England.  Sea  Fell  (3166  feet)  is  the  highest.  The  surface  is 
varied:  the  southeastern  part  is  level  or  gently  undulating;  the  north- 
ern and  western  portions  are  hilly,  with  some  low  mountain-ranges. 

3.  Coast-line. — The  coast-line  is  moderately  indented,  and  there 
are  several  broad  estuaries  which  affi^rd  fine  harbors.  There  are  also 
some  dangerous  promontories  or  heads.  On  the  east  coast  are  chalk 
cliffs  interspersed  with  sandy  beaches  or  downs. 

4.  Lakes.— The  lakes  of  Cumberland  are  small,  but  picturesque. 
The  largest  lake  is  Windermere,  about  10  miles  long  by  2  broad. 

5.  Bivers.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Thames  {temz),  Ouso 
(ooz),  Humber,  and  Tweed,  flowing  into  the  North  Sea;  and  the 
Mersey,  Dee,  Severn,  and  Avon,  flowing  into  the  Irish  Sea,  St. 
George's  Channel,  and  Bristol  Channel. 

6.  Soil  and  Climate.  — The  soil,  not  naturally  fertile,  has 
been  brought  to  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  and  yields  the  various 


Enoland. — 1.  How  situated  ?  How  snnnratorl  frnrr,  Hnntl.ap.rl'  ■'"eiiB'th  an-1 
nu*'',f^•a.'^'■^?^x2•  What  of  the  surface?  3.  Coast-line ?'  'promontorics? 
Lhalk  cliffs?  4.  Lakes?  6.  Rivers  flowing  into  the  North  Sea  ?  Other 
rivers?     6.  Soil?     Climate? 


ENGLAND. 


267 


grains  and  vegetables  in  great  abundance.     The  climate  is  mild  and 
moist,  and  the  verdure  of  the  fields  is  remarkable. 

7.  Products.-The  chief  products  are  wheat,  oats,  barley,  pota- 
toes,  hops,  garden  vegetables,  and  the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  agriculture;  the  people  are  excellent  farm- 
ers.    The  whole  country  is  so  highly  cultivated  that  it  is  like  a  large 
garden.    Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  raised  in  great  numbers. 

8.  There  are  extensive  iron  mines  and  foundries,  and  an  inexhausti- 
ble  supply  of  coal.    There  are  also  mines  of  lead,  copper,  tin,  and  salt 

9.  Manufactures.— England  is  noted  for  the  number  and  va- 
riety of  her  manufactures  of  cotton,  woollen,  silk,  linen,  hardware 
pottery,  and  glass.  ' 

10  Commerce.- She  has  the  most  extensive  commerce  in  the 
world,  and  an  immense  navy  and  merchant  marine.  Her  ocean  steam 
navigation  is  very  great,  and  gives  her  vast  commercial  facilities 
Her  merchant-vessels  number  nearly  19,000;  those  of  the  whole 
empire,  26,000.  Within  her  limits  are  11,000  miles  of  railroad 
1  ^\  P°P"la«o°--The  population  is  21,488,000.  The  people  are 
chiefly  of  Saxon  descent ;  but  in  the  north  are  a  few  of  Danish  extraction. 

12.  Education.-England  is  densely  peopled.  Many  of  the  in- 
habitants  are  poor  and  ignorant.  For  the  upper  classes  the  means 
of  e-.ucation  are  ample.  There  are  famous  universities  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  University  College  and  King's  College  in  London 
as  well  as  many  schools,  such  as  Westminster,  Eton,  Harrow.' 
Kugby  and  others.  At  Woolwich  {wooVich),  Sandhurst,  and  Ad- 
aiscombe  are  military  colleges. 

13.  Chief  Towns.-London,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  river 
ihames,  is  the  capital,  and  the  seat  of  government  of  the  British 

of  3,883,000.  The  Thames  is  crossed  at  London  by  nine  bridges- 
there  is  also  a  famous  tunnel  under  its  bed. 

14.  London  contains  many  splendid  buildings,  some  of  which  are 
ot  great  historic  note.  Among  these  are  Westminster  Abbey,  St. 
Paul  s  Cathedral,  the  Tower,  the  Royal  Exchange,  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament.     At  Greenwich,  five  miles 

Ja^u^al"?^.^  Z^I:r^S:^:^  ?    «.  Ma„u- 

VV  hat  of  education  ?  Of  universiti7s  ? '  SohnnU  /  ^"1'-.""  ''  ^l^**^  ''" '^"^ ''  '^^^ 
of  London?  Population?  XXIc?li  ^'^'\^'l  <^.f}!^e^^  ^  l^-What 
Greenwich?    Chelsea?  ^"^^ges,  &c.?     14.  Of  its  buildings ?     What  of 


;s 


Cirr  OF  LIVERPOOL. 

from  London,  is  the  hospital  for  infirm  sailors;  and  at  Chelsea,  one 
for  invalid  soldiers. 

15.  Liverpool,  on  the  Mersey,  is  the  second  city  in  England.  It 
has  the  largest  foreign  commerce  of  any  city  'in  Great  Britain. 
Manchester  is  famous  for  its  manufacture  of  cotton  goods;  Sheffield, 
for  its  cutlery ;  Birmingham,  for  its  hardware 

16.  Bath,  Chelteniiam  [chelVnam),  and  Brighton  are  among  the 
noted  watering-places.  There  are  extensive  dock-jards  at  Deptford. 
Chatham,  aiid  Portsmouth. 

17.  Government.— The  government  of  Great  Britain,  the  seat 
of  which  is  at  London,  is  a  limited  hereditary  mcmarohy;  it  is  ad- 
ministered by  a  king  or  queen,  a  ministry,  and  a  ]»arliamont.  Tho 
present  monarch  is  Queen  VictoHa,  and  the  heir-apparent  is  Albert. 
Prince  of  Wales. 

18.  The  Parliament,  the  law-makiner  power  of  the  Empire,  is  com- 
po.ied  of  two  nou8es,-the  House  of  Lords  and  the  House  of  Con.- 


15.  Of  Tiivorprol?     Manohcstor?     ShoffioM  nn.l  BirminKJinm?     I« 
Id  other  town«?    Pook-yimls ?    17.  (J..vcrn:nont?    18.  What  of  Parlii 


ouso  of  Lordij  ?     li 


(fuue  of  Commons  r 


Dnth. 
iament? 


ENGLAND. 


269 


Blsea,  one 

land.    It 

Britain. 

Sheffield, 

nong  the 
Deptford. 

the  sear 

it  in  ad- 

nt.     Tho 

*  Albert. 

,  is  com- 
of  Com- 

Ifl.  Rath, 
rliamenif 


mons.  The  House  of  Lords  consists  of  the  peers,— that  is,  the  here- 
ditary nobles,— who  are  members  by  right  of  birth,  and  of  the  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  who  are  members  by  virtue  of  their  office.  The 
former  are  called  Lords  Temporal,  the  latter  Lords  Spiritual.  The 
House  of  Commons  is  elected  by  certain  classes  of  the  people,  and 
consists  of  658  members.  A  majority  of  the  members,  usually,  are 
persons  connected  with  the  families  of  the  nobility. 

19.  The  Queen  resides  principally  at  Windsor  Castle,  on  the  Thames. 

20.  ReUglon.— The  Church  of  England,  which  is  Protestant  Epis- 
copal, is  established  by  law.  Other  forms  of  religious  worship  are 
freely  tolerated.  The  Established  Church  is  governed  by  bishops 
appointed  by  the  crowa. 


(-MKisi    CHURCH   COLLEGE,   OXFORD. 

For  eccleaiaRtical  purposes,  England  is  divided  into  two  provinces. 
Canterbury  and  York,  over  each  of  which  is  un  archbishop.  There 
arebosideB,  ovor  the  various  subdivisions  called  dioceses,  20  bishops; 
and  in  the  w)!onies  and  dependencies  am  45  bishops.  The  whole 
body  of  clergy  of  the  Establisb^Ml  Church  throughout  the  British 
Umpire  number  ab(mt  30,(K)(). 

!'=!.  What  of  thf-  Q:iccn?  20.  Wnrd  of  roiigu.n  ?  liuw  tlividnd?  Bifhopn,  Ac? 

2:1* 


I 


l-'ifi1 


270 


EUROPE. 


WALES. 
Questions  on  Map  No.  30,  Wales— Bound  Wales.  What 
island  northwest?  Strait  between  Wales  and  Anglesea ?  Bay  west? 
Channel  west?  What  waters  does  this  channel  connect?  Channel 
south?  Where  is  Holyhead  Island?  St.  David's  Head?  Miltbrd 
Haven?  Caermarthen  Bay?  Where  are  the  Cambrian  Mts.?  Snow- 
donMts.?  Black  Mts.?  Where  is  Merthyr  Tydvil  ?  Caernarvon? 
Caermarthen?     Cardigan?     Swansea?     Pembroke?     Holyhead? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-Wales,  alt.  h  in  reality  a  part  of 
J^ngland,  deserves  special  notice,  because  it  id  ranked  as  a  distinct 
principality,  the  eldest  son  of  the  British  monarch  being  styled 
"  Prince  of  Wales."  ^  ^ 

2.  It  lies  west  of  England,  aad  has  an  area  of  7000  square  milos 
The  i>eople  differ  greatly  in  language  and  customs  from  the  neoplo 
01  fingland.  *     ' 

3.  Natural  Features.-ilfown^atn^.-In  the  north  and  «outh 
are  two  short  mountain-ranges,  running  cast  and  west,  and  con- 
nected by  a  central  range,  running  north  and  south.  The  northern 
18  Mount  Snowdon;  the  southerji,  the  Black  Mountains;  and  the 
central  range,  the  Cambrian  Mountains.  Mount  Snowdon,  the  hi-rl,. 
est,  IS  3571  feet  high.  The  scenery  in  the  mountainous  districts  in 
exceedingly  picturesque.    . 

4    Coa*/.;i»e, -Surrounded  on  all  sides  but  the  oast  by  water 
Wales  ha«  an  extensive  coast-line.  with  numerous  bays  and  harbor.! 
Bristol  Channel  ,s  on  the  south,  and  St.  George's  Channel  on  the  wcHt 
T  T  ^f;.;;''''*—TJ>e  rivers  are  all  «hort;  the  principal  ones  are  th« 
leify  {ti^vee),  and  T(»wy. 

0  Soil  and  Climate.~The  soil  is  less  fertile  than  that  of  Ewr. 
land,  an.l  m  not  8o  highly  cultivated.  The  climate  is  mild  and  moisl. 

i.  Produots.-Wheat,  barley,  and  oats  are  the  principal  grains 
A  groat  number  of  sheep  and  horned  cattle  are  raised,  and  also  a  H.ui 
breed  of  pomes,  called  "  morlins."  There  are  valuable  mines  of  c.al, 
iron,  and  lead,  and  productive  quarries  of  roof-slato. 

8.  Population.— Tl.c  population,  numl)ering  1,216,000,  consists 
Walks.— 1.  What  is  siiirl  nf  W.il..«7     o   \vi j.  :., 


"t   ttio 


Whiif 


peoHo?     ;^  Mnnnlains/-     llighe.t  peak?     4.  roa.Mino?     i 


1.  &i>'\lf    CliunUo?     7.  J'rod 


Rivers? 


i-oti»    ».  Population  y     Wlmt  is  said  of  (heoif 


IRELAND. 


271 


chiefly  of  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Britons,  a  Celtic  race.  Their 
ancestors  fought  for  centuries  against  the  Anglo-Saxons  who  invadeii 
England. 

They  speak  the  old  "Welsh  or  Celtix;  language,  and  are  full  of  his- 
t'tric  pride.  Although  an  excitable  people,  they  are  honest,  moral, 
and  industrious. 

9.  Chief  Towns— Mer^thyr  Tyd^vil,  in  the  iron-region,  is  the 
chief  town,  and  owes  its  importance  and  prosperity  to  the  furnaces 
and  foundries  which  surround  it  Caernarvon  (ker-nar^vo?i),  in  the 
north,  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  (>f  Edward  II.,  the  first  English 
Prince  of  Wales.     It  contains  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle. 

10.  Swansea  is  a  favorite  watering-place,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade.  Caermarthen  [ker-mar^then)  is  an  important  town.  At  Pem- 
broke [pem^brook),  on  Milford  Haven,  ships  are  built. 

11.  Over  the  Menai  {men'i)  Strait,  between  Wales  and  the  Island 
of  Anglesea,  are  two  remarkable  bridges.  One  is  the  Menai  Sus- 
pension Bridge,  under  which  the  largest  ships  sail ;  the  other  is  the 
Britannia  Tubular  Railway  Bridge,— consisting  of  immense  iron 
tubes  supported  by  stone  piers. 

12.  Oovernment.— Wales,  as  a  part  of  England,  sends  repre- 
sentatives to  the  British  Parliament;  it  has  no  separate  government. 

13.  Religion.— The  Church  of  England  is  established  by  law,  but 
many  other  churches  flourish. 


IRELAND. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  30,  Ireland.— Bouncl  Ireland.  What 
channel  separates  Ireland  from  Scothmd?  What  waters  does  this 
ciiannel  connect?  What  sea  between  Ireland  and  England?  Chan- 
nel  between  Ireland  and  Wales?  Wluit  waters  does  this  channel 
connect?  Where  is  Malin  Head?  Giant's  Causeway?  Dundalk 
IKV?  CarnsoroPt.?  Kinsalo  Head?  Cape  Clear?  'Bantry  Bav? 
Kmunaro  Bay?  Valentia  Island?  Dingle  Buy?  dlway  Bay? 
Uhero  are  the  South  Isles  of  Arran  ?  Whore  is  North  Arran  Island  ? 
Clew  Boy?    Donegal  Bay?   Lough  Fi.yle?    Noagh  ?    Corrib?    Derg? 

What  liiiiKuafto,  Ac?  9.  Thiuf  towrm?  What  of  Mcrtbyr  Tydvil?  Caor 
n.irv(,n:'  10.  Swanm«a?  Othor  towns?  11.  What  romarkablo  bridiro*?  13 
Uovcrnment?     U    Koligion  ? 


272 


EUHOPE. 


Killarney?  Where  is  the  river  Foyle?  Bann  ?  Boyne?  LiffeyJ 
Avoca?  Barrow?  Biackwater?  Shannon?  What  and  where  if; 
the  capital?  Where  is  Belfast?  Cork?  Galway? 
Londonderry? 


Maynooth  ? 


GIANTS'   CAUSEWAY. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Irchind,  anciently  called  Tlibernia. 
from  its  supiKKscd  wintry  olinmto.  and  eallod  in  Irish  ii.in,  is  nu 
island,  separated  from  England  and  Wales  by  the  Irish  Sea  and  St, 
Goorjjje's  Channel,  It  is  300  miles  long,  and  about  200  broad.  Area, 
33,000  square  miles,— about  equal  to  that  of  the  State  of  Indiana. 

2.  Natural  Features.  — A  low  idge  of  mountains,  nearly  parallel 
with  the  coast,  extends  on  all  sides  of  the  island.  Carran  Tual  (3400 
feet)  is  the  highest  peak.     The  interior  (consists  of  extensive  plains, 

3.  Coant-l i ne. — The  ooast  is  <leeply  indente(',  and  has  man} 
good  harlM)rfl.  Cork,  Dublin,  Galway  {yawVway),  Kinsale,  a?id  \  a 
lentia  are  tlie  best. 

4.  La  ken. — There  are  numerous  pietures(|ue  hikes.  Lakes  Foyle, 
Neagh,  Erne,  Derg.  and  Killarney  are  the  most  famous. 

IrrIiAND.  —  1.   What    rnrmorly   cHlled  ?       How    Honaraftn!    <>■!!•.!    Knirla!!!!* 
Length  iintl  brcinlth  ?    Arr »  ?    2.  Of  tho  in«»unt»in«<  ?    Surluco  of  the  interior 
3    C'o.ist  '=««'!'     1.  Likcsi? 


IRELAND. 


273 


5. 


Kivers.—  TiiG  Shannon  is  the  largest  river;  it  flows  in  a 
southwesterly  direction,  and  empties  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Th<i 
other  important  rivers  are  the  Foyle,  Boyne,  Liffey,  Barrow,  and 
Blackwater. 

G.  6'oil  and  Climate.— The  soil  is  in  some  parts  fertile,  but 
much  of  it  is  barren.  Near  the  centre  is  a  tract  of  1,500,000  acres 
of  flat  bog,  from  which  is  obtained  peat  for  fuel.  The  clim'a.o  is  like 
that  of  England,  but  more  moist. 

7.  The  Giants'  Causeway,  on  th  -  northeast  coast,  is  a  great  natural 
curio: '7.  It  consists  of  an  extensive  platform  of  symmetrically 
arranged  columns  of  basaltic  rock,  which  have  the  appearance  of 
a  work  of  art.  It  is  COO  feet  long.  The  Irish  legend  is  that  this 
work  was  erected  by  giants  to  form  a  road  to  Scotland. 

8.  Products.— Potatoes  form  the  principal  crop,  and  the  chief  arti- 
cle of  food.     Oats,  wheat,  barley,  and  flnx  also  are  produced. 

9.  Coal,  bituminous  and  anthracite,  abounds,  but  is  not  much  u-^ed. 
Linen  is  extensively  manufactured,  and  vast  quantities  of  whiskey 
are  distilled. 

10.  Population.— The  population  is  5,403,000.  It  consists  of  the 
Celtic  stock  in  its  purest  present  condition.  The  people  ure  generous, 
hospitable,  and  naturally  intelligent.  Owing  tothe  crowded  condition 
of  the  country,  and  to  other  causes,  there  are  much  poverty  and 
misery. 

11.  In  many  cases,  the  wretched  condition  of  the  lower  classes 
in  the  result  of  the  heartless  exacti(ms  of  lue  apents  of  landlords. 
Most  of  these  landlords  live  in  England,  and  arc  lence  cnlled  "ab- 
sontees."'  Great  numbers  of  the  people  emigrate  to  the  United 
States  and  Australia,  eepecially  in  times  of  famine,  which  are  fre- 
quent. 

12.  In  some  parts  of  Ireland  the  people  speak  the  Erse,  or  original 
Irish  language. 

l.>.  Chief  Towns. — Dublin,  rv,  the  river  Liffey,  at  the  head  cf 
l>nhlin  Bay,  is  tlie  ca|»itnl,  ,  id  •  jntains  sc.me  snh'ndid  )>uil(iings. 
Belfast  has  the  largest  linen  injunfactorics  in  the  world;  Cork  has 


1!; 


I 


il 


5.  T^ivcrs?  P.  Soil  ?  Wlmt  of  )v,jr?  riinm^o?  7.  Of  the  Giants' Caiisowny? 
'I"W  lonut?  liCffond?  8.  Products?  »  Conl,  kc  ?  Mftnufnoturen?  10. 
I'opnliition?  Of  vrhat  dacs  it  consist?  What  of  th«  pfinnlo?  I!.  What  of 
oppronflorg.  Ao.?  1?,  What  of  thoir  language  ?  13.  What  of  Duhlin  ?  Bel- 
fast?     Other  t<»wns<? 


274 


EUROPE. 


a  large  trade.     Limerick,  (in  the  Shannon,  and  Galway,  on  Gulway 
Bay,  are  the  chief  seaports  on  the  west  side  of  the  island. 

14.  At  May' 
nooth  is  a  Ro 
man  Catholic 
C'illege,  sup. 
ported  in  part 
by  the  British 
Government. 
Londonderry 
18  famous  for 
its  ,3iege  by 
the  forces  of 
James  II.  in 
1690. 

15.  Govern- 
ment. — Ire- 
land, as  a  por- 
tion  of  the 
United  King- 
dom, sends  re- 
presentatives 

to  the  Imperial  Parliament.  The  Irish  have  long  complained  of 
English  oppression,  and  have  several  t\m*>M  revolted  against  it.  The 
taxes  are  very  burdensome,  and  little  m  dome  for  the  education  and 
improvement  of  the  people. 

16.  ReUgion.— More  than  three-fourthg  ^Z  the  population  are 
Roman  Catholics.  The  Iloman  Catholic  hierarchy  consists  of  four 
archbishops  and  twenty-forur  bishops.  The  Church  of  England  ha« 
two  archbishops  and  ten  bishops.  In  the  north  there  are  many 
Presbyterians. 


CITY   OF   0>«LIN. 


h  1 


14.  Maynooth? 
iigioQ  ? 


Londonderry?    15.  Government?    Taxes,  4o.?     16.  Re- 


RUSSIA. 


275 


THE  RUSSIAN  EMPIRE. 

Russia,  the  largest  empire  in  the  world,  comprises  more  than 
one-half  of  Europe,  and  about  one-third  of  Asia.  Its  greatest  length 
is  about  6000  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  2600.  Russia  in  Asia 
is  treated  of  elsewhere.  Area,  7,765,000  square  miles,— equal  to 
nearly  one-sixth  part  of  the  land-surface  of  the  globe,  or  more  than 
twice  the  extent  of  Europe. 


RUSSIA   IN   EUROPE. 


VIEW  IN  ST.  PETER3buHG. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  29,  Russia.— Bound  Russia.  Where  in 
the  White  Sea?  Sea  of  Kara?  Caspian  Sea?  Azof?  Black? 
Baltic?  (JulfofHiga?  Finland?  Bothnia?  W hero  is  Lake  Liul- 
oga?    Onega?     Poipus?     Where  are  the  Ural  Mountains?     Cuu 

ItiHsiAN  EMi'iitK.--What  (loen  it  comprisii?  Length  and  breadth?  Area? 
What  jidit  of  tho  hiud  surface  of  the  globe? 


276 


EUROPE. 


.-nT^h  wttl^^"'"'^  Valdai  Hills?  What  rivers  flow  north 
Baltil'  wf.r-  /-^-«--?  Northwest  and  west  into  the 
I   .    w.  u""  '^'' *^'  ^^"^^  ^^^^     Sea  of  Azof?     Caspian 

Sea?  Where  IS  the  Crimea?  What  is  the  Crimea ?  In  what  part 
of  Russm  are  numerous  small  lakes?  {Map  No.  SI.)  What  waters 
does  the  nver  Neva  connect?  What  capital  on  the  Neva?  Where 
isCronstadt?  Revel?  Riga?  Pskov?  Wilna?  Kovno?  Minskv 
Vitebsk?  (.IfapiVo. 28.)  Moscow?  Sebastopol?  Warsaw?  Mezene^ 
Archangel?  Astrakhan?  Lower  Novgorod?  Kiev?  In  what  part 
of  Russia  18  Finland  ?    Lapland  ?  . 

L  Position  and  Extent—Russia  in  Europe  extends  from  the 
Baltic  Sea  on  the  west  to  the  Ural  Mountains,  the  Ural  River,  and 
the  Caspian  Sea  on  the  east,  and  from  the  Caucasus  Mountains  and 
Black  Sea  on  the  south  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north.  Its  length 
18  2000  miles,  and  its  width  1750  miles.  Area,  2,095,000  square 
miles,  comprising  about  half  of  Europe. 

2.  Natural  Features.~7Wowwifa,n*.-The  Ural  Mountains,  1400 
miles  in  length,  separate  Russia  in  Europe  from  Siberia  in  Asia.  The 
Caucasus  Mountains  lie  on  the  southern  boundary,  and  between  the 
Black  and  Casph     Seas.     Mt.  Elburus  {tnoo-rooce),  17,776  fe^.i  is 

f'\]'ilTrl  P'""^'      '^  *^^  ^'^^^'^  ^^""'^  ^"  ^"'-^Pe.     The  Valdui 
(vahl  di)  Huls,  west    r"  the  centre  of  Russia,  are  about  1100  feet  hi.rl, 

3.  Seas  and  Lakes.-The  Baltic  Sea,  on  the  west,  and  tb.  Bhtck 
Sea,  the  Sea  of  Azof,  and  the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the  southwest,  are  im- 
mense inland  seas.  The  White  Sea,  in  the  north,  is  400  miles  long 
In  the  depressed  region  of  Russia  north  and  east  of  the  Baltic  Scu 
are  many  thousand  small  lakes,  covering  a  great  extent  of  territory 
the  three  largest  are  Lakes  Ladoga,  Onega,  and  Peipus  (pai/e- 
pooce).  ^"^  "^ 

4.  Etvers.~The  rivers  of  Russia  are  numerous.  The  Potch^ora 
Mezene  [mez-ane^),  Dwi^na.  and  One-ga  flow  north  ;  the  Neva,  Luga.' 
Narva,  and  Borgo  empty  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland ;  the  Dnieper  (nee'~ 
per)  Dniester  [neea^ter),  Pruth,  and  Don,  into  the  Black  Sea  and  Sea 
of  Azof;  the  Ural  and  Volga,  into  the  Caspian  Sea.     The  Volga  is 

Russia  in  Europe.— 1.  Where  is  it?  Length  and  breudth?  A««i?  9 
What  mountains  ?  Loftiest  peak  ?  Hilla  ?  3  Sea.  "  wC  is  said^f  it 
iepressed  region  of  Russia?  4.  What  riv.rs  tin.,L..iUV  l\'.ltl^^%^^J 
*mi.adr     into  the  iilack  and  A«of  Seas  'f    Which  is  the  largest  riVer"    "' 


I 


RUSSIA. 


277 


flow  north 
st  into  the 
Caspian 
what  part 
liat  watcs 
?  Where 
?  Minsk': 
Mezene? 
what  part 

from  the 
liver,  and 
tains  and 
Its  length 
)0  square 

r  ins,  1400 
sia.    The 
ween  the 
'6  feef,  is 
e  Valdai 
^eet  hiirli. 
be  Black 
;,  are  ini- 
les  long 
oltic  Scii 
erritory ; 
I  {pai/e- 

3tch''ora, 
a,  Luga, 
er  (nee'- 
and  Sea 
V^olga  is 

ireft?    2. 
•1  of  the 

.  n.. 

er? 


the  largest  river  in  Europe,  being  2000  miles  in  length,  and  is  the 
only  river  in  Russia  navigable  for  any  considerable  distance. 

5.  Surface.— The  surface  of  Russia  is  generally  level;  the  cen- 
tral part  consists  of  steppes  or  plains,  and  is  called  "  The  Great  Plain 
of  Russia."  Some  of  these  plains  are  covered  with  bogs  or  swamps, 
some  M'ith  immense  forests,  and  others  have  but  little  vegetation. 
The  last  are  wnat  are  properly  called  steppes. 

6.  Climate.— The  climate  presents  a  great  -ariety  of  tempera- 
ture. In  the  northern  portions  it  is  very  cold.  A  great  quantity 
of  snow  falls,  in  blinding  storms  of  great  suddenness,  rendering  tra- 
velling on  the  plains  difficult  and  dangerous.  Further  south  it  be- 
comes milder,  and  the  grains  and  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  are 
produced;  but  even  in  the  eouthern  part  the  winters  are  long  and 
cold,  the  Sea  of  Azof  usually  freezing  in  the  beginning  of  No- 
vember. Travelling  in  winter  is  principally  by  means  of  sleighs 
and  sleds. 

7.  Products.— Tn  the  south,  wheat,  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  and 
rice  are  raised ;  in  the  centre,  flax,  hemp,  barley,  oats,  wheat,  and 
other  grains;  in  the  north,  above  latitude  60  degrees,  owing  to 
the  rigor  of  the  climate,  little  is  produced.  Oats  are  raised  on  the 
snores  of  the  White  Sea,  and  oatmeal  is  exported  from  Archano-el 
to  Norway. 

8.  In  the  extreaie  north  are  many  fur-bearing  animals.  The 
Russian  sable  is  most  esteemed,  and  its  fur  commands  a  high  price. 

9.  The  northern  forests  contain  many  varieties  of  pine,  fir,  and 
spruce.  The  principal  minerals  are  gold  (found  in  the  Ural  Moun- 
tains and  River),  silver,  platinum,  and  copper.  The  deposits  of  coal 
are  extensive,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  much  worked. 

10.  Manufactures. — Russia  has  extensive  manufactures,  princi- 
pally of  woollen,  cotton,  silk,  linen,  leather,  and  iron.  Beet-root  sugar 
is  made  in  large  quantities.  Silkworms  and  their  culture  were  intro- 
duced by  Peter  the  Great.  Bees  are  carefully  raised,  and  honey  is 
nn  important  article  of  trade. 

11.  Commerce.— The   commerce   is    limited,   employing    about 

.).  Surface  ?  Of  the  central  part?  Plains  ?  6.  Climate  in  the  north  ?  Fur- 
ther south,  and  south  ?  How  do  the  people  travel  in  winter?  7.  Products  ? 
JVhnt  of  oats?     8.  What  of  the  extreme  north  ?    9.  Of  the  northern  foresfs? 

the  Baltic  and  other  sens?     Of  railronds? 

24 


278 


EUROPE. 


....^i 


1500  merchautrvessels.  The  Baltic  Sea  is  connected  by  canals  and 
by  river-communication  with  the  Caspian,  the  Black,  and  the  White 
Seas,  and  railroads  are  in  process  of  construction  in  various  parts 
of  the  country.  A  railroad  extends  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Moscow 
and  beyond,  and  one  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Berlin,  in  Prussia. 

12.  Population.— The  population  is  71,195,000,— chiefly  of  the 
Sclavonic  race.  There  are  also  Germans,  Finns,  Circassians,  Geor- 
gians, and  Tartars.     The  richer  nobles  live  in  extravagant  splendor. 

13.  For  a  period  of  about  200  years  the  majority  of  the  people 
were  serfs  or  slaves,  and  were  bought  and  sold  with  the  land.  Alex- 
ander II.,  the  present  emperor,  emancipated  these  serfs  in  1863. 
At  that  time  they  numbered  38  millions,  of  whom  16  millions  be- 
longed to  the  Crown.  Measures  are  in  progress  to  ameliorate  their 
condition.  Education  is  steadily  advancing.  Eight  thousand  school- 
houses  were  built  in  1863 

14.  Chiel  Towns. — St.  Petersburg,  the  capital,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Neva  River,  was  built  in  1703  by  Peter  the  Great,  who  com- 
pelled numbers  of  the  people  to  move  from  Moscow  and  other  parts 
of  the  empire  to  his  new  capital.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in 
Europe. 

15.  Moscow,  near  the  centre  of  Russia,  was  formerly  the  capital.  It 
is  the  holy  city  of  Russia,  and  is  looked  upon  with  great  veneration. 
After  Napoleon  I.  captured  it,  in  the  campaign  of  1812,  it  was  burnt 
to  the  ground  by  the  inhabitants ;  but  it  has  been  rebuilt  with  great 
splendor.  It  contains  the  famous  group  of  buildings  which  constitute 
the  Kremlin,  including  the  grand  cathedral  in  which  the  Czars  rre 
crowned.  In  Moscow  is  the  famous  great  bell,  21  feet  high,  and 
weighing  1600  tons. 

16.  Sebastopol  is  renovmcd  for  its  obstinate  and  heroic  defence 
against  the  allied  forces  of  England,  France,  Sardini»,  aud  Turkey,  in 
1854.  Warsaw  is  famous  in  the  history  of  Polish  revolutions.  Riga 
{re^gah),  on  the  Gulf  ot  Riga,  is  a  fine  city.  Archangel,  Onega,  and 
Mezene  are  the  chief  towns  in  the  north. 

17.  Astrakhan,  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  Odessa,  on  the  Black  Sea, 
are  important  towns ;    the  latter  is  noted  for  its  great  trade  in 

12.  Population?  Of  the  race?  13.  What  of  serfs?  How  many?  What  of 
education?  14.  What  of  St.  Petersburg?  15.  Moscow?  What  of  Napoleon  I.? 
Famous  group  of  buildings?     What   further  of   Moscow?    16.  Sebastopol? 

HT_...„._')        rktl,~-  «'.>...n"9        IT     f^F  4 '■♦r"'-*'.i»i   inr!    fili—"a  ">        T xr jo 


RUSSIA.  27& 

wheat.     Lower  Novgorod'  is  renowned  for  its  annual  fair,  held  in 
July,  when  200,000  or  300,000  people  usually  assemble. 

18.  Crons^idt  has  numerous  dock-yards  and  very  strong  fortifica- 
tions, and  i.  the  principal  depot  of  the  Russian  navy.  It  commands 
the  entrance  ♦  >  St.  Petersburg.  Kiev  {ke-ev^)  was  the  capital  of  Rus- 
sia when  Russia  was  a  grand  duchy.  At  this  place  is  a  fine  su» 
pension  bridge  over  the  Dnieper. 

19.  Government.— 'i  ae  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy ;  but 
the  sovereign,  called  the  Czar,  is  aided  by  an  imperial  council  of 
ministers.  Judicial  affairs  are  managed  by  a  Directing  Senate.  The 
emperor  has  lately  granted  a  Diet  or  Parliament  to  Finland. 

20.  The  Czar  is  called  "Autocrat  of  all  the  Russias."  He  has  a 
regular  army  of  nearly  700,000  meu,  and  irregular  and  garrison 
troops  numbering  400,000.  The  navy  is  the  third  in  extent  in  Eu- 
rope. For  a  hundred  years  past,  Russia  has  been  constantly  enlarging 
her  limits  and  increasing  her  national  importance  and  influence. 

21.  Religion.— The  established  religion  of  the  empire  is  that 
of  the  Greek  Church;  all  others  are  tolerated.  Some  of  the  nobles 
are  Roman  Catholics.  There  are  also  Lutherans,  Moravians,  and 
Mohammedans.  The  affairs  of  the  Greek  Church  are  managed  by  a 
body  called  the  Holy  Synod. 

LAPLAND.— 1.  Lapland  is  a  cold  and  barren  region,  occupying 
the  northwestern  portion  of  Russia  in  Europe.  Two-thirds  of  it 
belongs  to  Russia,  and  one-third  to  Sweden.  Area,  130,000  square 
miles. 

2.  A  mountain-range,  a  continuation  of  the  Kiolen  Mountains, 
extends  from  east  to  west,  ^nd  forms  a  watershed  for  the  rivers  flowing 
into  the  Baltic  and  into  the  Arctic  Ocean.  These  streams  become 
torrents  in  the  spring.  There  are  thousands  of  email  lakes,  and 
very  extensive  forests  of  spruce,  pine,  and  fir  trees. 

3.  The  climate  is  intensely  cold;  but,  by  reason  of  the  nearness 
of  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the  northern  coast,  the  Waranger  Fiord,  at  lati- 
tude 70  degrees  north,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  never  freezes.  For  many 
weeks  in  winter  the  sun  does  not  rise,  and  for  many  weeks  in  sum- 

18.  Cronstadt?     Kiev?     19.  What  is  said  of  the  government?     20.  Title? 
Of  the  Army?    Navy?    What  further  is  said  of  Bnssia?    91    Poii„;n-  ?    r  .  p 
LANRj— i.  Where  is  Laplnnd  ?     To  whom  does  it  belong  ?     Area  "    2    Moun- 
lams?"  Streams,  lakes,  Ac?     3.  Climate?    What  of  the  sun ? 


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EUROPE. 


merit  does 
not  set. 
4.  The  in- 
habitants, 
called 
Laps  or 
Lap  land- 
ers, num- 
ber about 
20,000. 
They  live 
in    rude 
huts,  and 
dress   in 
skins  and 
furs.  They 
are  a  pe- 
oul iar 
race,  their 
origin  be- 
'  ing     un 

thoy  arc  rarely  above  four  feet  nine  inches  in  height,  but  are  stiong 
and  active.  ° 

5.  Tho  reindeer  is  the  most  valuable  animal  in  Lapland.  Its  flesh 
and  milk  serve  for  food,  and  its  skin  is  used  for  clothing.  Harnessed 
U)  a  light  sled,  It  travels  over  the  ice  and  snow  with  great  swiftness. 

6.  In  Swedish  Lapland  the  people  are  generally  Lutherans  In 
the  Russian  portion  .bey  belong  to  the  Greek  Church.  They  are 
very  moral  in  their  habits,  and  strictly  attentive  to  the  duties  of  re- 
ligion. 

POLAND.—!.  Poland  was  formerly  an  independent  kingdom, 
occupying  an  extensive  portion  of  central  Europe;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  internal  dissensions  it  declined  in  power,  while  the  sur- 
rounding  nations  were  becoming  strong  and  influential.     WarHaw, 

4.  What  aro  the  poo,»!e  called?     Knmber?     How  do  thoy  live  and  dross? 

iwill^  ^  P-."'  /?"  ;'""^'"""-     ^-  ^^^'''  "f  «"«di«h  Lapla'^^idT  Polan"  1 
1.  What  of  Poland  ?    Former  capital ?  *  oi^a«i». 


WINTER   IN   LAPLAND. 


meritdoefc 
not  set. 
4.  The  in- 
habitants, 
called 
Laps  or 
Lapland- 
ers, num- 
ber about 
20,000. 
They  live 
in    rude 
huts,  and 
dress   in 
skins  and 
furs.  They 
are  a  pe- 
c  u  1  i  a  r 
race,  their 
origin  be- 
ing    un 
known; 
are  strong 

Its  flesh 
flarnossed 
swiftness, 
rans.  In 
They  are 
ties  of  re- 
kingdom, 
in  conse- 
i  the  sur- 
Warwaw, 

»ntl  dross 7 
Poland.— 


SWEDEN. 

m  the  Vistula,  was  its  capital,  and  has  been  the  scene  of  many 
conflicts  and  insurrections. 

2.  At  different  periods,  its  territory  was  partitioned  by  Russia, 
Prussia,  and  Aj^stria,— until  now,  what  is  known  as  Poland  is  the 
territory  of  that  name  forming  the  westernmost  province  of  Russia, 
lying  between  Prussia  nnd  Austria.  The  partitions  were  made  in 
1772  and  1795. 

3.  The  Poles  have  made  several  fruitless  efforts  to  regain  their 
independence.  The  last  attempt  was  made  in  18G3,  and  was  with 
difiiculty  suppressed  by  Russia.  The  Poles  are  a  high-spirited,  pl- 
iant people,  full  of  national  pride  in  their  former  history,  tena- 
cious of  old  customs,  and  have  an  intense  hatred  for  those  who  have 
divided  their  country. 


SWEDEN 


ULRiCKSOAL,   PALACE    OF   THE   KINQ, 


2.  What  \,an  oocurrod  at  (liferent  periods  ?  What  is  it  at  present  ?  H.  What  li 
Bttid  of  the  cft'orts  of  the  Poles  to  regain  their  indopendenoo?  What  are  their 
eburaoteristios  ? 


282 


EUROPE. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  31,  Sweden.-Bound  Sweden.    In  what 
part  of  Europe  18  Sweden?    What  sea  east?    Gulf?     What  straH  in 
theGulfofBotW?     What  strait  southwest?     AVhat  strait  con 
nects  the  Batio  Sea  and  Cattegat  Strait?    Au..  The^und.    Where 
)8  Gothland  Island?    Oeland?     Stockholm  Archipeial^ ?     To  whl 
|lo  these  islands  belong?    An..   To  Sweden.     What  luntain-rang" 
n  the  north  between  Sweden  and  Norway?     What  two  large  lakes 
m  the  south?    Where  is  Lake  Heilmar?     Lake  Maelar?   WhTt  river 
DarFir^f      Vr^' ^r   ^^""^^^y?     Describe  Umea  River, 
.^thf      .f^^^/'J^*^^^^-    What  falls  on  the  Gotha?   What  and  where 
isthecapital?  WhereisGottenburg?    Carlscrona?   Upsal?   Fahlun? 
Carlstad?    Gefle?    Calmar?    Christianstad  ? 

1.  Position  and  E^ent-Sweden  lies  in  the  northern  part  of 
Europe,  and  with  Norway,  occupies  the  Scandinavian  peninsula. 
It  ,s  separa  ed  from  Norway  by  the  Kiolen  Mountains.  Its  greatest 
length  .970  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  about  201^111: 
Area,  1/0  000  square  miles,-about  equal  to  that  of  the  States  of 
Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin. 

2.  Natural  Features.-3/oMn<atn5.-The  Kiolen  Mountains 
are  the  western  boundary.  They  descend  toward  the  Baltic  Sea  by 
gentle  slopes,  forming  numerous  elevated  plateaus,  with  occasional 
lofty  peaks, 

3.  Seas  and  Lakes.— The  Baltic  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia 
are  on  the  east,  and  are  connected  with  the  North  Sea'by  the  Sound 
the  Cattegat,  and  the  Skagcr  Rack. 

There  are  numerous  and  beautiful  lakes  in  Sweden;  the  largest  is 
Lake  Waner  {war/ner) ;  next  in  size  is  Lake  Wetter.  Lake  Maelar 
{may'lar)iH  an  arm  of  the  Baltic;  it  contains  1300  islands,  and  i* 
surrounded  by  picturesque  scenery. 

4.  C'oa.y/./fnc.— The  coast-line  extends  1400  miles,  and  is  deeplv 
indented  by  fiords  or  gulfs.  There  are  numerous  islands  on  the  coas't 
and  in  the  Baltic.  The  largest  of  the  Swedish  islands  are  Gothland 
and  Ooland. 

5  liivers.-ThQ  Tornea  [tor^ne-o)  River  is  on  the  northeastern 
boundary.     A  large  number  of  rivers  rise  in  the  Kiolen  Mountains 

SwFnEN._l.  Where  is  Sweden?     Length  r;u1  brearilU.?     Area?     ?Wh«t 


3|pi 


SWEDEN. 


283 


and  flow,  almost  in  parallel  lines,  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  and  the 
Baltic  Sea.  They  are  generally  short  and  rapid  streams.  The  Gotha 
{ffo  tah)  flows  from  Lake  Wener  into  iU  Cattegat.  The  beautiful 
cataract  of  Trolhat^ta  is  on  the  Gotha,  and  has  a  perpendicular  fall 
of  112  feet. 

G.  Soil  and  Climate.—ln  the  north  the  surface  is  rocky  and 
the  soil  barren;  in  the  south  it  is  level  and  cultivated.  It  is  esti- 
mated  that  four-sevenths  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  forest  The 
climate  is  milder  than  in  most  other  countries  in  the  same  latitude 

7.  Products.-Barley,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  beans,  peas,  and  potatoes 
ar<3  the  principal  products.  Considerable  quantities  of  excellent 
iron  are  manufactured.     Silver  and  copper  are  found. 

8.  Population—The  population,  chiefly  Scandinavian  in  type 
numbers  4,204.000.  It  consists  of  four  classes,-nobles,  clergy' 
burghers,  and  peasants.  ^^' 

l  Chief  Towna.-Stockholm,  the  capital,  is  built  on  severaJ 
penmsulas  and  adjacent  islands,  near  the  enuame  of  Lake  Maelar 


ROYAL    PALACE,  STOCKHOLM. 


^Hiffcl    ST*V  J^-  ^''"1^"''*',''     Minerals?    8.  Population?     9.  What  i. 
8»id  of  Stockholm  ?    Oottenburg?    Carlsorona'     Upsal?    Fahlun  ? 


m:jl 


284 


m 


EUROPE. 


into  the  Baltic.  It  contains  the  king's  palace,  and  has  an  excellent 
harbor.  Gottenburg.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gotha  River,  is  the  second 
town  m  popuiation,  and  the  chief  seaport.  Carlscrona  {karls-kroo^. 
nah)  m  the  south,  is  the  great  naval  station.  At  Upsal,  near  the 
capital  ,8  an  excellent  university.  Fahlun  {fahnoon)  is  the  chief 
copper  depot.  ' 

10.  Government.— The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy  The 
laws  are  made  by  the  Four  Estates,  or  houses  of  legislation.  By  the 
constitution,  the  sovereign,  who  i.  also  King  of  Norway,  is  obliged 
to  spend  several  months  of  each  year  in  that  country,  leaving  the 
national  affairs  to  be  administered,  during  his  absence,  by  a  regency 

11.  Roli6lon.-The  established  religion  is  Lutheran,  under  an 
Episcopal  government.  The  Archbishop  of  Upsal  is  the  head  of  the 
church.  The  clergy,  especially  in  the  rural  districts,  exercise  the 
powers  of  civil  magistrates,  and  control  the  education  of  the  people 


NORWAY. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  31,  Norway.-Bound  Norway.  Where 
IS  Forsanger  Fiord?    North  Cape?    West  Fiord?    Drontheim  Fiord' 
Sogne  Fiord?  The  Naze?   Christiania  Fiord  ?  Skager  Rack  ?  Where 
are  Loffoden  Islands  ?    Where  is  Meloe  Island  ?    Near  what  islands 
18  tne  Maelstrom?    What  mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden? 
There  are  several  peaks  south  of  the  centre  of  Norway:  which  is  the 
most  southern?    Where  is  Kilhorn  Peak ?    Where  i*  Lake  '    osen? 
LakeNord?    Where  is  Glommen  River?   Krodrens  River?    Lauven 
River?      Tornsdals  River?     Where  is  Christiania?    Drontheim? 
Bergen?    Hammerfest?    Frederiksstadt ?  Christiansand ?    In  what 
part  of  Norway  is  a  portion  of  Finmark  ? 

1.  Position  and  Ertent.-Norway  occupies  the  western  portion 
of  the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  being  separated  from  Sweden  by  the 
Kiolen  Mountain,.    Its  greatest  length  is  1100  miles,  and  its  breadth 

[2"./*^'  i  .""?•.  ^''^'  ^^^'^^  ^'^"^••^  n,iles,--about  equal  to 
that  of  the  States  of  Georgia  and  Florida. 

2.  Natural  TeAtnxeB.— Mountains.— The  Kiolen  range,  sepa- 

J^h?rulT'A'^   ;i.  Religion?    NouwAV.-l.  There  is  Norway?   Longth 
and  breadth?    Area?     2.  Mountains?     Iligliost  peaks ?     Of  Kilhorn  Peak? 


NORWAY. 


285 


an  excellent 
is  the  second 
{Jcarls-kroo^' 
lal,  near  the 
is  the  chief 

archy.  The 
on.  By  the 
Y,  is  obliged 
leaving  the 
f  a  regency. 
J,  under  an 
head  of  the 
ixercise  the 
the  people. 


ly.  Where 
eim  Fiord? 
k?  Where 
tiat  islands 
i  Sweden? 
hich  is  the 
e  '  osen  ? 
?  Lauven 
rontheim  ? 
In  what 

pn  portion 
en  by  the 
bs  b'-eadth 
t  equal  to 

igo,  sepa- 

•  ?   Length 
orn  Peakf 


rating  Norway  from  Sweden,  is  abrupt  in  its  descent  to  the  Norwe* 
gian  coast.  Mt.  Skagastolstind,  the  highest  peak,  is  8000  feet  above 
the  sea.  Kilhorn  Peak,  pyramidal  in  form,  has  a  large  perforation 
at  about  three-fourths  of  its  height. 

3.  Surface  and  Coast-line. — The  surface  of  Norway  is  rugged 
and  mountainous.  Everywhere  there  is  grand  scenery;  wild  and 
picturesque  cataracts  abound. 

The  coast  is  indented  by  numerous  fiords,  o;  short  arms  of  the  sea, 
and  offers  many  good  harbors.  Of  these,  Christiania  Fiord  is  espe- 
cially noted. 

4.  Islands. — The  Loffo^'den  and  numerous  small  islands  on  the 
coast  belong  to  Norway.  The  Maelstrom  {male^sti'um),  a  famous 
whirlpool,  whose  terrors  have  been  greatly  exaggerated,  is  betweeq 
two  of  the  Loffoden  Islands. 

5.  Lakes  and  Rivers. — Therearemany  small  lakes:  the  largest 
is  Lake  Miosen.  The  rivers  ore  numerous  but  short,  and  at  certain 
seasons  become  fierce  torrents.  They  generally  rise  in  the  Kiolen 
Mountains  and  flow  into  the  Atlantic  or  Arctic  Ocean.  The  Glom- 
men,  Krodrens,  and  Lauven  {low^ven)  flow  south  into  the  Skager 
Rack. 

6.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  poor.  Not  more  than  one- 
hundredth  part  is  under  cultivation.  There  are,  however,  extensive 
pasture-grounds  of  good  quality.  The  climate  is  milder  than  that 
of  any  other  country  so  distant  from  the  equator.  In  a  small  por- 
tion of  the  north,  snow  covers  the  ground  perpetually.  In  winter 
the  mercury  ranges  from  10"*  to  15°  below  zero,  and  in  summer  it 
sometimes  rises  to  108°  above  zero. 

7.  Products. — The  principal  crop  is  barley,  which  can  be  culti- 
vated as  far  north  as  70°.  In  the  south,  rye,  oats,  potatoes,  tobacco, 
and  fruit  are  raised.  There  are  mines  of  iron,  cobalt,  silver,  and 
nickel.  On  the  Loffoden  Islands  are  valuable  fisheries.  The  forests 
of  Norway  furnish  large  quantities  of  timber  and  tar. 

8.  Population.— The  population  numbers  1,753,000.  The  people 
are  almost  entirely  of  Scandinavian  origin,  light-haired  and  blue- 
eyed,  industrious,  reserved,  and  honest.  Education  is  well  attended 
to.     A  groat  number  of  the  men  are  sailors. 

3.  Surface?  Cataracts?  Const?  4.  Islands?  Maelstrom?  5.  Lakes?  Rivers? 
What  rivers  flow  south?    6.  Soil?   Climate?    7.  Products?    Minerals?  Fisher 
ios?    Forests?     8.  Population?     Origin? 


^86 


EUROPE. 


CATHEDRAL  AT  DfiONTHEIM. 


erowned.    Bergen  !»  T  •        !     ^       ^"^^^  ""<■  S"«'l«n  arc 

Wand,  i,  the  S   lo  rC:  T"'    "r""'^"''  °"  «-'« 


DENMARK. 


;d  on  Chris- 
tVhime)  is  a 
Sweden  are 
k,  on  Qualoe 
3tadt,  at  the 

under  the 
'ever  "  free, 
ha8  a  JVor- 
>rway  some 
Drontheim. 
and  meetis 

Episcopal; 
8  pritt-ate. 


ammerfost  ? 
!cgis]atur«  ? 


DENxMARK. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  31.  Denmark.—Bound  Denmark.  In 
wnut  part  of  Europe  is  it?  What  did  Denmark  include  in  1863? 
Ans.  Jutland,  Sleswick,  Holsiein,  Lauenhurg,  the  islands  of  ilsen, 
Funen,  Zealand,  and  numerous  small  islands.  What  does  it  now 
include?  Ans.  Jutland,  a  part  of  Sleswick,  the  islands  of  Funen, 
Zealand,  and  numerous  small  islands  near  the  coast.  What  strait  or 
sound  between  Zealand  and  Sweden  ?  What  waters  does  the  sound 
connect?  Where  is  the  island  of  Funen?  Zealand?  Laaland? 
Amager?  Samsoe?  Laessoe?  North  Frisian?  Fanoe?  Where 
18  Liim  Fiord?  Nissum  Fiord?  What  and  where  is  the  capital? 
Where  18  Corsoer?  Faaborg?  Odense?  Veile?  Sneum?  Randers? 
Hiorring  ?    What  is  the  northernmost  town  in  Denmark  ? 

1.  Position  and  Bartent.— The  kingdom  of  Denmark  is  chiefly 
a  peninsula,  lying  between  the  Baltic  and  the  North  Sea.  It  com- 
prisea  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  a  part  of  Sleswick,  and  several  low 
islands,  the  largest  of  which  is  Zealand.  It  is  about  200  miles  in 
length  from  north  to  south,  and  from  the  west  coast  of  Jutland  to 
the  east  coast  of  Zealand  about  160  miles  in  breadth.  Area,  15,900 
square  miles,— about  equal  to  that  of  the  States  of  Vermont,  Con- 
neeticut,  and  Rhode  Island. 

2.  Natural  Features.— The  country  is  low  and  flat,  and  is  largely 
cut  up  by  inlets  or  arms  of  the  sea.  The  indentations  are  called 
fiords,  or  bays.  Dikes  are  built  to  keep  out  the  high  water;  and 
upon  these  are  planted  ornamental  trees. 

3.  There  are  a  few  unimportant  lakes.  Violent  storms  of  wind 
and  rain  are  frequent,  and  dense  fogs  prevail. 

4.  Soil  and  Climate.~The  soil,  especially  near  the  coast,  is 
good,  and  well  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  climate  is  mild  for  the 
latitude,  and  is  exceedingly  moist. 

5.  Products.— Various  grains  are  produced,  but  the  land  is  chiefly 
used  for  grazing.     The  horses  of  Denmark  are  excellent,  particu 
larly  for  draft.     The  fisheries  are  extensive  and  valuable,  and  em- 
ploy  a  great  portion  of  the  people. 


Denmark.—!  Where  is  Denmark  ?  What  does  it  comprise?  Lenirth  and 
brcadh?  Area?  2  Of  the  surface?  What  of  dikes?  3.  Lakes  ?  StormVAc.J 
4.  Swl  and  climate ?   6.  Products?  Fisheries? 


288 


EUROPE. 


GRAND  SQUARE,  COPENHAGEN. 

6.    Population.— The  population  numbers  1,900,000;  the  neoDle 
are  honest  and  industrious,  and  are  chiefly  of  Scandinavian  origin 
island  nf  7   ^°y«--C«P«°hagen,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  th. 
island  of  Zealand.    It  ,h  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  city,  and  has  a 
renowned  university.    Elsinore  is  on  the  sound  y- ^^^  ^^^  « 

8.  Government—The  government,  which  for  about  two  cen- 

moTir  "7t'^'f  *''  ™'  ^"  ^^^^'  «^^"g«d  *«  ^  constitutional 
monarchy  Public  education,  which  is  under  government  patron- 
age, 18  extended  to  all  classes.  ^ 

9.  In  1864  after  a  spirited  defence  against  the  German  powers,  Den. 

mark  peldedapart  of  her  territory,  consistingof  theduchies of  Lauen.. 
burg  (low^en-boorff),  Holstein  {hoVstine),  and  a  part  of  Sleswick,  re> 
ducing  thereby  her  population  from  2.600,000  to  about  1,900,000 

W.  Rellgion.-The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Lutheran ;  and  it  is 
required  that  the  monarch  shall  be  of  that  faith.    Other  creeds  aro 
freely  tolerated;  there  are  in  the  kingdom  Roman  Catholics,  Bap 
tists,  and  Jews.  ^ 


//h:roirrdi„'-S'';°[o':T,t,rr  "'""'■'°"'  «-''»v.™„e„u 


GERMANY. 


289 


Government? 


J^enmark  are  the  Faroe  Islands,  Iceland,  and  portions  of  Greenland  • 
in  he  West  Indies,  the  islands  of  Santa  Cruz  U-rooss)  St  Thn  ' 
and  St.  John ;  and  in  the  Ba,  of  Bengal,  the  N^ba^ifands    "^^' 


GERMANY. 

nnere  is  the  otate  of  Bavaria  ?    Cnnif.l?    -wv.  * 
thenort.lionrf?    tin,  »    •        '"""'    ^ap'Ml/     "nat  mountains  on 
tne  nor  hea.t?    What  rivcr  flows  through  Bavaria  from  west  to  east  > 
Where  .  Khen.sh  Bavaria?    Where  is  theState  of  Saxony?    Capi 

rjestV  Wh!  r''"^^    "^"P'"'    Whatmountaiuson 

me  u est  /     H  hat  mors  in  Wlirtomborg  ? 

Whore  is  the  Stale  of  Badon  »    Canihl  ?    Wl,.t 

What  river  on  the  west?    Who  o  is    he  sLeTf  IT        n    "'  ""'' 

Capital?    Whore  is  Bin-en      Whe  elthlt       "^''t^T'"""  ^ 

on  the  map  Sa«)  ?    Wi.er;  ^'^:^^ZTZtZ 

Wl^e'rotlrstt  ""f  t?*^  ,°'  ,*I-'''^"'>--S-Schwerin  ?    Capital  ? 
»vnerc  is  the  fetate  of  Mock  cnbur.r-Strolit?  ?     r..n,-+oi9     n        u 
aoa  is  the  State  of  Oldenhurg?    C^pit  I       Who";  "       L  sL!    f 
Brunswick?    Capital?    State  of  AnlLlt?    Cap    .  ?    WW  1  '  jh 
cities  of  Eudolstadt  and   Sondershausen ?      Tles'e  oufos  are    h 
capitals,  respoetively,  of  the  small  States  of  Sohwart'b.^'rEudolstld 
and  Schwartzburg-Sondershauson.)  ^  «udoistadt 

Where  are  the  cities  of  Grcitz  and  Gcri?     ^TI,«„  „••• 

SUileitz.)    Where  are  the  cilicsof  Detmold  and  BUckeburg?    (The' 

Zl7\r''%"':-  '^^P"'"'™'^  »f  th^^all  States  of  1  ppe  Det 
CWM?  ^W^-S^hauenburg.)  Wlicre  is  the  State  of  WaldeckJ 
Capital?    Whoro^^FrceCity  of  Hamburg?    Bremen?    Lubeck? 

il.  Foreign  possessions? 
25 


^■P^HiM 


290 


EUROPE. 


THE   GERMAN  EMPIRE. 


SCENE    IN   DRESDEN. 

1.  Germany  is  the  name  of  that  extensive  territory  in  Northern 
and  Central  Europe  inhabited  by  people  of  the  Germanic  or  Teutonic 
race. 

2.  In  1815  the  States  of' Germany,  including  portions  of  Prussia 
and  Austria,  whose  populations  are  not  entirely  German,  formed  a 
league  for  the  preservation  of  their  internal  and  external  security, 
and  for  the  independence  and  inviolability  of  each  member.  The 
States  which  were  parties  to  this  league  constituted  the  Germanic 
Conf  leratiou.  It  included  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Hanover,  "Wurtemberg, 
numerous  smaller  States,  four  free  cities,  a  large  part  of  Prussia, 
and  parts  of  Austria. 

3.  The  legislature  of  the  Confederation,  called  the  Diet  of  Pleni- 


Qermanio  CoNFEDEHATiON. — 1.  What is said of  Germany  ?  2.  Whatoftho 
Germanic  Confederation?  What  did  it  include?  3.  What  of  the  legislature 
of  the  Confederation?  When  and  whore  did  it  sit?  Who  presided?  How 
did  the  States  vote  ? 


THE    GERMAN    STATES. 


291 


in  Northern 
5  or  Teutonic 

3  of  Prussia 
m,  formed  a 
lal  security, 
smber.  The 
le  Germanic 
rUrtemberg, 
I  of  Prussia, 

iet  of  Pleni- 

.  What  of  the 
he  legislature 
ssided  ?     How 


potentiaries,  sat  in  permanence  in  the  free  city  of  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  Austria  was  invested  with  the  right  of  presiding  in  the  Diet 
Ihe  btates  had  votes  according  to  their  importance ;  but  every  State 
had  at  least  one  vote. 

4.  In  1866  Prussia  made  war  on  Austria  and  some  other  of  the 
German  States,  and,  after  a  short  but  decisive  campaign,  deprived 
Austria  of  her  power  in  the  Confederation,  and  annexed  to  her  own 
territory  the  States  of  Hanover,  Nassau,  Ilesse-Cassel,  Ilesse-Hom- 
burg,  Holstem,  Sleswick,  and  Lauonburg,  part  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt, 
part  of  Bavaria,  and  the  free  city  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main- 

5.  A  Confederation  composed  o^  all  but  the  Southern  German 
btates  was  now  formed,  and  styled  the  North  German  Confederation. 
The  States  remaining  out  of  the  Confederation  were  Bavaria,  Wur- 
temberg,  Baden,  and  Hesse-Darmstadt  south  of  the  Main.  In  1870, 
all  the  German  States  became  united,  under  the  title  of  the  Ger', 
man  Empire,  with  the  King  of  Prussia  as  Emperor.     (See  page  300.) 

THE  GERMAN  STATES. 

1.  The  German  States  are  sovereign  powers.  Prussia,  the  most 
important,  will  be  described  separately.  The  united  area  of  the 
fetates,  exclusive  of  Prussia,  is  69,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features.— Mou7itains.~The  Bavarian  Alps  are  on 
the  southern  boundary  of  Bavaria.  The  Black  Forest  Range  extends 
from  the  southwest  in  a  northerly  direction  through  Baden  and  Hesse- 
Darmstadt.  The  Bohemian  Mts.  are  between  Bavaria  and  Bohemia 
and  extend  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  Saxony.  At  Saxony  they 
are  joined  by  the  Thuringian  Mts.,  which  continue  in  a  northwesterly 
direction  to  the  Prussian  border.  From  this  point  the  range  goes 
directly  north  to  Brunswick,  under  the  name  of  the  Hartz  Mts. 

3.  ^Mr/ace.— The  surface  of  the  States  lying  south  of  Prussia  is 
elevated,  undulating,  and  sometimes  mountainous,  with  many  fertile 

1"".'^.''..^'^^  '"'^^'^  ^^  Oldenburg  is  flat  and  sandy  or  marshy; 
hat  of  Mecklenburg  is  also  flat,  with  the  exception  of  a  ridge  of 
hills  along  the  Baltic. 


Mts.?    3.  Surface  south  „f  Prussia?    Of  Oldmburg  .ndCSurg ? 


292 


EUROPE. 


5    Products.-In  the  German  States  all  the  grains  and  fruits  of 
e   emperate  zone  flourish.     The  other  principafproducts  are  1 

^-^mZ'  f7u  'f  'T'  ^''^"  "^'•^^'  «^^'*«^'  --^»-'  1-en,  and 
;    tr    '  ^;^*^^^;, ^^d^^^e,  toys,  paper,  choice  wines,  and  beer 
b    Education -The  German    universities    are    numerous,    and 

among  tne  most  famous  .n  the  world.     Th«  education  of  the  people 

I.  encouraged ;  ami  there  are  few  who  cannot  read  and  write. 
7    Re   glon  _lhe  R<,man  Cathohc  and  Protestant  religions  pre- 

vail  m  all  the  States :  the  former  prepondfimtes.  ^ 

BAVARIA. 
1.  The  kingdom  o^'  Bavaria  is  the  largest  of  the  German  States 
except  Prussia      It  consie..  of  two  portions,  situated  about  forty 
m.  es  apart,  and  separated  by  WUrtember^  and  Baden.    The  smaller 
portion,  lymg  along  the  west  bank  of  the  Rhine,  is  called  Rhenish 
Bavaria.    Area,  26„i00  square  mile..     Population,  4.861,000 

of  he  Panube,  IS  a  fine  city.  Nuremberg  has  many  relics  of  Iho 
M.MIe  Ages  In  Bavaria  are  the  famous  battle-field;  of  Blenheim 
(jlen'nn)  and  Ilohenlin'den. 

il/'%r""''T^'  '"  "'  ^""«^'^^'^'^'"«^  monarchy,  mildlv  admlnis- 
teied.     The  people  are  chiefly  Roman  Catholics  ;  but  there  are  many 

Protestants.  ^ 

SAXONY. 

1.  The  ki-gdom  of  Saxony  lies  between  Prussia  and  Austria 
and  (Comprises  a  fertile  tract,  dividnd  nearly  through  the  centre  by 
the  Lite.     Area,  u700  square  miles.     Population,  2,r)5(),'000. 

2.  Drosden,  the  capitaL  on  both  banks  of  the  Elbe,  is  renowned 
for  Its  splendid  collections  of  art,  and  fbi  its  r,.yal  library.     Loipsio 
18  noted  for  its  great  fair,  and  lo-  its  extensive  book-trade.     Here  wns 
fought,  in  181,3,  a  terrible  tluec  days'  conflict  between  Napoleon  I 
and  tlio  Allies. 


4.  RivofP?     6.  Products?     tt.  i-Mucation ?      7.  Religion?     BAVAmA.-l. 
Wbai    ;a    BRld  of   Iii..vftriii  J"       Ar«>.<V       P.»...i..»i,.^  v       o     uru_»    ,  !•    ».  .   .> 

Kuremuwrg?     Woat  id   Bavaria  /     .*}.    Gove'niBent ?     Saxony.— 1.  V/lml  i:< 
■aid  of  Saxon>  ?     Ar«tt?     Population?     2.  Wh.U  of  Drosdoui-     LeipBio? 


THE   GERMAN   STATES. 


293 


lates  are  the 
the  Danube, 

and  fruits  of 
cts  are  iron, 
I,  linen,  and 
s,  and  beer, 
iierous,  und 
f  the  people 
w'rite. 
Jligions  pre- 


nan  States, 
about  forty 
rhe  smaller 
3d  Rhenish 

a  tributary 
olios  of  (ho 
'  Blenheim 

ly  adnilnis- 
0  are  many 


1  Austria, 
centre  by 
30. 

renowned 

Loipsio 

Iloro  wna 

upoloon  I, 


VAIttA. — 1. 

iT:unicn  : 
1.  V/lml  ii 
iflipniu  y 


3.  Th-i  government  of  Saxony  is  a  constitutional  monarchy.  The 
Protestant  religion,  chiefly  in  the  Lutheran  form,  prevails;  there  are 
many  Roman  Catholics. 

WURTEMBERG. 

1.  The  1  ingdom  of  Wlirtemberg  is  divided  ir>to  four  parts,  called 
circles,  and  lies  between  Bavaria  and  Baden.  Area,  7G00  square 
miles.     Population,  1,818,000. 

2.  Stuttgard,  the  capital,  is  situated  near  the  Neckar  River,  and 
18  noted  tor  its  great  library,  which  contains  more  than  200  000 
volumes.  Ulm  is  memorable  as  the  scene  of  the  capture  of  an  Aus- 
irian  army,  in  1805,  by  Napoleon  I. 

3  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy.  The  Calvinists 
and  Lutherans,  by  a  union,  have  formed  what  is  called  the  Evangeli- 
cal Church,  which  predominates.  There  are,  besides  these,  many 
Protestants  and  Roman  Catholics. 

THE  SMALLER  STATES. 

The  smaller  German  State?  consist  of  numerous  grand  duchies, 
duchies,  and  principalities,  and  three  uco  nities. 

1.  Baden.— The  grand  duchy  ,.f  Baden  (dah'den)  lies  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Germany,  between  WUrtemberg  and  Elsass- 
Lothringen.  Carlsruhe,  the  capital,  and  Manheim  (man^ame),  at 
the  junction  of  the  Rhine  and  the  Neckar,  are  fine  cities.  At  Ilei- 
delbcrsr  {hi' del-ben/)  is  a  famous  university.  The  city  of  Baden 
is  a  noted  watering-place.     Area,  5700  square  miles.     Population, 

2.  Keaae-Darmstaflt.— Hesse-Darmstadt  consists  of  three  dis- 
tricts, two  on  the  north  and  one  on  the  south  side  of  the  Main.  A 
smuU  portion  of  its  territory  was  annexed  to  Prussia  in  18GG. 
parmstodt  is  the  capitaL  Worms  and  Mentz,  on  the  Rhine,  are 
important  towns.     Area,  3100  square  miles.     Population,  853,000 

3.  Saxon   Duchlea.— Tlie   Saxon   Duchies  comprise  the  grand 

8.  Government?  Roi:,qfion?  WiruTrMiiKHfj.— 1.  Whnt  is  said  of  WUr- 
temberK?  Area?  Popuiution?  2.  What  of  Sfuttj?ara  ?  UIui  ?  8  Gov 
erncaent?^  Religion?  Tiiw  Smau.ku  Statrs.  —  Of  what  do  the  urnallei 
l.erman  >^tatrr  consistf  1.  '.Vhnt  of  Bad.)!.?  Uapitai?  IIpitU'lborK ? 
Ba.lcn?  2.  lIo88e-l>arai8ta.it?  Towns?  d.  What  do  the  Saxon  duchie. 
oouipri8«r 


294 


EUROPE. 


duchy  of  Saxo.We,mar-Ei8cnach  {sax  wi'mar  Vzen-ak)  and  the  duch!e« 
of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  (go'tah),  Saxe.Meini„„,„  („  .■'„™,A.)    and 
Saxe-Alteoburg.     TI.ey  are  situated  between  PruLia  and  w", 
and  west  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony.    Saxe-Coburg  include,  a  IS 
d„t„ct  ^■ng;170m!le»  southwest  of  the  rest  of  thelchy     We  mi^ 
Golha,  Me,nmgen,  and  Altenburg  are  the  capitals  of  the  Sax™ 

duchies.  Area  of 
ilie  four  duchies, 
3650  square 
miles.  Popula- 
tion, 71)0,000. 

4.    Mecklen- 
burg— Meck- 
lenburg   com- 
prises the  grand 
duchies  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwe- 
rin  {shway-reen^) 
and    Mecklen- 
burg-StrePitz. 
They  lie  near  the 
Baltic.  Thecapi- 
talHaroSchwerin 
r.nd   Now    Strol- 
itz.     Area,  5700 
square    miles. 
I*  o  p  u  1  a  t  i  o  n, 
(■)55,000. 

•'>.    Olden- 
b  u  r  g.  ~  T  h  e 

grand   duchv  of 

CHATEAU  IN  GERMANY.  J^ ,    .  ^ 

ottt  'zrT  "C^r-  "■'.''  '■"' "  "■""'  «•'>"■»'"""--' 


jyhore    are  tho  8..x<.n   duohion  pifuiit,..!  ? 


».~Mc„bur,r  c.p,t.,.rr"wi;;t«;o,d.Z'^r4t:;? 


^^npifalH?     4.    M'hnt  is  said    of 


THE   GERMAN   STATES. 


295 


6    Brunswlck.-The  duchj  of  Brunswick  consists  of  five  dis- 
.net  portions,  surrounded  by  the  territory  of  Prussia.     Brunswick 

";Ziot  312^."^ ''  ^"""^^  ^^^-  ^- ''''  ^^-  -^^- 

of  three   8  ates.  each  of  which  was  formerly  independent;    it  is 

ntirely  enclosed  by  Prussia.    The  capital  is  DeLu  (I^.,.). '  A  La 

1000  square  miles.     Population,  203,000.  ' 

8.  Schwartzburg  -  Rudolstadt     and     Schwartzburg  -  Son- 

dershauaen.-lhe  principalities  of  Schwartz burg-]ludol«tadt  and 

Schwartzburg-Sondershausen    {shu.rt.^bur,    son^ers-hou-zen)    are 

s  para te  terntones  east  of  the  Ilartz  Mountains,  and  about  t^^ntv- 

Ao" 'IhT'"'     ^'^  ^'P^*^'^  ""''  Rudolstadt  and  Sondershauson. 

ft  mer  A  OOo"  '^I'T'^f''^''^  ^'^  ^^^^^^  ^^iles.    Population  of  the 
torracr,  75,000;  of  the  latter,  61,000. 

9.  Reuss-Greitz  and  Reuss-Schleitz.-The  principalities  of 
Ilouss^Gre.  z  {ruce.,nies)  and  Reuss-Sohloitz  {smJs)  are  separated 
by  a  shor  distance  from  each  other.  Greitz  and  Gera  (^.,W )  -e 
the  cap.  als.   Area  of  the  two.  5S8  square  miles.    PopuIatL,  134,000 

10.  Lippe-Detmold  and  Llppe-Schauenburg.-The  princi- 
palities of  L.ppe-Detmold  and  Lippe-Sd.auonburg  (!,»;,  ,/L.„, 
Ooor,)  are  situated  on  the  Weser  River,  the  lattor  on 'the  north  a    1 

he  former  on  the  south  side.     Detmold  and  Bu.keburg  are  the  can  - 
tals      Area  of  the  two,  600  square  miles.     Population:  143,000. 

11.  Waldeck.-lhe  principality  of  Waldeck  consists  of  two  sec- 
xms  „l„,ut  30  miles  from  each  other,  and  surrounde.l  by  the  terri- 

^i:::z.t''''''''''''-^'^-  ^- ^^^  ^.-^-e  .iie. 

12.  Free  Citles.-The  Free  Cities  of  the  Gorman  Empireare  Ham- 
«".g,  Lub,«,-k.  and  Bremen.     These  are  all  that  remain  of  the  fa.u.us 

llanseatic  League,  that  once  comprised  eighty-five  of  the  most  com- 
merc.al  European  t.T«ns,  and  that  ruled,  by  wealth  and  arms,  a gr.at 
I'art  of  Northern  Europe.  Each  of  these  cities  has  a  small  territory 
attached  to  it.  ^ 


\S 


ft.  What  of  Brunswick  ? 


Cnpitnl?      7.   What  of  Anhalt?      ronitol  » 


onwiiii/,biir)r  Ru(i()l8ta(it     nri'l     Schwiirt/.l 


rnpitals?     9.  What    of    HcuHs.«lreit.    nn.l   i^^^i 
Waldeok?     Capital?     12.  What  of  tl  ;'  !• 


)iirK-Son«ler«hunst  n  ? 

eitz?     Capitals?     10. 

>iirK?     CapitalH?     ll.   What  of 

rco  Citica  of  tiio  Ueriuau  Empire  ? 


29C 


EUROPE. 


Hamburg,  on  the  Elbe,  near  its  mouth,  is  the  greatest  commercial 
port  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  Area  (of  city  and  territory),  149 
square  miles.     Population,  339,000. 

Lubeck  is  on  the  river  Trave,  near  the  Baltic  Sea.  Area  (of  city 
and  territory),  142  square  miles.     Population,  52,000. 

Bremen,  on  the  Weser,  is  an  important  commercial  town.  Area 
(of  city  and  territory),  112  square  miles.    Population,  123,000. 

13.  Elsass-Lothringen  lies  west  of  Baden  and  south  of  Prussia 
and  Belgium.  Capital,  Strasburg.  This  province  consists  of  terri- 
tory ceded  by  France  in  1871,  and  is  governed  by  the  officials  of  the 
Empire.     Area,  6600  square  miles.     Population,  1,549,000, 


PRUSSIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  32,  Prussia. — In  what  part  of  Europe 
is  Prussia?  On  what  seas  does  it  lie?  What  States  north?  What 
countries  east?  South?  West?  In  what  part  is  East  Prussia? 
Silesia?  Holstein?  Hanover?  Ilesse-Cassel  ?  Nassau?  West- 
phalia? Rhine?  What  two  countries  west  of  Westphalia  and 
Rhine  ?  Where  is  Curische  Haff?  Gulf  of  Dantzio  ?  Rligen  Bay  ? 
Gross  IlafF?  Cape  Arcona?  Rligen  Island  ?  Where  are  the  Sudetic 
Mts.  ?  Riesengebirge  Mis.  ?  Hartz  Mts.  ?  Describe  the  river 
Niemen.  Vistula.  Oder.  Elbe.  Weser.  Ems.  Rhine.  Moselle. 
Where  is  Lake  Spirding?  Where  and  what  is  the  capital  ?  Whero 
is  Konigsberg?  Dantzic?  Stettin?  Posen?  Frankfort-on-the- 
O.ler?  Breslau?  Altona?  Kiel?  Sleswick?  Magdeburg?  Hallo? 
Frankfort-on-the-Main  ?  Coblentz  ?  Ehreubreitstein  ?  Aix-la-Cha- 
peile  ?     Cologne  ?     Dusseldorf  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — The  kingdom  of  Prussia  occupies 
nearly  the  central  point  of  Europe.  Until  186G  it  was  divided  into 
many  detached  portions,  the  principal  sections  b^ing  Eastern  Prussia 
and  Rhenish  Prussia;  but  in  that  year,  by  the  incorporation  of  the 
kingdom  of  Hanover  and  some  of  the  smaller  States,  the  territory 
of  the  kingdom  was  made  continuous  from  its  eastern  border  to  its 
western.  Area,  136,(X)0  square  miles, — alout  equal  to  that  of  the 
States  of  Kansas  and  losva. 


What  of  HiimhurR?     Lubeck?     Uromen?     l;i.  Elsnss-Lothringcn?    Pnra 
siA. — 1.  Whoro  is  Prussia?     What  occurred  iu  186tt?    Area? 


PRUSSIA. 


297 


arv   ^ZZv':  (re^en-ffMeerg-e/,).  „„  the  eontheastern  bound- 

le^l  „r,M         .""•■"""'•    ^'■^  "'''^''  '°'  *"»  »""  P-'  - 
level,  or  slightly  undulating. 

3.    C  0  a  A-  ^- 

Z/zie. — Prussia 

has  a  coast-line 

of    about    500 

miles  on  the 

Baltic,  and  of 

about  200  miles 

on    the    North 

Sea.    There  are 

but    few    good 

harbors. 

4.    Rivers. 
— The  principal 
rivers    are    the 
Niemen    [nee''- 
men),    Vistula, 
ft  n  d    Odor, 
emptying    into 
the  Baltic  Sea, 
and    the   Elbe, 
Wescr,   Ems, 
and     Rhine, 
emptying    into 
the  North  Sea. 
TheRhineflows  royal  pa.acc,  derlin. 

through  Rhenish  Prussia;  and  from  thi.  circumstance  the  province 
derives  Its  name.  ^  pioviuce 

i.Soaand  CT.,»„ic.-Tlic  soil  in  the  west  i,  fertile  mnl  pro- 

.Wtuo,  ,n  the  ea»t  it  i,  ,n,„lerntely  fertile,  Imt,  with  careful  culfi- 

.,.,„,  excellent^erops  are  ohtainC.     The  clin.ate  i„  the  n.,H o^ 

.""Uhir^     ?,'•"•'" '^"''  "■'  """""""''^^  inthevi™,; 
01  the  Rhine  it  is  salul)rious  and  (iel„;htful 


-The  ceroaj  grains  are  largely  produced.    Catllo 
..Prl'l'r"    '""■'•°"'    »-'c«..t.ll„.,    4:Ui,.r.r6.  Soil,   Cli,„a.., 


298 


EUROPE. 


i 


I  f 


and  swine  are  raised  in  great  numbers.  Tobacco,  beet-root  sugar, 
and  vast  quantities  of  beer  and  spirits  are  manufactured ;  wir^cs  are 
produced  in  the  southern  Rhine  provinces. 

7.  Coal,  zinc,  iron,  and  copper  abound,  and  mining  is  successfully 
conducted.  Fine  iron  is  cast  into  various  and  delicate  forms, 
constituting  the  toy?,  trinkets,  and  table-ornaments  known  as  Berlin 
jewelry.  The  manufactures  are  various  and  extensive.  Large 
quantities  of  lumber  are  obtained  from  the  forests. 

8.  Population.~The  population  is  24,691,000,— principally  of 
German  and  Sclavonic  origin.  There  are  many  Lithuanians,  and 
some  Jews. 

9.  Chief  Towns.— Berlin,  the  capital,  on  the  river  Spree  [spray), 
a  branch  of  the  Elbe,  is  a  splendid  city.     Near  the  Baltic,  the  chief 


FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN. 

tf)wns  are  Komg^h^r ^  [km' Igz-herg),  Dantzic,  Stettin,  and  Stralaund. 
Magdeburg  is  famous  for  its  strong  fortifications,  and  for  the  event- 
ful part  it  played  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.     Halle  {haVhh)  has 

1.  MinoraiM?     Mimufnctiircs  ?     Lumber?     8.  Population?     0.  Of  Berlin? 
Towns  near  the  Baltic?     Mngdcburg?     Halle?     Breslau  and  Frankfort? 


et-root  sugar, 
Ji ;  Vfinca  are 

successfully 
licato  forms, 
wn  as  Berlin 
live.      Large 

incipally  of 
lanians,  and 

)reo  [sprajf], 
iic,  the  chief 


1  Stralaund. 
•  the  event- 
haVhh)  has 

.  Of  Berlin? 
an  k  fort? 


PROVINCES    ANNEXED   TO    PRUSSIA   IN    1866.  299 

valuable  salt-works.  Breslau  and  Frankfort,  on  the  Oder,  are  noted 
for  theii-  great  annual  fairs ;  Potsdam,  for  the  palace  of  Frederick 
the  Great,  called  Sans  Souci  (free  from  care) ;  and  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main,  as  having  been  the  capital  of  the  old  Germanic  Confederation, 
and  for  its  splendid  public  gallery  of  arts. 

10.  In  tfie  western  part  are  Cologne  {ko-lone'),  noted  for  its  cathe- 
dral, and  for  its  manufacture  of  Cologne  water;  Cob^lentz  and  Ehren- 
breitstein  {ay'ren-hrite^stine),  for  their  fortifications,  facing  each  other 
on  opposite  banks  of  the  Rhine ;  Dusseldorf,  for  its  school  of  modern 
painters;  and  Aix-la-Chapelle  [aiks-lah-shah-peV),  for  having  been 
the  favorite  residence  and  the  burial-place  of  Charlemagne. 

11.  Government.— The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy. 
All  able-bodied  citizens  must  serve  in  the  army  for  three  years. 

12.  Religion. — All  forms  of  religion  are  tolerated ;  but  the  pre- 
vailing denomination  is  a  union  of  Lutherans  and  Calvinists,  called 
the  Evangelical  Church. 

13.  Education. — There  are  universities  at  Berlin,  Konigsberg, 
Halle,  Breslau,  Greifswalde  {gr!fes-wa/iVdch),  and  Bonii;  besides 
these,  there  are  numerous  gymnasia  or  colleges,  many  military 
naval  academies,  splendid  public  libraries,  and  a  large  number  of 
public  schools,  with  an  excellent  system  of  education. 


PROVINCES   ANNEXED  TO    PRUSSIA  IN  1866. 

1.  Hanover.— The  former  kingdom  of  Hanover  consists  of  a  large 
and  sterile  tract  of  low  land,  bordering  on  the  North  Sea,  and  a 
small  portion  of  territory  separated  from  the  rest  by  the  kingdom  of 
Brunswick. 

2.  Hanover,  the  chief  city,  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  the  elder 
Herschel.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town  ;  the  latter  is  haud- 
fiomely  built.     At  Gcittingen  {gei''tin(f-en)  is  a  famous  university. 

3.  Holateln,  Lauenburg,  and  Sleawick.— The  former  duchies 
of  Ilolstein  and  Lauenburg,  and  81eswick,  belonged  to  Denmark 
until  18G4.  In  that  year  the  allied  armies  of  Prussia  and  Austria 
took  possession  of  them  ;  and  in  18G6  they  became  a  part  of  Prussia. 

10.  Citioa  in  Rhenish  PriiHHijji,?     Cob'ontz.  *;f^,  ?     I>ys=-'(!--''s     a"     i     ^.\^ 
polio?     11.  Governmont?     12.  Religion?     13.  Educatim'i  p'^PnoviNrKS^N- 
NKXEi)  TO  PiiUHsiA.-  -1.   Wliut  is  Said  of  Ilimover?     2.  What  if  tbo'ebief 
city?     Giittingon?     3.  What  of  Holstoin,  Lauenburg,  and  Sleswick? 


l'^^ 


900 


EUROPE. 


4.  Nassau—The  former  duchy  of  Nassau  is  situated  on  the 
rivers  Rhine  and  Main. 

5    Hessian  States.-The  Hessian  States  comprised  the  electorate 
of  Hesse-Cassel,  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  the  land 
graviate  of  Ilesse-llomburg. 

6.  Hesse-Cassel.— Hesse-Cassel  comprised  three  small  districts 
one  of  which  is  situated  thirty-five  miles  north,  and  the  other  twenty 
miles  east,  of  the  principal  territory. 

7.  Hesse-Homburg.-Hesse-Homburg  comprised  two  sections, 
ttty  miles  from  each  other,  adjoining  Nassau. 

8.  The  city  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  until  1866  the  capital  of 
the  old  Germanic  Confederation,  was  in  that  year  deprived  of  its 
independence  by  Prussia. 


THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

1.  The  Gorman  Empire  consists  of  twenty-six  States,  of  which 
Prussia  is  [,y  far  the  most  important.  All  of  these  States  have  been 
described  in  preceding  pages. 

2.  The  government  consists  of  the  Emperor,  the  Federal  Council, 
and  the  Parliament,  or  Reichstag.  The  King  of  Prussia  is  the 
Emperor.  The  Federal  Council  is  composed  of  plenipotentiaries 
from  the  various  States  of  the  Empire.  Of  the  fifty-eight  votes  of 
this  Council,  Prussia  has  seventeen. 

3.  The  members  of  the  Parliament  are  elected  by  universal 
suffrage.  One  ref.resentative  is  sent  for  every  100,000  of  popula- 
tion. Prussia's  representation  is  about  two-thirds  of  the  entire 
number. 

4.  The  army  of  the  Gorman  Empire  consists  of  1,128,000  men 
The  population  is  41,058,000. 


4  What  of  Nassau  ?  5.  What  did  the  Hessian  States  comprise  ?  6  What 
f>t  Ilei<ge-rn8scl  ?  7.  Ilessfi-Hnmburi^  ?  R.  Frankf^^it  op-the-Mais "  '^  • 
OKitMAN  EMPin.:.-l  Whati8HaidoftheGeimanEiiipiro7  T  oj'voramenT? 
a.  raiuamont?    4.  Army,  etc.? 


tuated  on  the 


HOLLAND. 


3C1 


I  the  electorate 
and  the  land 

imall  districts, 
}  other  twenty 

two  sections, 

the  capital  of 
jprived  of  its 


tea,  of  which 
Des  have  been 

leral  Council, 
russia  is  the 
lipotentiaries 
ight  votes  of 

)y  universal 
D  of  popula- 
r  the  entire 

28,000  men. 


8C?  6.  What 
irxiiiu :  XIII': 
GoTemmentr 


HOLLAND. 
Queationa  on  Map  No.  32,  Holland—Bound  Holland     What 

Arnhem?    Haarlem?    Maestricht?    Leyden? 

1.    Posi- 
tion and 
Extent. — 
The  king- 
dom of  Hol- 
land,   some- 
times called 
the    King- 
dom  of   the 
Nether 
lands,  lies 
on  the  North 
Soa,  west  of 
Prussia.    It 
IS  about  160 
miles    long, 
and       100 
miles  broad. 
Area,  13,890 
square 
mile  8, — 

equal  to  that  cur  of  hague. 

of  New  Hampshire  and  Connecticut. 

is  verf  row"'/"'T?7J'"  ^^^'^'^^^^  *^«  country  near  the  coast 
IS  vcy  low.     lo  exclude  the  water  of  the  ocean,  there  are  embauk- 


l[o 


LL 


nf'!;:rl:7^''''  ''  """"^"J  ?     Lenjfth  and  breadth ! 


face?     Of  dikes? 


Area?    2.  Sur- 


26 


S02 


EUROPE. 


ments  called  dikes.  Some  of  these  are  naturally  formed ;  but  foi 
the  moat  part  they  are  artificial,  being  built  of  timber,  granite,  and 
earth.  A  few  are  30  feet  high,  70  feet  broad  at  bottom,  and  wide 
enough  at  the  top  for  a  broad  roadway. 

3.  Eivers.— The  Rhine,  Mouae  (muze),  Scheldt  {skelt),  Am'stel, 
and  other  rivers,  flow  through  Holland  in  a  northwesterly  direction,' 
and  empty  into  the  North  Sea  or  the  Zuyder  Zee.  Canals  are  more 
numerous  here  than  in  any  other  country;  a  vast  trade  is  carried  on 
by  them. 

4.  The  Zuyder  (zi^der)  Zee  is  a  gulf  or  bay  on  the  coast,  with  aiv 
area  of  12,000  square  miles.  In  ancient  times  it  was  a  swampy  lake 
of  moderate  dimensions;  but  in  consequence  of  severe  inundations 
and  the  breaking  away  of  dikes  it  has  become  an  arm  of  the  sea. 
The  great  inundation  that  determined  its  present  dimensions  oc- 
cur, i  in  1282,  when  72  villages  were  submerged  and  more  than 
100,000  persons  drowned. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  not  remarkable  for  fertility, 
but  is  so  well  tilled  that  it  produces  liberally.  The  climate  is  moist,' 
and  subject  to  considerable  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  but  is  healthy. 

6.  Products.— Wheat,  rye,  barley,  and  flax  are  produced,  w'th  a 
variety  of  fruits,  and  many  curious  bulbs  and  flower-roots.  Cattle 
are  raised  in  great  numbers;  butter  and  cheese  are  largely  exported. 
The  fisheries,  particularly  of  herring,  are  very  productive. 

7.  Manufactures  are  numerous,  especially  those  of  linen,  velvet, 
and  earthenware.  There  are  a  great  many  distilleries  of  gin  and 
other  liquors.     Windmills  are  extensively  used  for  motive  power. 

8.  Population.— The  inhabitants  number  3,700,000.  They  are 
chiefly  descendants  of  the  ancient  Batavi.  They  are  a  very  healthy 
people,  honest  and  industrious,  and  scrupulously  neat  in  their  per- 
sons and  houses.  The  women  are  remarkable  for  beauty,  and  the 
men  for  sedate  and  phlegmatic  manners.  The  system  of  education, 
which  is  excellent,  is  conducted  by  the  government. 

9.  Chief  Towns.— The  capital  is  Hague,  a  handsome  city  near 
the  North  Sea.     Amsterdam,  on  an  arm  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,  is  the 


^-'"a^ •,-,    ^aJ^^^^  ^^  ^"y'^'^'"  ^'^^  •     When  did  fhc  great  inun- 
0.  S<nl?     Clunate?    6.  ProdiictH?    Of  cattle.  Ac?    Fisheries'^ 

S  r*       Tliafi1loi<inu  ?       f\e  .n:»^...:ii„  •)       n      T»  I     ,.        „       _ 


3.  Rivers?     Cii 
dation  occur?     6. 

7    Manufactures?     Distilleries?  Of 'witidmiiTs'?     8?  PrpuTation  ?  "^w'ntv 

Jniertiwis?       Of  ^he  ..omen?  Of  .he  men?    Of  eduoSion Vo:  OfHagic? 


HOLLAND. 


»rmed;  but  foi 
r,  granite,  and 
;tom,  and  wide 

kelt),  Am''stel, 
erly  direction, 
inals  are  more 
e  is  carried  on 

coast,  with  aiv 
-  swampy  lake 
e  inundations 
rm  of  the  sea. 
imensions  oc- 
ad  more  than 

B  for  fertility, 
mate  is  moist, 
ut  is  healthy, 
duced,  w'th  a 
roots.  Cattle 
;ely  exported, 
tive. 

linen,  velvet, 
es  of  gin  and 
ive  power. 
0.  They  are 
very  healthy 
in  their  por- 
luty,  and  the 
of  education, 

me  city  near 
sr  Zee,  is  the 

he  great  inun- 

i.  ?    Fisheries '/ 

m?     Descent!'' 

9.  Of  iiaguc? 


303 


chief  city.  Rotterdam,  Haarlem  (har^lem),  and  Maestricht  are  im- 
portant  towns.  At  Leyden  (U^den),  Utrecht  (yoo^trekt),  and  Gronin. 
gen  igron'iuff-en)  are  famous  universities 

hp!!if^°''^'TT-"''^^^'  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy, 
hereditary  m  the  house  of  Orange.     The  eldest  son  of  the  king  f 
cal  ed  Pnnce  of  Orange.    The  king,  with  a  council,  is  the  executi 
Th  re  are  two  houses  of  legislature,  constituting  the  States-Gen  rl." 

11.  oeveral  

railroads 
have      been 
constructed  ; 
but  most  of 
the    commu- 
nication is  by 
means  of  ca- 
nals,     upon 
which    boats 
ply  in  sum- 
mer,       and 
which  In  win- 
ter, when  fro- 
zen, make  ex- 
cellent high- 
ways. There 
are  GOOship- 

yfirds.  CITY  OK  AMSTERDAM. 

12  ReHgion  -The  prevailing  denominations  are  the  Presbyterian 
and  llon^n  Catholic.  There  are  also  Lutherans,  Baptists,  and  many 
Jews.     All  sects  are  equal  in  the  eye  of  the  law. 

13.  Colonial  Possessions—Holland  has  extensive  foreign  pos- 
Hossions.  In  the  East  Indies,  the  principal  possessions  are  jL, 
iianca,  and  Ternate(^er-/»a^r).  besides  portions  of  the  islands  of  Su- 
niatra,  Borneo  Celebes  (sd^e-bes),  and  Papua  {paj/oo-ah)  (these  pos- 
sessums  are  called  Netherlands  India) ;  in  the  West  Indi  s  Cur.L. 
S t.  Eu. tatms,  part  of  St.  Martin;  in  Africa,  Ehnina,  on  the  ^2 
ot  Guinea;  in  South  America,  Surinam. 


roWil^r*"""''"'-  JV  ^'''''•"'*^«'*«?      Ship-yards?     12    Religion?     n 
Colon.ul  possessions?     In  the  East  Indies?    West  Indies?    W&u/? 


EUROPE. 

BELGIUM 

Questions  on  Map  No  32,  Belgium.— Bound  Belgium.  What 
water  on  the  west?  What  rivers  flow  through  Belgium  in  a  north- 
erly  direction  ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is  Licre? 
Antwerp?  Ghent?  Bruges?  Ostend?  Waterloo?  Louvain?  Na- 
mur?     Mechlin?     Spa? 

1.  Position  and  Extent— The  kingdom  of  Belgium  lies  south 
of  Holland.  Its  length  is  about  120  miles,  and  its  breadth  about  94 
miles.  Area,  11,313  square  miles,— equal  to  that  of  the  States  of 
Maryland  and  Delaware.  It  was  known  in  history  for  many  cen- 
turies by  the  name  of  Flanders. 

2.  Natural  Featuiea.— Surf  ace.—In  the  eastern  part  are  un- 
dulating  highlands,  which  connect  with  the  Vosges  Mountains  in 
France ;  elsewhere  the  surface  is  level,  and  on  the  coast  low  and  in 
parts  protected  by  dikes. 

3.  Rivers.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Meuse  and  Scheldt 
The  celebrated  watering-place  of  Spa  {spaw)  is  near  the  frontier  of 
Rhenish  Prussia. 

4.  The  topography  of  Belgium  is  such  that  the  country  has  been 
for  many  centuries  one  of  the  principal  battle-fields  in  European 
wars.  The  last  great  battle  in  Belgium,  and  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated in  history,  was  that  of  Waterloo,  fought  in  1815,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  defeat  and  downfall  of  Napoleon  I. 

5.  >Soil  and  Climate.-The  soil,  not  naturally  rich,  has  been 
brought,  by  careful  cultivation,  to  a  high  degree  of  productiveness. 
Ihe  agriculture  of  Belgium  is  not  surpassed  by  that  of  any  other 
country.     The  climate  is  like  that  of  Holland. 

6.  Products.— The  principal  products  are  wheat,   barlov,  flax 
hops,    and  tobacco.     Fine   lace   and   carpets   are  made.     Linens 
damasks,  cotton  fabrics,  and  hosiery  are  largely  manufacture?     ^i  hm^ 
are  many  machine-shops  and  foundries.    The  mineral  products  are 
coal,  iron  lead,  manganese,  and  zinc.     In  the  production  of  coal,  Bel- 
gium ranks  next  to  England.     There  are  extensive  quarries  of  black 


n> 


I?Er,GItTM, — 1,    (    f  M 

hiijhliinds?     Sin'tfT' 
M.ncrals?    Iloivs 


's  Belgium?    Length  nnd  hrondth  ?    Area?    2.  What 
•i.  K.,-ers?     Of  Spa?      


.inn,?    OfV,:.,,,„rKs:fl"?    CHmTe?  ^JHIi.T m'"""-"'"""" 


Of  canals] 


lanufactures?  ■ 


BELGIUM. 


805 


gium.  What 
im  in  a  north - 
lere  is  Liejre? 
ouvain  ?  Na- 
irn lies  south 
adth  about  94 
the  States  of 
'or  many  cen- 

part  are  un- 
Mountains  in 
-st  low  and  in 

and  Scheldt, 
le  frontier  of 

itry  has  been 
in  Eui'opean 
he  most  cele- 
L5,  which  re- 

ph,  has  been 
iductiveness. 
of  any  other 

barloy,  flax, 
le.  Linens 
ur^i?  I.hero 
products  are 
I  of  coal,  Bol- 
ries  of  black 

ea  ?  2.  What 
opoffraphy  of 
[anufactures? 


mrble,  slate,  and  stones  for  building,  and  paving.     The  Belgian 
hordes  are  ceehrated  both  for  cavalry  purposes  and  for  draught 

As  in  Holland,  canals  are  extensively  used  as  means  of  internal 
communuation. 

7    PopulaUon.-rhepopulationi84,962,000,-princip.llyFrench, 
Walloon,,  Fr,Ma„,,  and  (Jerman,,.     The  people  arc  e„terppi„i„; 

honest    and  contented.     In  character  they  combine  the  qualitie 

of  the  French  and  the  Dutch:  and  they  are  generally  .ell  educated 

8.  Chief  Towns. -Brussels,  the  capital,  is  a  handsome  city,  on  a 


HOUSE  OF  RIPRESEMT.TIVES,  BBUSSItS 

branch  Of  the  Scbcldt.     It  contain,  nnmerou,  beautiful  edifices 
Ten  .„,les  south  of  ,t  is  the  field  of  Waterloo.     Antwerp,  Ghen     ami 
Louva.n  are  towns  of  great  historic  celebrity.     Bruges  Liel;"; 
N«,ur  and  Mechlin  (,„.,/,,■„)  are  important  cities.  "   '    ■''' 

the  IWn  r"!"";!  ""'!"»'*'  »■•''  'l-o  F.™  University  of  Brussels,, 
the  Roman  Ca  hol.e  university  at  Louvain,  and  the  government  in 
»t>f.t,ons  at  Liege  and  Ghent.    At  Ghent,  in  1814,  a  treaty  of  peace 
was  made  between  the  Cnited  States  aruHlreat  Britain. 

.o.e£;?'"irpLta":t'c''ifir;""r  uSi,?;;i^™r'"^^^'"'  '»•'-  -^ "»'-'« 


I  I 


E 


306 


EUKOPE. 


10.  8ince  the  iccession  of  King  Leopold  numerous  railroads  hav«< 
been  buiit,  and  internal  improvements  have  made  rapid  progress. 

11.  Oover  nent. — The  government  is  a  limited  constitutional 
monarchy,  and  is  mildly  adminirtered.  Belgium  Is  divided  into  nine 
provinces.     The  press  is  free,  and  most  energetically  conducted. 

12.  Relision. — The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic; 
the  Archbishop  ot  Mechlin  is  primate.  All  other  forms  of  wor- 
ship are  tolerated. 


FRANCE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  33,   France.— Bound  France.    What 

strait  between  France  and  England?    What  waters  does  Dover  Strait 

connect?    What  gulf  south?     Bay  west?    What  mountains  between 

France  and  Switzerland?     Between   France  and  Italy?     Between 

France  and  Spain?  Where  are  the  CSted'OrMts.?  VosgesMts.?  Au- 

vergne  Mts.  ?  Cevennes  Mts.  ?  Mt.  Cenis  ?  Mount  Blanc?   Mts.  of  Ar- 

i-6e  ?   Describe  the  river  Seine.    Loire.   Gironde.    Rhone.  What  and 

where  is  the  capital?     Where  is  Versailles?     Lyons?     Bordeaux? 

Havre?     Rheims?     Rouen?     Cherbourg?     Marseilles?     Nantes? 

Poitiers?     Crecy?     Agincourt?     Where  is  the  island  of  Corsica 

(«ee  Map  ro.  29)?     To  whom  does  it  belong?     Ans.   To  France. 

What  island  south  of  Corsica  {sec  .small  map  on  No.  33)  ?    What  east 

of  Corsica?     What  strait  between  Corsica  and  Sardinia?     To  whom 

do  the  islands  of  Sardinia  and  Elba  belong?     Ans.  To  Itauj.    What 

chief  town  in  Corsica? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— France  lies  south  of  Belgium  and  the 
English  Channel,  and  northeast  of  Spain.  It  is  about  6()()  miles  in 
length,  and  about  f.OO  miles  in  breadth.  Area,  108,000  square 
iniles,— nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  States  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin. 
Indiana,  and  Illinois. 

The  island  of  Corsica,  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  near  the  French 
coast,  belongs  to  France,  and  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Najx* 
leon  I.     Ajaccio  (r/V-ya^il'c/to)  is  tlio  principal  city  of  Corsica. 


:n    n<   !^». 


rr.sl  ifnpr'»vpm"n'  =  ?  1 !.  (Invcrntntnt  ?  Prnvincos.  .to.?  12. 
Holigitm?  FiiANCE.— 1.  Whcro  ia  Fruncc?  Length  uud  bro.idtl*  i*  Arou? 
(if  Cursioa  ? 


FRANCE. 


307 


BOULEVARD   SEBASTOPOL,  PARIS. 


,10;.  '*'*""L=P«»'^""— *''«n«ai«,.-rn  the  eart  arc  tho  C8t» 

Or  and    he  Vo.ge,  (,**)  M„un.ain»;  i„  the  centre  au,l  »o  Jh  a 
« 0  m„u„,a,„s  of  Auvergne  (^„m')   „„.l   Cevennes  CZ") 
These  arc  not  lofty  ranges.    The  higher  range  of  the   1  Zlena 
™te,  France    fro,„  Italy:    they  a.„u,„,l   in  fnasnifieent  «ce  erv 

*lfcT', ""','"  *'"""'  ''""■™'  ""'  •■is'-*  '«"''  i"  Kur  pet 
I.._OH«  feet  above  the  .ca.    The  Pyrenees  separate  France  from  Spair 

3.   C»«,<./,„,._The  coast-line  on  the  EnRlish  Channel  v!T  r 

-...le  U^r„„V).  flowing  westerly  into  tL  B,'        B   .l'  "  '  m" 
ai."ne  Howing  „o„,h  into  the  M^literrnnean  Sea  ^  '       ''  "'" 

0.     iS/lj/    rtii.r7     /^7.'^ J.  mi 


^^0//  an^  Climate.—ThQ  soil  ni 


felons,  fn.m  north  to  Houth:— 1st.  i\ 


ny  l»o  divided  into  four  ro- 
.0  i-Pirjon  of  the  eeroals ; 


th 


a. 


2.  Motintniiif^  on   tho  oust?     Tn   iv..,.         i 


i'!  'h 


r 


308 


EUROPE. 


of  the  vine;  3d,  that  of  Indian  corn;  4th,  that  of  the  olive.  The 
climate  is  diversified,  but  healthy;  in  the  south  the  summers  are 
long,  dry,  and  hot. 


CHURCH  OF  THE  MADELEINE,  PARIS. 

6.  Products.— The  products  are  grains  of  all  kinds,  many  varie- 
ties of  the  grape,  and  beet-root,  from  which  sugar  is  extensively  made. 

Agriculture  is  less  perfect  than  in  Belgium  and  England ;  still,  the 
yields  are  very  great.  The  vineyards  are  numerous,  and  very  pr^ 
ductive.     Cattle  and  swine  are  raised  in  great  numbers. 

7.  There  are  extensive  forests.  Coal,  iron,  lead,  and  alum  abound. 
There  are  numerous  mineral  springs  much  frequented  ]»y  invalids. 

The  manufactures  of  France  are  second  only  to  those  of  Oreat 
Britain,  and  consist  principally  of  silks,  laces,  woollen  and  (!otton 
fabrics,  linen,  gloves,  plate-glass,  rare  tapestries,  porcelain,  leather, 
wines,  and  brandy. 

8.  Population.— In  population,  France  ranks  second  among  the 
JEuropoan  States,  being  inferior  only  to  llussia.     The  French  num- 

rt.  Prodiu'tR?    What  of  ajrricnlhiro?    VincyanlH  ?    rntflo.  *(•. »    7.  Forcstw? 
MinoralH?    ManufaoturoB?   i$.  What  rank  in  populutiun  ?  Niitubur?  DvHoont 


FRANCE. 


309 


Flf/lZ*  J\Z  ^\^--^^^   «h-fly  f-  the  Gauls  and 
cranks.     From  the  latter  the  name  France  is  derived      The  Frennh 

Sar^Tfe!""'^^"'  ^^^'  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^  stron/Jlfo^t 
9.  The  lower  classes  are  not  well  educated;  but  among  the  upper 
and  middle  classes  science,  art,  and  literature  are  as  succcsXllv 
cultivated  as  in  any  other  European  country  «"^ccssfully 

France  contains  the  finest  libraries  in  the  world,  and  the  largest 
university  the  "  Acad6mie  universitaire."  in  Paris)  ^ 

fhlt  ?^'  T°7"«-T^^ri«.  the  capital,  situated  on  the  Seine  is 
the  most  splendid  city  in  the  world.    It  contains  magnificent  palace 
churches,  hospitals,  and  galleries  of  art,  and  has  for  centurCdl 
tated  to  the  civilized  world  in  matters  of  dress  and  f:,!:^: 
saiUes,  the  city  of  palaces,  is  twelve  miles  from  Paris 
11.  Lyons,  on 


the  Rhone,  is  a 
beautiful  city, 
noted    for    its 
silk   manufac- 
ture.       Bor- 
deaux    {ho7-- 
<h/)  is  famous 
for     its    red 
wines;  Sevres 
{.s'fv'r),  for   its 
exquisite   chi- 
na.   Havre,  an 
important  sea- 
port, is    the 
principal     de- 
pot  of  coin- 
morce with  the 
rnitod  States. 


CITY  OF  LYONS 


-    «).   on   the   So.ne,  ,s  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  cotton- 
<  I.orbourg  (^^^^^).fi>r  humous  breakwater  and  its  docks. 

Uouen/tCbour^'      ''  BoMcaux?      SOvrea?      Ilavro?'     Hheijs? 


310 


EUROPE. 


12.  Marseilles  [mar-sailz^),  in  the  south,  and  Nantes  [nants),  on 
the  Loire,  are  towns  of  historic  note.  There  are  numerous  cele- 
brated battle-fields,  among  which  Poitiers  {poi-teerz^),  Crecy  (kres^- 
«c),  and  Agincourt  {ah-zhong-koor^)  are  especially  famous. 

13.  Oovernment. — France,  for  many  centuries  a  kingdom  under 
the  rule  of  the  Bourbons,  has  experienced,  in  the  last  three-quarters 
of  a  century,  several  changes  of  dynasty,  and  some  fearful  revolu- 
tions. In  1852  it  became  an  empire,  under  Louis  Napoleon  (Napo- 
leon III.),  a  nephew  of  the  great  Napoleon  Bonaparte  (Napoleon  I.). 
In  1870  a  war  broke  out  with  Prussia,  which  resulted  in  the  defeat 
of  the  French  armies,  the  deposition  of  Louis  Napoleon,  and  the 
establishment'  of  a  republic.  Previously  to  the  revolution  of  1790, 
France  contained  thirty-six  provinces,  but  it  is  now,  for  purposes  of 
administration,  divided  into  departments. 

14.  The  French  army  consists  of  about  400,000  men.  The  navy, 
one  of  the  strongest  in  Europe,  numbers  nearly  500  vessels  of  war. 
There  are  numerous  military  schools  of  the  highest  order.  Among 
them,  the  Polytechnic  School  at  Paris,  and  the  Cavalry  School  at 
Saumur  [ao-moor^),  are  most  noted. 

15.  Religion.— The  prevailing  worship  is  the  Roman  Cuth(.lic; 
but  other  crooils  are  tolerated  and  aided  by  the  governnicut.  The 
principal  Protestant  Churches  are  the  Lutheran  and  the  llcformed 
Calviniatic. 

K).  The  colonial  possessions  of  France  are — in  Africa,  Algeria 
and  Senegal,  on  the  M^est  coast;  Bourbon  and  a  few  Hnialler  iwhinds, 
on  the  ea^it  coast;  in  Ilindoostan,  Pondidierry,  and  sonio  other  towns: 
in  Anam,  six  provinces,  with  Saigon,  the  largest  city;  in  North 
America,  Guadeloupe,  Martini(ino,  arid  other  islands;  in  S;)iith  Ame- 
rica, Cayenne;  in  Oceanica,  the  Marquesas  and  Society  Islands,  and 
New  Caledonia 


12.  Marspilles?  Other  towns?  13.  Whnt  of  tlio  ffovcmmt nt  ?  When  did 
it  become  an  enii»iro  under  Napolo(»n  U\.!  Wliat  of  th?  provintMs  ;^  H.  ()| 
thoarniy?  Navy?  Military  sehooln.  .to.?  15.  IJeli^rj,,,,  v  |«.  Colonial  imm- 
PcsHJonH  in  Afrioa?  llinduostiin ?  Anam?  North  America?  South  Amoricii? 
Ueuunica? 


1-  I 


38  {nanis),  on 

iinerous  cele- 

Crecy  (krea^- 

)US. 

ingdom  under 
ihree-quarters 
sarful  revolu- 
loleon  (Napo- 
Napoleon  I.). 
in  the  defeat 
leon,  and  the 
ition  of  1790, 
T  purposes  of 

I.  The  navy, 
jssels  of  war. 
der.  Among 
Iry  School  at 

nan  Catholic; 
•nnicut.  The 
;he  llcfonned 

rioa,  Algeria 
aller  iMJiindH, 
) other  towns: 
y;  in  North 
I  S;)nth  Anie- 
I^land^,  and 


it?     When  (Hd 
incMH;^     II.  01 

I.    Coloililil   |Mlri- 

outh  Aiiiorioiif 


SPAIN. 

SPAIN. 


311 


BULL-FiGHT. 


St^ait  of  0;.™ua.  eon,  J.  W.l^^  cI  e  ^^^t^Jr^ 
falgar?  Funsterro?  Ortegal?  Wl.at  i«lau,.»  in  the  MoJ  IranVat 
noar  the  coast  of  Spain ?  Name  the  tliree  larire«t  ' "-',  """"'f" 
Balearic  I»lan.U  l»l„„gf  An,  ToZinwl."''' 
.ween  Spain  a„,.  France'?  VVinU  ^^el:  he  ZnuZZuTm: 
hctwoon  the  Cantabrian  and  Sierra  Nevada?  Dec  bo  th  "r  ,  I^ 
«..ad„av.„r.   Cadalqnivir.    Onadiana.    Tagnn.    IX,u         vLund 

1.  Position  and  Extent S.^„;„  |:^„  _„..xv -- 

i-.«th  „  about  (i2»  nule,.  andJt.J^,^„to^4o  n.ile"      Area, 
».■..».-!.  Where  l,s„.i„,   Length  „,a  b„«ath ?   Ar«?   I.l.„d.7   Wh.. 


312 


EUROPE. 


i!'5 


I 


177,000  square  miles,— nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  State  of  California." 
The  Balearic  [hdl-c-dr^ik]  Islands,  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  near  the 
coast,  belong  to  «pain ;  the  principal  are  Minorca,  Majorca,  and  Ivi(}a 
(e-ve^sah).    Spain  and  Portugal  form  what  is  called  "the  Peninsula." 

2.  Natural  FeAtuiea.— Mountains.— The  Pyrenees  lie  between 
Spain  and  France.  The  Cantabrian  Mountains  are  a  prolongation  of 
the  Pyrenees,  and  extend  westward  along  the  northern  coast.  The 
Sierra  Nevada  traverses  Spain  on  the  east  and  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean. The  mountainB  of  Castile,  Toledo,  and  Morena  range  through 
the  centre.  Mt.  Maladetta,  11,468  feet,  is  the  highest  peak  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  Mt.  Mulahacen,  11,688  feet,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  is 
the  highest  in  Spain.  The  surface  of  Spain  constitutes  the  loftiest 
table-land  in  Europe.     The  country  abounds  in  picturesque  scenery. 

3.  Coast-line. — The  coast-line  exteuds  1370  miles,  and  affords 
many  excellent  harbors.  The  northern  coast  is  rocky  and  precipi- 
tous ;  the  Mediterranean  coast  is  low,  except  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Gibraltar  [je-hrawVter)» 

4.  Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  are  the  Guadalquivir  {gaw-dal- 
quiv^er),  Guadiana  {gwali-de-a¥nah),  Tagus,  and  Douro  {doo^ro), 
flowing  in  a  southwesterly  direction  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the 
Ebro  and  Guadalaviar  {gwah-dah-lah-ve-ahr^),  flowing  in  a  southeast- 
erly direction  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  in  general  fertile,  but  is  not 
carefully  cultivated:  there  are  large  tracts  of  waste  land.  The 
climate  in  the  north  is  temperate,  on  the  high  lands  in  the  centre 
exceedingly  dry,  and  in  the  south  hot. 

6.  Products.— The  productions  of  Spain  are  numerous  and  varied: 
—in  the  north  flourish  all  the  grains  of  the  temperate  zone,  and  in  the 
south  the  grape,  almond,  olive,  fig,  and  sugar-cane.  Fine  horses  are 
bred, — the  Andalusian  stock,  originally  obtained  from  Arabia,  being 
most  esteemed.     Merino  sheep  are  raised  in  great  nnmbers. 

7.  The  mines  afford  lead,  mercury,  iron,  silver,  copper,  and  rock- 
salt.  Leather,  wool,  linen,  glass,  and  fine  steel  are  manufactured. 
Spain  is  noted  for  the  production  of  excellent  wines,  of  which  Sherry 
and  Malaga  are  the  best  known. 


with  Portugal  is  it  called?  2.  What  mountains  north?  O^hnr  mountains? 
8urfaco?  3.  What  of  tho  coast-line?  4,  Principal  rivers  flowing  into  the 
Atlantic?  Into  the  Mediterraneiin  ?  5.  Soil?  Climate?  fi.  Products?  Of 
horses  and  sheep  ?     7.  Minerals?     Manufactures  ?     For  what  noted  ? 


SPAIN. 


of  California! 
3  Sea,  neax*  the 
•rca,  and  Ivi^a 
le  Peninsula." 
es  lie  between 
rolongation  of 
n  coast.  The 
he  Mediterra- 
[•ange  through 
t  peak  in  the 
ra  Nevada,  is 
es  the  loftiest 
isque  scenery. 
3,  and  aflTorda 
r  and  precipi- 
ghborhood  of 

ivir  {gaw-dal- 
•uro  {doo'ro), 
cean,  and  the 
1  a  southeast- 

ile,  but  is  not 
3  land.  The 
in  the  centre 

IS  and  varied : 
110,  and  in  the 
no  horses  are 
Arabia,  being 
bers. 

er,  and  rock- 
lanufactured. 
A'hich  Sherry 


or  Tnoiint.f5.i*is  ? 
iwinj;  into  tho 
Products?  Of 
noted  ? 


313 


of  .^..  f™„  the  aoHh,  1:::  ^tz^zts^:^- 


CITY  OF  CADIZ. 


In'L!'"'  ?  '•""'  '"'""''  "'"'•''  *""  ''"^  »•"* ""'"  ""torprise  ■•„  Spain 
rn  .nternal  n„„™ve„,ont,  ,ho  i,  far  behind  the  Zi  of  western 

n,lT     ""  7*';'l  P"«-».  however,  ha,  heen  noticed  w"hn  a 

w  yea,  ;  ra,lroad,  have  heen  e„n,tr„cted,  and  other,  are  pr„j  e  "d 

«i  i  a  now  »p,rit  of  enter„ri,e  i,  manifested  ^  ^         ' 

cla^^L  deli!hf  Wi,"r;'  ;;'""»""'™'.-  "«  bnll-fisht,  in  which  all 
;.';."  ™''8'"-     Wild  bulU  are  obtained  for  this  purpose  fro,n  th« 

entorpriao?     AVhat  progress?     1  ■;  (■fl^T!:!. ',!!". ^^'^-^    10.  What  of  th«u 

21 


r 


I  : 

.    I 


lit 


314 


EUROPE. 


12.  Chief  Towns. — Madrid^,  the  capital,  Is  situated  on  the  Man- 
zannres  [7nan-thah-nah''res),  a  small  affluent  of  the  Tagus.  A  few 
miles  distant  is  the  splendid  palace  of  the  Escurial  [es-koo-re-aliV). 
Valladolid^  was  formerly  the  capital.  Barcelona,  Valencia,'  and 
Malaga  are  important  cities  on  or  near  the  Mediterranean.  Bil- 
bao {hil-hah^o)  is  the  chief  seaport  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

13,  Ca^'dlz,  in  the  south,  is  a  fine  city,  and  has  a  splendid  light-house. 
It  is  the  oldest  city  in  Europe,  having  been  founded  by  the  Phoe- 
nicians 1100  years  before 
Christ.  Saragossa,  in  the 
northeast,  is  noted  for  its 
heroic  defence  against  the 
French  in  1808-09. 

14.  Granada  {grah-nah^- 
dah),  Seville  [sev'il),  and 
Cor^dova  are  prominent  in 
the  history  of  the  Moorish 
conquest,  and  contain 
many  interesting  remains 
of  Arabian  architecture 
Ferrol  {fer-role^)  is  the 
chief  naval  station,  and 
has  a  fine  harbor.  Gibral- 
tar, at  the  southernmost 
point,  has  long  been  in  the 
possession  of  Great  Britain, 
and  is  the  strongest  fortifi- 
cation in  the  world. 

15.  Government. — The 
frovernmont  is  a  limited 
monarchy.  Besides  a  coun- 
cil to  aid  the  king  or  queen, 
there  is  a  legislature,  called 

the  Cor^tes,  elected  by  such  of  the  people  as  are  entitled  to  vote. 
The  navy  ia  small,  but  is  increasing.     The  army  numbers  295,000, 

12.  What  of  Madrid  ?  Other  cities?  13.  Of  Cadiz?  Sarajrossa  ?  14.Granad!i 
and  (ithcr  towns?  Ferrol  ?  Gibraltar?  15.  Of  the  government?  Navy/ 
Army,  Ac.? 


LEANING  TOWER   OF    SAN    FELIPE   AT    SARAGOSSA. 


PORTDOAL.  315 

iienares  [ahl-kah-lah'  day  en-aVres) 

n^m  er  of  «  rT-  "f'  ""''''  ""^  archbishops.     The  whole 
of  the  rehgious  orders,  including  monks  and  nuns  is  esti- 
mated at  150,000.  '      ®  " 

17^  Colonial  Possesslona.-The  colonial  possessions  of  Spain 

thT^^T     •"'"''.*':'  "^^"°^^  °^  ^'^^  ^°d  P«rto  Rico;  in  MalaysT 

h    Torth'crVf  .^''""^  '^^^"'^^  •'  '^"'^  '^  ^^"-'  *^«  PresiZs    n 
the  north  coa.t  of  Morocco,  the  island  of  Fernando  Po  on  the  coast 

of  Guinea,  and  the  Canary  Islands  west  of  Morocco 

18.  Andor-ra  is  a  small  republic  on  the  Spanish  side  of  the  Pyre. 

nees.  with  an  area  of  190  square  miles.     Though  nominally  inde" 

pendent,  it  is  very  much  under  the  control  of  Spain  and  France 


PORTUGAL. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  33,  Portugal.-Bound  Portugal.     What 
I'ay  o.,  the  west  coast?     Cape  southwest?     What  two  mountain 

p.ii  t  of  the  eastern  boundary  near  the  north  ?  At  the  south  ?  What 
nvers  flow  from  Spain  through  Portugal  into  the  Atlantic?  What 
andwher.isthe^  ^oimbra?    St.  Ubes? 

i^i\as.     iJiaga? 

and  ^%^"-*^  E^tent.-Portugal  lies  on  the  Atlantic,  west 

"4    00  ^-T'     I'  ''  ^^^  "^'''^^  ^""S.  by  130  broad.     Area, 

't.ow  ,  u.ilos,-about  equal  to  that  of  the  State  of  Maine 

T  ;■  1  m"'^'  Features.--The  Sierra  Estrella  {es-treVyah)  and 
loledo  Mountains  range  through  Portugal  from  east  to  west.  The 
interior  IS  u  ly  and  mountainous,  with  a  general  declivity  from  the 
eas  o  the  Atlantic.  The  eoast-line  is  500  miles  long,  and  fo'r  the  mosi 
part  low.  Fearful  earthquakes  occur.  The  rivers  Douro  an<l  Ta-u. 
«ow  through  it  from  east  to  west  5  the  Guadiana  is  in  the  southeast 
ihe  soil  IS  fertile,  and  the  climate  mild  and  healthy. 
3.  Products.— The  products  are  similar  to  those  of  Spain.     The 

10.  RHijjion?     17.  What   coloniiil 


Po 


IITIKMI,, 


-I.  Wl 


possessions?      18.   What   of  And 


tains?     Surface?    Coast-Iinc  ?  "  K 


Ikto  is  I'ortugal  ?    L<  n.^tli  and  broadtli  ?    A 


10  a.' 


2.  .AF 


Ivors?    boil  and  cliuiate?     ."J.  Products? 


orra  ? 

OUU' 


yifm    1 


!  .: 


316 


EUROPE. 


most  noted  is  the  grape,  from  which  several  varieties  of  wine  are 
made.  Of  these,  the  principal  is  Port  wine,  so  called  from  its  beinf» 
manufactured  at  Oporto.  Oranges,  almonds,  figs,  oil,  salt,  and  cork- 
bark  are  the  chief  exports. 

4.  There  are  rich  mines  of  coal,  lead,  and  fine  iron.  Marble  of  a 
superior  quality  is  abundant.     Groat  quantities  of  salt  are  made. 

5.  Population.— The  population  is  3,995,000.  In  lineage  and 
general  character  the  Portuguese  are  similar  to  the  Spaniards. 
They  are  indolent,  and  pay  little  attention  to  education. 

6.  Chief  Towns. — L'sbon,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Tagus, 
near  its  mouth  ;  it  Ir.i^  an  fxcellent  harlwr,  and  is  specially  noted  in 
the  hi:st  n-y  (^f  the  Peninsular  Vrar.    On  ivU\  next  t.)  L'.,^!)  n  tlic  chief 


CITY  OF  OPORTO. 

commercial  city,  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Douro.  Coimbra  contains 
a  university.  St.  Ubes  is  noted  for  its  trade  in  salt.  Elvas  and 
Braga  are  important  towns. 

7.  Government. — The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy,  mildly 
administered.  The  Cortes,  or  national  legislature,  consists  of  two, 
Houses,  the  Peers  and  the  Deputies,  organized  like  the  Parliament 
of  Great  Britain.  The  system  of  education  is  controlled  by  a  govern- 
ment council. 


4.  Minerals?      .").  Pnpulntion  ?      fi.  Wlint  of  Lisbon  ?     Or^orto'     Coimbra? 
Other  towns?     7.  Government?    Education?    Army  and  navj  i- 


SWITZERLAND. 


817 


butan  m!^°"7'^''"'  •*""""'  *'''""'"''  ™'>'P  i'  «»tabli,hed  by  law  ■ 


to.'     Coimbra  ? 


SWITZERLAND. 


Questions  on  Maps  No.  29  and  35.  Switzerland.-(^an  A^^ 

29.)  Bound  Switzerland.  {MapNo.S5.)  What  mountains  on  helrth; 
west?  On  the  east?  On  the  south?  Where  are  the  Bern  e  A  ps? 
Where  IS  Lake  Constance?  Mag.iore?  Geneva?  Neufchatelf  zj 
ch?  Where  IS  the  river  Rhine?  Rhone?  Through  what  lake  does 
he  ^hone  flow?  Where  is  the  river  Aar?  Wheil  are  e  Falls  of 
the  Rhine  ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?  Where  is  Geneva^ 
Zurich?    Lucerne?     Basle?     Lausanne? 

n-on;  nTr  ^r^  =^^f^*-TJ>e  republic  of  Swit.erland-the  an- 

n     h       1  r^'~^''  ""'^'  '^  ^'"^^  ""^  '^''  "f  ^'^^<^'-     its  average 
length  IS  IGO  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  98  miles.  'Area  15  050 

square  miles, -about  equal  to  that  of  Vermont  and  Connecticut  "" 

^.   Natural  Features.-.lfou/^^«.-n..-Switzerland  is  the  most 
mountauious  country  in  Europe.     It  is  traversed  and  surrounded  by 

ho  Jura  Mountains  and  by  various  ranges  of  the  Alps,  of  which 
tho  Rluistian  (rc-shun)  and  Pennine  are  the  principal.  The  loftiest 
peak,  are  Monte  Rosa,  Matterhorn,  and  St.  Gothard  (ffoi^/tart)  which 
arc  from  13,000  to  10,223  feet  high.  ^' 

3.  There  are  m;iny  ,lifficult  mountain-passes.  Of  those  the  most 
notiil.le  are  the  Sin/plon,  St.  Gothard,  Splugon  (^.^<v/^«.),  and  Great 
St.  Bernard^     Thejatter  ,s  in  the  southwest^  is  f.n.ous  for  the 

8.  RcliVion?    !».  Colonial  possessions'   Swir^r-rM  * vi,      i    avi         •    o    .. 

K.ks?    .).  01  ,„„u„lam-|,ass,.s?    I'.ir  ,vl,„t  is  SI.  liCTnanl  famonj. ? 


318 


EUROPE. 


passage  of  the  army  of  Napoleon  I.  to  the  battle-field  of  Marengo, 


in 


1800. 


4.  The  m 


enery 


of  the    Alps   is 
highly  beautiful 
and  picturesque. 
Glaciers,  or  seaa 
ofice,  are  formed 
in   the  upper 
valleys.     Large 
masses  of  snow 
and     ice    occar 
'    sionally      come 
thundering 
I   down  the  moun- 
tain-sides,   tak- 
5-  ing  up  in  their 
.    course  rocks  and 
?   detached    limbs 
of  trees,  increas- 
ing in  size  and 
velocity  as  they 
roll,  and   some- 
times   crushing 
villages    and 
filling    up    the 
mountJiin-roads. 
These  falling  bodies  of  ice  and  snow  are  called  avalanches. 

5.  Lakes. —  Switzerland  is  famous  for  its  beautiful  lakes.  The 
most  remarkable  are  Lakes  Geneva,  Constance,  Lucerne,  Neufchatel 
{mish-ah-ieV),  and,  south  of  the  Alps,  lying  partly  in  Northern  Italy, 
Lugano  [loo-galt^no]  and  Maggiore  {mad-jo^ ray). 

6.  Rivers. — The  rivers  which  rise  in  Switzerland  soon  leave  it.^ 
borders.  Th:^  Rhine  has  its  source  in  the  lakes  of  the  northern  and 
central  parts,  and  flows  northward.  The  Khone  flows  through  Lake 
Geneva  into  France. 


ALPINE  SCENiiRY. 


4.  Wh:it  of  the  scenery  of  the   Alps?    Glaciers?     What  of  snow  and  ice? 
6.  Lakes?     (').  Rivers?    "Waterfalls? 


snow  and  ice  ? 


SWITZERLAND.  gjn 

The  principal  waterfalls  are  those  of  +f,«  Pv,-         ^  o  .    «, 

l:srrir "'  '^^  -^ '"'  '•  -  -- "™- "-: 

the  land  is  largely  devoted  to  pasturage. 
Cheese  of  several  varieties  is  exported. 
lUe  principal  minerals  are  iron,  lead 
copper,  salt,  and  gypsum  There  are 
numerous  manufact-ics  of  cotton,  linen, 
silk,  watches,  and  jewelry. 

9.  Population. -The  population  is 
chiefly  of  Gorman  descent.  They  num- 
ber 2,669,000.  The  Swiss  are  honest, 
frugal,  industrious,  brave,  and  patriotic' 
As  compared  with  the  people  of  the  sur- 
rounding countries,  they  are  well  edu- 
cated. Many  of  the  hunters  are  skilful 
find  vory  adventurous  in  tracking  the 
chamois    into    the    mountain-fastnesses. 

They  are  generally  excellent  marksmen.  _, 

10    Chief    Towns.-Berne    {beru),   on    the   river   Aa7,"  is   the 
c  P.tal.     Geneva  Uen-e^^ak)  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  vatch 
and  for  its  educational   institutions.     Zurich  (zu^riH  nnd  T  n' 
~siderahle   towns,   and   have   played   ati,::!;^  ^;!n: 

At  Basle,  Berne,  Geneva,  and  Zurich  are  noted  universities  Lau 
.ume  (  o-.a,0  is  famous  on  account  of  having  been  the  .  ;  of  r^ 
trement  of  several  eminent  literary  men.  Here  Gibbon  wrote  the 
Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  " 

11.  Government-The  governmen^Js^ederal  republic,  .om. 

Z'lrich  .-1,1.1  Lncerrx'      Whpro  n^^o  ,    *  1        •    "*  ■^^'^  capital?      Of  Gene  •■.  ? 
11.  What  of  the  go'emu^nt  ?     0?  C^n^j;" "'""''"'     '"''^^  "^  ^'^^ ^'^ 


SWISS   COTTAGE 


w 


- 


III 


V.  II II  ^  ^ 


'''Vi 


■r 


-:4.  -. 

-  ^ 

Httl 

m 

1 

t 

1 

W 

H   i 

{'  f 

320 


EUROPE. 


prising  twenty-two  free  States  called  Cantons.  The  executive  is  a 
Council  called  the  Landrath.  The  C(,>ngress,  or  Federal  Assembly,  con- 
sists of  two  Houses,  the  Natioiuil  Council  and  the  Council  of  States. 

12.  Religion. — The  Protesiant  and  Rouian  Catholic  religions  pre- 
vail.    The  Protestants  (Calvlnists)  predominate. 


ITALY. 


STREET   IN    TURIN. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  34,  Italy.— Bound  Italy.  What  sea  on 
the  east?  On  the  south  and  west?  Wliere  is  the  Gulf  of  Vtnice? 
Strait  of  Otrantd?  Ciulf  of  Tarrant. ?  Strait  of  Messina?  Bay 
ofXajdes?  (Julfof(ienoa?  Islan.lof Sicily?  Sardinia?  KIba?  Where 
are  the  Ponza  Islands?  The  Lipari  Islands?  To  whom  do  these 
islands  belong?  Ans.  To  Tf<ili/.  Wliere  is  the  island  of  Corsica? 
To  whom  does  it  Ixdong?  Ans.  To  Frniirt:  What  mountains  in  the 
north?    Northwest?    Near  th«^  C  u  If  of  Genoa?    Through  thecontro? 


12.  Ucligiun? 


ITALY. 


321 


"What  volcano  on  the  west  con sf?     Tm  +i      •  i      ,    » 

mountain  in  tho  i,la„d  of  Sardi",  '     W?       ■  '1"f  °'  ®'"'^  '     ^1"" 

into  the  Adriatic?  Where  i,  the  Ti't  J?  T, '"r '" '''""""'' ""''» 
State  of  Sardinia?  Naples  VenZ,  wi  \u  "^""^  '■'  "■" 
San  Marino?  Where  i,  nlZ  I  "'''««'«  the  republic  of 
Spezia?  Milan?  Venic  Zl?  mT'  ''"""'  «™°'" 
Messina?    Syracuse?    Cagliari?  "'     """"'     ''"P'*'^ 

Au'trtl^d"  ::li^r::;;^t'^,«-  :"-"\''f  S-'^-an-i  »d 
Sea  and  its  ar,„  the  Ad  tt  7.  ^  ""'  ""  ^'"''"''"anean 
.mrr„,v  peninsull  si;™  ,  V  ,'  """"'""'  ''"""'VMy  of  a  l„nft 
twostillLrro^^p  ,i  lar  '  i^"  •  '"T i""""^  »"  "'«  ^uth  i",! 
by  a  varied  hreadt";,  "r:^!  I  "".'J'::  f'  T  "'"?'  '""«• 
100  in  the  centre.     Area   llfi  (Kill  1  ■?  "°''"''  ""''  »'«'"' 

Slate  of  Georgia.  ^""''  ""'"'.-'wice  that  of  the 

2.  Natural  reatures.— J/-oi(n<atn»     Tt,.    a 
through  Italy  fr,.,„  north  to  sou,"       oITJ  '   t?""""""   "'""'' 
western  border  are  the  high  ranges  „f  ^h"  AIn,     tI"'"  , ""''  """'- 
na„,es,  according  to  the  L^ality    as.l  e  \f  V        7  ^"^  ™"™' 
and  Pennine  Alps.     Sevor.l  iL  "■"""""•  C"ttian,  Graian, 

It.Jy  to  Switzerland  ""'  ''""'''  '"  "»'  ^'P'  J»l  f™™ 

notned  l.ZtZZ":^!!:'"''   "''""'  '"  '^""•"  '"  "•"  - 
«ourishi„gci,ies„f  I     "h:  ;::;";"■"•  -.-;  ■".  ''---yod   the 

.au,c  volcanic  forn,ati„n  i        pr  s'lj  •:';r'  \':""T'"'^-     '''"' 
Mount  Ktna,  and  in  the  IJlXTXi  1>  I  ,'    ',''V''f  "'^  ''' 

• -...red  „y  it:l:;::a,f t,  •;:t':;-:^'  ""«■■"«"  "^  '■■°  --  ^-o 

and  Tiher  «„«•  into  the  M,.  n  """the  Adriatic.     The  Ar„„ 

a.ost  famous  riverr^'l'.it^:;;:""-     ''■"  """■'■  '»  -  "'■  "■" 

i.in™r'l7]i)/Vl'|"V\s;;,'>,'     '''■"!;'l;  "»'l  l.rcudth?     Ant    2.  Tl,«  A.icn 


:liil 


ijPI' 


^iij 


,.a 

■  MM 

.MM 

t             : 

wm  M 

!j   , 

ifn 

i 

^H  ^ 

.  J 

'  M  ''^fl 

H  '^ 

ii 

y 

'  '*B 

m  >' 

i 

i 

.  ^u 

Hj 

fp 

pp 

I^BhI' 

^. 

'  ''■  w 

Ii 

■■i 

i 

ta 

^ 

322 


EUROPE. 


6.  La  kes. — In  Northern  Italy  are  several  beautiful  lakes,  of  which 
Giirdii,  Como,  and  Maggiore  are  the  principal. 

7.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility, 
and  the  climate  is  salubrious  and  delightful. 

8.  Products. — In  the  northern  districts  the  vine  and  mulberry 
flourish  ;  in  the  central,  the  orange,  olive,  and  lemon  ;  in  the  south- 
ern, the  climate  of  which  is  almost  tropical,  the  sugar-cane,  fig,  date- 
palm,  and  other  southern  fruits. 

9.  Population.— The  population  is  26,789,000.  The  people  are 
chiefly  descended  from  the  ancient  Romans. 

10.  Divisions. — Italy  comprises  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  and  the 
republic  of  San  Marino. 

11.  Government.— The  Kingdom  of  Italy  is  a  constitutional 
monarchy.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Senate  and  a 
Chamber  of  Deputies:  the  members  of  the  latter  body  are  elected 
by  the  people.  Victor  Emanuel  II.,  formerly  King  of  Sardinia,  is 
the  present  sovereign;  he  was  proclaimed  King  of  Italy  in  1801, 
San  Marino  is  a  republic. 

12.  Religion. — The  Roman  Catholic  religion  prevails ;  all  other 
religions  are  tolerated.     Education  is  making  fair  progress. 

13.  THE  KINGDOM  OF  ITALY  includes  the  State  of  Sar- 
dinia, the  former  States  of  the  Church,  the  State  of  Naples,  and  the 
State  of  Venetia. 

14.  Rome,  the  capital  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  is  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Tiber,  and  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  cities  known  in 
history.  It  contains  numerous  magnificent  relics  of  the  classic  period, 
when  that  city  was  mistress  of  the  world,  such  as  the  Pantheon,  the 
Colise^'um,  and  Trajan's  Column.    • 

15.  It  has  more  than  S'H)  churches;  one  of  those,  the  famous 
Cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  is  the  largest  and  most  imposing  religious 
edifice  in  the  world.  The  Vat/lean,  the  Pojjo's  winter  palace,  has  a 
rare  and  valuable  library,  and  a  splendid  gallery  of  art. 

10.  The  State  of  Sardinia  includos,  with  the  excopticm  of  Ve- 
netia, all  of  Italy  lying  north  of  the  States  of  the  Church,  together 


6.  Lakes?  7.  Soil  ?  Cliiniito?  8.  Pro'hiots?  9.  Popnlntion  ?  10.  Divisions 
t»f  Ilaiy "?  Ii.  (I'iM'iriiiMiil  ?  Of  V'iotoi'  EliiiiiiiUM  ;'  <"»f  j?,iii  Miirin.*;' 
12.  Religion?  KiliKintioii  ?  i:i.  KiNfiDOM  ok  Italy.— Wlmt  dooi'  tlio 
Kingdom  <>r  Itiily  iiiclmlp?  !4.  Whiit  of  Home?  15.  OF  its  churohi-s,  Af.':* 
1ft     What  doua    (Lo  tUiito   oi    Snrdiniiv    include?      What  of  Turin?     Flor- 


ITALY. 


323 


ikea,  of  which 

r  its  fertility, 

ind  mulberry 

in  the  south- 

ane,  fig,  date- 

le  people  are 

taly,  and  the 

constitutional 
Senate  and  a 
y  are  elected 
f  Sardinia,  in 
Italy  in  180 1, 

,ils ;  all  other 
ress. 

State  of  Sar- 
iples,  and  the 

iiatcd  on  both 
ties  known  in 
dassic  period, 
*anthe^u,  the 

I,  the  famous 
ting  rcligioUH 
palace,  has  a 
■t. 

option  of  Ve- 
irch,  together 


'  10.  Divisions 
Siiii     Miiriiii.l' 

^litit  d(ioi<  tlio 
churches,  Ac? 
Turin  y     Flur- 


with  the  island  of  Sardinia.     Turin,  the  canital  nf  <5o   r   • 
the  lea  bank  of  the  P„,  .  a  ,....„.  'eU  !  7!^^,  iTl:: 
enownod  for  „s  hbraries,  colleges,  and  gallenes  of  paintmg7a„d 
sculpture     Ale,Bandr,a  i»  remarkable  f„,   its  powerful  defence. 
Near  u  .s  the  l.ttle  hamlet  of  Marengo,  where  Napolcou  I.  ga  ued 
a  great  victory  over  the  Austrian^  in  the  year  180U 
17.  Genoa  {jen'o-ah),  on  the  Mediterranean,  was  once  a  celebrated 

MilCu  »     ."  T  "  '■"-■  "''■     ''  ""»  ""^  ''''">P'-«  of  Colun  bus 
M,l  an  IS  a  c.ty  of  great  renown  in  history.    It  has  a  splendid  cath^ 

dral     Pisa  (p«'^a/,)  is  famous  for  its  Campo  Santo,  or  burial-place 

and  for  ,ts  ean.ng  tower,  a  circular  structure  of  wi.ite  marble   188 

o  t  h,gh,  mchnmg  15  feet  from  the  perpcn.licular.     Leghorn  an  1 

Lucca  are  important  towns.  »>'-„iioru  an.i 


OCNOA. 

18    Thodtyuf  I>armais.clebratodfor  its  beautiful  pi.ture-gallorv 
uudforu^d         .M 

19.  The  terntoryAM-iuorly  .lenominated  the  States  of  the  Churcd. 
States  of  thi  Church  P^""'*'^     ^"^""'^^     !».  What  of  the  formSr 


if 


324 


EUROPE. 


occupies  a  portion  of  central  Italy.  This  territory  was  under  the 
government  of  the  Pope.  In  1860  Romagna  [ro-man't/ah),  one  of 
the  States  of  the  Church,  was  annexed  to  Sardinia.  The  same  year, 
other  of  the  States  united,  and  became  a  part  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy. 
20.  The  Papal  Dommiuns,  or  the  temporal  possessions  of  the  Pope, 
occupying  a  strip  of  territory  on  the  west  coast,  and  including  the 
city  of  Rome,  Civita  Vecchia  {che've-tak  vek'ke-ah),  and  a  few^con- 
tiguous  places,  remained  under  the  government  of  the  Pope  until 
1870,  when  they  also  were  annexed  to  the  Kingdom  of  Italy. 

21.  The  State 
of  Naples,  in- 
cluding the  is- 
land of  Sicily 
and  the  Li  pari 
Islands,  is  the 
southernmost 
State  of  the 
Kingdom  of 
Italy.  The  capi- 
tal, Naples,  is 
splendidly  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay 
of  Naples.  It 
is  the  largest  of 
theltaliancities. 
The  scenery 
around  it  is  very 
beautiful,  i«nd 
the  climate  isde- 
iightful.  Near 
it  is  the  V'lloaiio 
<»f  V^esuvius, 
which  is  fre- 
quently in  a 
state  of  eruption. 

22.  The  island  of  Sicily  is  separated  from  tlie  main  hud  l»y  the 
narrow  Strait  of  Messina,  un  one  side  of  which  is  Seylla  [sU'laU),  a 

20.  What  of  the  Papnl   D  iiniti;..n   ?     21.   What  does  tho  Stuto  of  Naples 
uiohidu?     Of  tho  city  oi  Naples?    Wh.il  \  ..Iimim.  ?    22.  Of  the  islun<l  of  Sicily  ? 


STREET  IN   VENICE. 


AUSTRIA. 


325 


Me»si„a  and  Syracuse  arilort^^h  "  """  "'!  """'''''  ^"-'• 
tory.    The  Lip4  Island,    Zu    t!!.  '  ""^  '^""™''  '-  ^^"'^ 

Sicily.  ™  •  "'*"'  '"«'"«  •"  -umber,  lie  north  of 

tl.e'ldrfaLtt  "'  ''"^'"'  '"'  "^  '""  ™'«-'  P-t  of  Italy,  on 

Of  these  bridges  tl  c  E ialtl  isT„  '  r'"'  "'■"^•'  ''^  5«"  ^rMges. 
"f  90  feet,  24  feet  b>  hoil^  .  ""'?  '"'"""'  ^  '"»  »  «inf  le  span 
cost  of  $MO,«oa'  T„:  r ';;tr  tS  ''"  ''''•  1  ■»"'■■»•  "'  ^ 
go  abont  the  city  i„  hoa.s  ea  ;  r^p:'':'"'"'.-"  P-i"» 
.t»  university,  and  Verona  for  its  Uota.,  arphi,:!::  '^  ""'"'  "" 

» ITZ  rt!;r„rs::'t:s7r2:;: '";:  f  "•'■•»  't?-'') 

^-m  ...  «.,  by  St.  Marinnf  f:;  j';ir°  "  ^  J"«  -n  «s 


AUSTRIA. 
Questions  on  Map  No  34    Ai,«f,w=.      u        ,  . 

-«-«st.    AVheroare'he  Iwl.f  "  nl""";  iT""-.  .^".'" 
tlio  north  and  northfliist?    Wi    *  *  "iiuks  r     >*  Imt  mountains   n 

South?   Whatlltrivirfl  "■""""""•«»'•'    R«..«o southeast? 

into  Turkey  ?^Z "217"  TJ'  """  I'""  »"""'•  """"^l'  Austria 
province  of  AusLiatTl  /  wr'' ■  ""  ""■'™"""  '" -I'"' 
■nwhatprovincetePral    n"    ,    ,'t  T- "'"  ™''""'  "^  ''■"»'^"" 

2Z!_^     •""■«•  I'i'"^.<">'l  Wagrau,  ?  In  what 

f.v°V!?:  f/S",,;  ,!;.t;'/ 1;:,;::: ,  '■':  ^^^^^^i^^,.,. .,  v.„ , 

'" '• ' '"  ^"■«'  ws:...  „'.:';;;  ■„„i:i,:;,;,  »«• »-  M.„,.,„,_Vb:[ 


W'  -Pf 


LiUULViWtttiVpPJ 


lii  m 


fi  ^vu 


.i'r    ,1 


1       'hi 


I     .! 


I    ^!l 


ii 


ii 


111 


326 


EUROPE. 


is  Innspruck?  In  what  province  is  Trieste  ?  Klagenfurth  ?  OrUtz? 
In  what  are  Pesth,  Buda,  and  Tokay?  In  what  is  Lemberg? 
Klausenburg  ? 


CHURCH  OF  ST.  CHARLES,  AND  THE  POLYTECHNIC  SCHOOL  AT  VIENNA. 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — The  empire  of  Austria,  or  Austro-IIun- 
garian  Monarchy,  comprises  a  territory  of  irregular  outline,  north 
of  Turkey  and  east  of  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Bavaria.  It  contains 
seventeen  provinces,  eight*  of  which,  until  1800,  belonged  to  the  old 
Germanic  Confederation.  Hungary,  the  largest  division,  contains  a 
third  part  of  the  empire.  The  average  length  of  Austria  is  020 
miles,  and  its  average  breadth  350  miles.  Area,  240,000  square 
miles, — a  little  exceeding  that  of  the  State  of  Texas. 

2.  Natural   Features. — The  Carpathian  Mountains  are  in  the 

AnsTRiA. — 1.  Where  is  Austria?  AVhiit  of  tho  i>r(>vinces?  Length  mid 
breadth?  Area?  2.  What  mountain-ranges?  Of  tho  Alps?  Other  uioun- 
tains?     Surface? 


»  NoTK. — Tho  provinces  of  Austria  which  wore  united  in  tho  Germanic 
Confederation  are  tho  Arcliduchy  of  AusMia,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Carinthia, 
!L*yria,  Bilosia,  Tyrol,  and  a  part  of  Galicia. 


.ti 


AUSTRIA. 


327 


ains  are  in  the 


northeast,  and  range  in  a  south  and  southeasterly  direction  until 
they  reach  the  south  bor.ler,  where  they  form  a  part  of  the  southern 
boundary,  and  then  pass  into  Turkey.  Ruska  Poyana,  9912  feet,  is 
the  highest  peak.  Tlie  Carnic  and  Dinaric  Alps  are  on  the  west  and 
southwest.  The  Sudetic,  Bohemian,  and  Moravian  Mountains  arc  in 
the  northwest,  and  enclose  the  province  of  Bohemia.  The  surface 
slopes  from  the  north  and  south  towards  the  centre  and  the  east. 

3.  Coa5i!-;ine.— Austria  has  a  coast-line  of  about  450  miles  on  the 
Adriatic  Sea.  There  are  extensive  marshes.  The  largest  lake  is 
Lako  Balaton,  near  the  centre. 

4.  nioers.—ThQ  principal  river  is  the  Danube;  it  rises  in  the 
Black  Forest  of  Germany,  flows  through  Austria  600  miles,  first  from 
west  to  east,  then  southerly,  and  empties  into  the  Black  Sea.  Its 
principal  affluents  are,  on  the  north,  the  Theiss  (tice),  and  on  the 
souti),  the  Dravo  and  Save. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate.— Jn  the  north,  and  on  the  plains  of  Hun- 
gary, the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  grazing;  further  south,  and  in  the 
river-valleys,  it  is  extremely  fertile.  In  the  north  the  climate  is  cold, 
and  snow  sometimes  falls  as  early  as  October;  but  in  the  south  the 
climate  is  so  mild  that  the  most  delicate  grapes  may  be  cultivated  in 
the  open  air. 

G.  Products.— Nearly  all  kinds  of  grains  and  garden  vegetables 
are  produced.  The  vine  is  successfully  cultivated.  The  pasturage 
in  the  Hungarian  i)lains  is  excellent,  and  great  numbers  of  cattle  arc 
raised.  Ilonca  are  carefully  bred.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  lead, 
iron,  and  quicksilver  abound.  The  ruby,  emerald,  amethyst,  opal,' 
topaz,  and  other  precious  stones  are  found.  The  manufactures  are 
extensive. 

7.  Population.--The  population  is  35,944,000.  The  people  re- 
present four  nationalities,— the  German,  Italian,  Sclavonian,  and 
Hungarian  or  Magyar  {mo(Vyor).  The  Hungarians,  long  oppressed 
by  Austria,  have,  sin(;e  the  accessitm  of  Ferdinand  II.,  in  152G,  made 
several  unsu(;cessful  attempts  to  achieve  their  independence. 

8.  Chief  Towns.— VicM.na,  the  capital,  on  the  Danube,  is  one 
of  the  finest  cities  in  Europe.     Trieste  {tre-ctd'),  on  the  Adriatic  Sea, 

3.  Of  (ho  coftst-lim-?   IMarshes  '    Lake  ?   1.  AVhat  is  said  of  tlie  Danubo  nn.l  its 

alliuoilts?    5.  Soiiy    CliiniitcV    l\     Priwli.ot"'''     l>..-t..!-" -f    iri-   ''    V:..-,.>1     'J    U         ' 
,  o      ,,  " ...  -  ....s.i-.i...      !  ...-fi,!„.„o,  At'.  :     iViuirrjH.-^;    iriXX-HiIlS 

»r,onc.s/    .MMiuilMctnro.si'    7.  l'o|iii]ati<.n  >  Wliat  nationiilitios  y    S.  What  of  Vi- 
enna?   Trieste:''    Innspruck?    J'raguoi'    JJrunn?    Bucla  and  Pcsth?    Tokay'' 


M 


V 


,\  It 


di  i 


328 


EUROPE. 


is  the  principal  seaport.  Innspruck  {ins^prook)  is  the  chief  city  of 
the  Tyrol  [iir^rol) ;  Prague,  of  Bohemia;  Brunn,  of  Moravia.  Buda 
and  Pesth  (pest),  situated  opposite  each  other  on  the  Danube,  and 
connected  by  a  fine  suspension  bridge,  are  considered  one  city,  and 
regarded  as  the  capital  of  Hungary.  Tokay,  on  the  Theiss,  is  famous 
for  its  rare  wines. 

9.  Lintz  and  Salzburg  are  the  seats  of  important  manufactures. 
Carlsbad,  Toplitz  [tep^lits),  and  Seidlitz  (side'lits)  are  celebrated  for 
their  baths  and  mineral  springs. 

10.  Austria  has  been  the  theatre  of  numerous  wars  in  modern 
times.  The  most  famous  battles  are  those  of  Prague,  won  by 
Frederick  the  Great,  and  of  Austerlitz  and  Wagram,  where  Napo- 
leon I.  was  victorious  over  the  Russians  and  Austrians.  Cracow 
was  taken  by  Austria  in  1847.  Near  Cracow  is  a  vast  tumulus,  120 
feet  high,  raised  to  the  memory  of  Kosciusko  [kos-se-us^ko). 

11.  Government. — Austria  is  a  constitutiona)  monarchy,  with  a 
Parliament,  or  lieichsrath,  consisting  of  a  House  of  Nobles  and  a 
House  of  Deputies.  Education,  which  has  been  long  neglected,  is 
now  improving.  There  are  ten  universities,  and  numerous  colleges 
and  schools. 

12.  Religion. — The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic; 
but  all  sects  are  tolerated.  There  are  many  members  of  the  Greek 
Church  in  Austria,  especially  in  the  provinces  where  the  Sclavonic  race 
preponderates. 


OTTOMAN  EMPIRE. 

The  Ottoman  Empire  includes  Turkey  in  Europe,  Turkey  in 
Asia,  and  dependencies  in  Arabia  and  Africa.  The  dependencies 
are  the  Iledjaz,  in  Arabia;  and  Egypt,  Nubia,  Kordofan,  Tripoli, 
Tunis,  and  Fozzan,  in  Africa.  With  the  exceptifm  of  Roumania, 
Sorvia,  and  Montenegro,  all  parts  of  Turkey,  both  in  Europe  and 
Asia,  are  the  immediate  possessions  of  the  Sultan,  being  governed 
by  pashas  appointed  directly  by  him. 


9.  Lintz  and  Sal/.bure? 
ac'iw?     1 1.  O'lvornnient  ? 


iiifl'ndc?     Niiine 


t  ))(>(] 


eiioi 


(I 


Other  towns  ?     10.  What  further  of  Austria  ?   Of 

12,  Uelijrion?    Ottoman  Kmpiue. — What  docs  it 

'ncics.     What  about  the  Dannhinn 


inces 


II   w  do  tnoy  acknowledge  the  Sultan's  authority?    Area  in  Europe  and  Aniu.! 
In  Al'rica?  "  Total  ?     Equal  to  what? 


TURKEY. 


829 


The  dependencies  acknowledge  the  authority  of  the  Sultan,  and 
many  of  them  pay  tribute.  Area  in  Europe  and  Asia,  estimated 
at  872,000  square  miles,  in  Africa  at  955,000  square  miles ;  a  total 
of  1,827,000  square  miles,— nearly  equal  to  that  of  one-half  of 
Europe. 


11 


II 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  34,  Turkey  in  Europe.— Bound  Turkey 
in  Europe.  Name  the  five  seas  around  Turkey,  beginning  with  the 
Black.  What  strait  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora? 
Between  Marmora  and  the  Archipelago?  Between  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  Adriatic?  Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Salonica?  Gulf  of  Arta  ? 
What  mountains  in  the  north?  What  range  extends  south  into 
Greece?  Where  are  the  Dinaric  Alps?  Where  is  Mt.  Olympus? 
What  great  river  in  the  north  flows  into  the  Black  Sea?  Name  two 
affluents  on  the  north.  Two  on  the  south.  What  rivers  flow  into 
the  Archipelago  ?  Into  the  Gulf  of  Salonica?  What  and  where 
is  the  capital ?  Where  is  Adrianople?  Salonica?  Yanina?  Sophia? 
Kruschovatz?   Belgrade?    Bucharest?     Varna?     Serajevo? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.—Turkey  in  Europe  lies  south  of  Russia 
and  Austria.  Its  average  length  is  about  480  miles,  its  average 
breadth  about  390  miles.  Area,  203,500  square  miles,— about  equal 
to  that  of  the  States  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  West 
Virginia,  and  North  Carolina.  Roumania,  in  the  northeast  (formed 
m  1861  by  the  union  into  one  principality  of  the  Danubian  pro- 
vinces Wallachia  and  Moldavia),  Servia,  in  the  north,  and  Monte- 
negro  [mon-tay-nay'gro),  on  the  west,  are  tributary  to  Turkey,  but 
are  governed  by  their  own  princes. 

2.  Natural  Features.— 3/oj<w^«/wj?.— The  surface  of  Turkey  is 
greatly  diversified.  The  Carpathian  Mountains  are  on  the  north. 
The  Balkan  ranges  from  east  to  west  through  the  entire  breadth 
of  Turkey.  The  Pindus  Mountains  extend  from  the  Balkan  ran^re 
southward  into  Greece.     Near  this  range  are  the  famous  peaks 

T.-RKKY  IV  Erm.PR.-1,  Where  i.s  it?  Length  and  liroacUh  ?  Area'  Wh-.t 
iHnaHo'rii.'/?    ''  ^^"""'"'"'^     Of  tho  Carpathians?    Fauu.u.  poak«  ?  '  onile 


p     n:: 


;i; 


Jrl; 


;:::! 


1    ij 

'         1 

330 


EUROPE. 


of  Olympus,  Ossa  and  Pelion;  the  former  is  9700  feet  high.  The 
Dinaric  Alpa  are  a  part  of  the  western  boundary,  and  range  parallel 
with  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic. 

3.  iSeas. — Except  in  the  north,  and  at  the  narrow  southern 
boundary,  Turkey  is  surrounded  by  various  seas.  The  Black,  Mar- 
mora, and  Archipelago  are  on  the  east,  and  the  Mediterranean  and 
Adriatic  on  the  west. 

4.  Coast-line. — The  coast-line  is  extensive,  and  affords  many  beau- 
tiful bays  and  harbors. 

5.  Hi  vers,  &c. — The  chief  river  is  the  Danube;  it  flows  in  an 
easterly  direction  through  Turkey  into  the  Black  Sea.  Its  chief  afflu- 
ents in  Turkey  are  the  Pruth,  Sereth  [saij-reV),  Morava,  and  Save 
{suhv).  The  Maritza,  in  the  south,  flows  into  the  Archipelago. 

The  Bos^phorus  connects  the  waters  of  the  Black  Soa  with  those 
of  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  Dardanelles  {dar-dah-nelz^)  unites 
the  Marmora  with  the  Archipelago. 

6.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  of  European  Turkey  is  for  the 
most  part  very  fertile,  but  it  is  tilled  in  the  most  primitive  method. 
The  i^iimate  is  subject  to  sudden  and  violent  changes:  a  variation 
of  thirty  degrees  in  a  single  night  is  not  uncommon.  In  the  south 
the  summers  are  hot  and  the  winters  cool  and  temperate;  in  the 
north  the  winters  are  severe. 

7.  Products. — In  the  south  and  centre,  Indian  corn,  rice,  cotton, 
rye,  barley,  and  tropical  fruits  are  raised ;  in  the  north,  the  principal 
product  is  wheat.  Various  kinds  of  wine  are  made.  The  minerals 
are  numerous,  but  little  attention  is  paid  to  mining.  Excellent 
horses  and  cattle  are  raised;  and  the  Wallachian  sheep  are  noted 
for  their  long,  straight  wool. 

8.  Population. — The  pop-ilation  is  16,432,000,  composed  of  Os- 
manlis,  or  Turks  proper,  Greeks,  Armenians,  Gipsies,  and  Jews. 
The  first  comprise  half  f^e  population.  The  wealthy  among  the 
Turks  are  very  indolent  and  effeminate.  They  spend  a  great  portion 
of  their  time  in  luxurious  public  baths.  Vv  omen  are  treated  as  infe- 
rior beings,  and  are  required  to  veil  their  laces  in  the  streets.  Every 
Turk  who  is  rich  enough  has,  usually,  several  wives,  who  are  kept  in 
n.  separate  apartment  called  the  harem. 

3.  What  of  seas  ?  4.  Const-line  ?  5.  Rivera  ?  The  Br>siihorus  ?  Dardanelles  ? 
«.  Soil?  Climate?  7.  Product!^?  Minerals.  Ac.  ?  8.  ropulation?  Wliut  ol 
thum?     How  do  they  spend  th«ir  time  ?     What  of  the  women  ? 


I 


3t  high.  The 
range  parallel 

TOW  southern 
B  Black,  Mar- 
terranean  and 

•ds  many  beau- 
it  flows  in  an 
Its  chief  aftlu- 
iva,  and  Save 
ipelago. 
5oa  with  those 
h-nelz^)  unites 

I'key  is  for  the 
nitive  method. 
;s:  a  variation 
In  the  south 
jerate;   in  the 

n,  rice,  cotton, 
,  the  principal 
The  minerals 
g.  Excellent 
leep  are  noted 

tnposed  of  Os- 
!s,  and  Jews, 
ly  among  the 
I  great  portion 
reated  as  infe- 
treets.  Every 
ho  are  kept  in 


?  Dardanelles? 
tion?  Wuut  ol 
1? 


TURKEY. 


331 


9.  Chief  Towns.— Constantinople,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
iiosphorus.  This  city  in  ancient  times  was  called  Byzantium.  The 
name  was  changed  to  Constantinople  by  the  Emperor  Constantine 
who  enlarged  and  beautified  the  city,  and  made  it  the  capital  of  the 
Eastern  division  of  the  Roman  Empire.  Constantinople  for  many 
centuries  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  history  of  the  world.     Its 


CITY   OF  CONSTANTINOPLE. 

liarbor,  called  the  Golden  Horn,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  The 
public  buildings  are  numerous,  among  which  the  mosques,  or  temples 
of  Mohammedan  worship,  are  the  principal;  of  these,  that  of  St.  So- 
phia, once  a  Christian  church,  is  very  magnificent. 
^  10.  Adriano^ple  and  Salonica  {sah-lo-7ie^kah)  are  important  cities. 
The  former  was  long  the  residence  of  the  Sultar;^  of  Turkey.  Bel- 
grade, on  the  Danube,  near  the  jnouth  of  the  Save,  is  noted  for  the 
many  bloody  sieges  it  has  sustained. 

11.  Government.— The  government  of  Turkey 'sfc  despotism.  The 

9.  What  of  Constantinople  ?    Of  the  public  buildings  ?     xx).  Adri^unoplo  np() 
Salonica''     Belgrade?     11.  Government? 


li^si 


.J.  I  j 


ititll 


^ 


1! 


332 


EUROPE. 


il  : 


will  of  the  monarch,  who  is  called  the  Sultan,  is  law ;  and  in  former 
times  ho  ruled  with  the  most  arbitrary  cruelty.  Within  the  present 
century,  however,  the  humane  usages  of  the  more  enlightened  States 
of  Europe  have  largely  influenced  the  administration  of  affairs  in 
Turkey. 

12.  The  Sultan  is  usually  called  the  Grand  Seignior  [seen^yur). 
Ilis  prime  minister  is  called  the  Grand  Vizier ;  all  officers  are  selected 
from  the  Sultan's  favorites,  and  are  often  very  inefficient.  Turkey 
is  divided  into  sixteen  provinces,  called  pashalics. 

13.  The  Court  is  called  the  Ottoman  Porte,  and  also  the  Sublime 
Porte.     The  great  cabinet  council  is  named  the  Divan  {de-van^). 

14.  Religiou. — The  religion  is  the  Mohammedan  ;  all  other  sects 
are  tolerated.  Greek,  Armenian,  and  other  Christian  churches  are 
numerous ;  and  there  are  Jews  in  many  quarters. 

PRINCIPALITY  OF  ROUMANIA. 

1.  This  S'-.te  was  formed  in  1861  by  the  union  of  the  princi- 
palities of  Wallachia  and  Moldavia,  by  consent  of  the  Porte.  It 
lies  between  the  Carpathian  Mountains  and  the  Danube  and  Pruth 
Rivers.  Greatest  length,  350  miles.  Area,  45,000  square  miles. 
Population,  4,607,000. 

2.  Roumania  is  a  well-watered,  fertile  country,  with  extensive 
forests.  The  climate  is  temperate,  but  variable.  Wheat,  Indian 
corn,  barley,  tobacco,  and  various  fruits,  are  produced.  Wine  is 
made  to  some  extent.  The  salt-mines  of  Wallachia  yield  salt  of 
an  excellent  quality.  The  grazing  is  fine ;  and  horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
and  goats  abound. 

3.  The  population  comprises  Christians,  Mohammedans,  Jews, 
and  gipsies.  The  Christians  are  mostly  of  the  Greek  Church. 
Education  is  limited. 

4.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy,  with  a  senate 
and  house  of  representatives.  The  people  enjoy  a  limited  franchise. 
A  tribute  is  paid  annually  to  the  Porte. 

5.  Bucharest,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Dumbovitza  River.     There  are 

12.  What  of  the  Sultan?  What  is  his  prime  minister  called?  How  is 
Tnrltey  divided?  13.  What  of  the  court?  14.  Religion?  Roumania. — 1. 
When  and  how  formed  ?  Position?  Area'  Population?  2.  Soil  and  cli- 
miitfi ?  Prodijf.tH?  Animals?  3.  Reliiyion?  Education?  4^  Government? 
Tribute?     6.  Capital? 


!i 


it 


Mi 


GREECE. 


333 


and  in  former 
in  the  present 
;htened  States 
I  of  affairs  in 

or  [seen^yur). 
rs  are  selected 
ent.     Turkey 

the  Sublime 
[de-van^). 
ill  other  sects 
churches  are 


)f  the  princi- 
he  Porte.  It 
)e  and  Pruth 
square  miles. 

ith  extensive 
i^heat,  Indian 
ed.  Wine  is 
yield  salt  of 
cattle,  sheep, 

ledans,  Jews, 
reek  Church. 

with  a  senate 
ted  franchise. 

r.  There  are 
ailed  ?     How  is 

RotlMANIA. — 1. 

2.  Soil  and  cli- 


several  churches  and  monasteries,  a  college,  museum,  and  a  few 
schools.  Jassy,  the  chief  city  of  Moldavia,  is  on  a  branch  of  the 
river  Pruth.  Ibraila  and  Galatz,  on  the  Danube,  are  the  chief  sea- 
ports.  Grain,  wool,  and  tallow  are  largely  exported.  Ismail  ia 
noted  in  the  wars  of  the  Russians  and  Turks. 


GREECE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  34,  Greece.— Bound  Greece.  What 
gulf  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  east  nearly  through  Greece  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Egina?  Napoli?  Laconia?  Konm?  Arta? 
Where  is  the  island  of  Negropont?  Where  are  the  Northern  Spor- 
ades  Isles?  The  Cyclades?  Ionian  Isles?  Name  the  three  largest 
of  the  Ionian  Isles.  What  famous  mountain-peak  in  Greece  ?  What 
is  the  northern  part  of  Greece  called  ?  Ans.  Hellas.  The  southern  ? 
Ans.  TheMorea.  Whatgulf  nearly  separates  these  two  parts?  What 
isthmus  connects  them ?  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Where  is 
Livadia?  Napoli?  Thebes?  Lepanto?  Tripolizza?  Nuvarino? 
Corinth?     Thermopyla3? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— The  Idngdom  of  Greece  comprises 
part  of  the  irregular  peninsula  south  of  Turkey.  It  is  the  most  re- 
nowned of  classic  countries.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  250  miles, 
and  its  greatest  breadth  180  miles.  Area,  19,250  square  miles,— about 
equal  to  that  of  the  States  of  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire. 

2.  Natural  Features.— 3/o«n /a ins.— Greece  is  a  mountainous 
country.  The  Pindus  Mountains  extend  from  Turkey  into  Greece'. 
Among  the  peaks  the  most  ftimous  is  Parnassus,  8000  feet  high,  over- 
looking the  site  of  the  ancient  oracle-shrine  at  Delphi.  The  scenery 
of  Greece  is  unequalled  for  variety  and  beauty. 

3.  Coast-line. — Except  on  the  north,  Greece  is  surrounded  by 
the  Archipelago  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea;  and  the  coast  is  greatly 
indented.     The  Gulfs  of  Egina  and  Napoli  are  on  the  east,  and  the 


T  ^'^r  *T."'-   ,  F-^P'"*t'^?     Grkkck.-I.  Where   is  Greece?     What  is  it? 
Length  and  breadth?     Area?     2.  What  of  the  Pindus  M.n.ntnins  vpoL,,^ 

Leptntof"'"""^"     ^'  '^'^"'  "^'  ^^'"^  coast-line?     Of  gulls  ?  "  Of  the  Gulf  of 


HUB 


3C4 


EUROPE. 


THE   ACROPOLIS  AT  ATHENS. 

(jiilfs  of  Arta  and  Lc^panto  on  the  west;  the  lattei*  penetrates  Greece 
nhnost  to  the  eastern  coast,  nearly  separating  it  into  two  parts. 

4.  Islands. — There  are  numerous  islands  off  the  coast.  The  prin- 
cipal on  the  east  are  Ncgropont,  and  the  groups  in  the  Archipelago, 
the  largest  of  which  arc  the  Cyclades  [sik'lah-deez)  and  Sporades 
{spor^ uh-decz) ;  on  the  west  are  the  Ionian  Islands.  The  latter  were 
annexed  tu  the  kingdom  of  Greece  in  18C3. 

5.  Rivers. — The  rivers  are  short  and  unimportant. 

0.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  fertile.  The 
climate  is  generally  t(Mnperate,  hut  varies  with  the  elevation. 

7.  Products. — Wheat,  barley,  rice,  cotton,  and  tobacco  are  pro- 
duced, and  in  the  south  ."igs,  olives,  dates,  and  oranges.  Goats,  8he(>p, 
,Mittlo,  and  horses  are  raised.  Bees  are  extensively  reared,  and  honey 
is  one  of  the  staple  products.  Little  has  yc't  been  done  to  develop 
tJ>e  mineral  wealth  of  the  ct)untry. 

8.  Population. — Th(>  population  is  1,4.'J7,000.  The  people  are 
descendants  of  the  ancient  Greek  race,  intermingled  with  Albanians, 
Turks,     Sclavonians,  Jews,    Italians,  Germans,   and   others.      Tlio 


4.  Islands?  Wliiit  of  tho  Lminn  If«land«?  6.  Rivcr»'  ft.  Soil  ?  riiinntc? 
•?.  I'roducfuf  Wlint  of  hci-.i?  Miiiorals?  8.  ropulation  ?  Who  arc  they  ? 
Nuiolct  iji  '„.-cck.'<  proper/    What  of  civilization  ? 


GREECE. 


835 


number  of  Greeks  proper  is  about  800,000 ;  the  Albanians  number 
about  200,000.  In  the  cities  there  is  an  increasing  civilization.  The 
greater  part  of  the  people  are  engaged  in  farming  and  tending  flocks. 

9.  Chief  Towus.— Ath^ens,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  plain 
near  the  Gulf  of  Egina.  It  was  in  ancient  times  one  of  the  most 
renowned  cities  in  the  world,  and  was  the  centre  of  Grecian  learning 
and  culture.  On  the  Acrop'olis,  or  citadel  of  Athens,  is  the  Par<. 
thenon,  or  Temple  of  Minerva,  still  splendid  in  its  ruins ;  there  are 
many  other  interesting  relics  of  the  classic  period.  Missolonghi 
[mis-so-hng^yhe)  and  Patras^  are  towns  of  special  note  in  the  modern 
war  of  Greek  independence. 

10.  The  principal  towns  in  the  north  are  Livadia  {liv-ah derail), 
Thebes  [theehz],  and  Lepanto.  The  latter  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  a 
Kreat  naval  victory  obtained  over  the  Turks,  in  1571,  by  Don  John 
of  Austria.  Tripolizza  [tre-po-liV sah)  and  Navatino  are  the  chief 
towns  in  the  south.  At  the  latter  place  a  celebrated  engagement 
took  place,  in  1827,  when  the  naval  power  of  Turkey  was  destroyed 
by  the  allied  fleets  of  Russia,  France,  and  Great  Britain. 

Hormop^lis,  on  the  island  of  Syra  {se^rah),  and  Zante  and  Corfu 
{kor-fo(/)  in  the  Ionian  Islands,  are  important  towns. 

11.  Government. — The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy, 
mildly  administered.  The  people  have  good  opportunities  of  eduea- 
tion.  At  Athens  is  an  excellent  university  ;  and  in  the  kingdom 
thei-o-aro  eleven  gymnasia  or  colleges,  and  a  hundred  common  sch<x)ls 

12.  Greece,  long  enslaved  by  Turkey,  threw  off*  the  yoke  in  1821, 
and,  after  a  desperate  struggle,  achieved  her  independence  in  1830. 
During  this  contest,  sympathizing  societies  were  formed  in  many 
countries.  Lord  Byron  went  to  aid  the  GrcokH  with  his  sword  and 
fortune;  and,  in  America,  Webster,  Clay,  Everett,  and  otherg, 
pleaded  their  cause. 

13.  The  Greek  army  contains  9000  men ;  the  navy  has  but  few 
ships.     The  coinmercial  marine  is  extensive  and  increasing. 

14.  Religion. — The  prevailing  worship  in  Greece  is  that  *f  the 
Greek  Church. 


9.  Of  the  cUy  of  Athens  ?  Wlmt  of  tho  Aoropolis  ?  Of  otlior  towns  of  upe- 
villi  liote,  &o.  V  to.  Towns  in  iho  north?  In  iho  pouth  ?  What  ot  TriiiolizKa 
iind  Navarino?  Other  towns?  II.  Government?  Educntion?  12.  Whut 
further  of  Greece?  What  sooiotics  ?  Who  rendered  them  Berviotf  13.  Army, 
navy,  4o.  ?     14.  Religion  ? 


Ui 


S36 


EUROPE. 


THE  ISLANDS  OF  EUROPE. 


MOUNT  ETNA,  SICILY. 

1.  The  islands  of  Europe  are  numerous,  and  some  are  of  great 
importance  from  their  extent,  population,  commerce,  and  political 
power.     Great  Britain,  Ireland,  Sicily,  and  Sardinia  are  the  largest. 

2.  Arctic  Islands.— Nova  Zembla  and  Spitzbergen,  both  in  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  belong  to  Russia.  They  are  ice-bound  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  year,  and  are  uninhabited.  The  latter  is  farther  north 
than  any  other  portion  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere. 

3.  Norway  Islands.— The  Loffo^den  Islands  form  a  group  on  the 
west  coast  of  Norway.  Their  coasts  are  Ix.ld,  indented,  and  preci- 
pitous. The  population  is  about  4000.  Near  the  southern  end  of 
the  group,  between  two  of  the  islands,  is  the  famous  whirlpool 
called  the  Maelstrom,  the  terrors  of  which  were  formerly  greatly 
exaggerated. 

4.  Senjenoo  [sewyen-o-eh),  Ringvadsoo  [ring'vad-so-eh),  Tromsoo 


,  T"«  J"/^""",  7  ^:;«'>r  «-l  .What  of  tho  islands  of  Europ,.  ?    Tho  InrRcst  ? 
•"••"  '-=anu=       T.n.=..  01  ~p.iir.»crifrn:=     ;;.  N,  rwuy  i«JnR(lH?     What  near 
tho  southern  end  of  tho  Loffodens?     4.  What  north  of  tho  Loffodeus?     Of 
Hauiinorft>iit? 


THE    ISLAJVDS    OF    EUKOPE. 


337 


{tromfso-eh),  Mag^eroe,  Qualoe,  and  others,  are  islands  lying  north 
of  the  Loffoden  group.  Hammerfest,  on  Qualoe,  is  the  northernmost 
town  in  the  world;  it  has  a  considerable  commerce  in  fish  and  oil. 

5.  Danish  Islands.— T'.c  Faroe  Islands  lie  northwest  cf  Scot- 
land. They  are  22  in  nu.nber;  17  arc  inhabited.  Most  of  them 
rise  precipitously  2(T00  feet  ahoxo  the  sea.  Barley  is  the  only  grain 
that  ripens.  The  population  is  about  0000.  Thorshavn  {iors-howi/V 
on  the  island  of  Stromoc,  is  the  only  town. 

6.  The  Archipelago  of  Denmark  includes  various  islands,  of  which 
Zealand  and  Funeu  arc  the  largest.  Among  the  smaller  are  Laa- 
laud,  Moen,  and  Samsf^e.  They  form  a  compact  group,  and  are 
covered  with  fertile  meadow-lauds. 

7.  Zealand  is  separated  from  Sweden  by  the  Sound.  Copenhagen, 
the  capital  of  Denmark,  is  on  this  island.  Bornholm,  in  the  Baltic 
Sea,  lies  east  of  Zealand.  Sylt,  Fanoe,  and  others  are  small  islands 
off  the  west  coast  of  Dennuvrk. 

8.  Baltic  Islands.— Oeland  and  Gothland,  the  largest  of  the  Bal- 
tic  Islands,  belong  to  Sweden;  the  Aland  Islands,  Dago,  and  Oesel 
[o'sel)  belong  to  Russia;  Rugen  belongs  to  Prussia. 

9.  British  Islands.— The  Shetland  Islands  lie  north  of  Scotland. 
They  number  more  than  100;  ojdy  27  are  inhabited.     Mainland  is 
the  largest.     Lerwick  is  the  cr.pital.     Population  of  the  Shetlands 
31,000. 

10.  The  Orkney  Islands  are  a  compact  group,  off  the  northern 
coast  of  Scotland.  There  are  07  islands ;  28  are  inhabited.  Po- 
mona is  the  largest.  Kirkwall  is  the  capital.  Population  of  the 
Orkneys,  31.000. 

^  11.  The  Hebrides,  or  Western  Isles,  lie  off  the  northwest  coast  of 
Scotland.  Tiiey  are  :;()()  in  number ;  HI  are  inhabited.  Skyo  is  the 
largest.  Staffa  contains  the  renowued  Cave  of  Fingal.  Population 
i{  the  Ilobridos.  115,000. 

12.  The  Isle  of  Man,  in  (he  Irish  Sen,  has  institutions  ])eculiar  to 
tself.     The  Manx  language,  derived  from  the  Celtic,  is  still  in  usej 


1)( 


5.  Danish  I.ilan.18?     Surfacu?     ProdnoLs?    Town?     fl.  Tho  Archii.elneo  of 
•nnmrk?      7.  Of  Zealand  y     Of  (ho  c-apilal  of  Denmark?     O"  ZZhn? 

liCAl^xl     0'/''V»'«t'""<>''?    10.  Orkneys?     11.  HebriUes?    Wha 
I'l  ftlullar    12.  Islo  of  .Mim  ? 

20 


1 

! 

■wlUM 

i 

i' 

I 

li 

L 

I 


i 


338 


EUROPE. 


but  all  the  inhabitants  speak  English.     Castleton  is  the  principal 
town.     Population  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  52,000. 

13.  Anglesea  Island  lies  north  of  Wales,  from  which  it  is  sep.i 
rated  by  Menai  Strait.     Population,  51,000. 

14.  The  Isle  of  Wight  is  a  beautiful  island,  separated  from  Eng- 


u- 


land  by  a  narrow  channel.     It  is  a  favorite  resort  of  invalids.     P 
pulation,  50,000. 

15.  The  Scilly  Islands,  west  of  Land's  End,  number  200;  but  they 
are  so  rocky  that  only  six  are  inhabited      Population,  2G00. 

16.  The  Channel  Islands  are  on  the  coast  of  France.  The  princi- 
pal are  Jersey,  Guernsey,  Alderney  [awVder-ne),  and  Sark.  Tlioy 
are  the  renmants  of  the  territory  held  by  the  English  in  France 
during  the  Middle  Ages.     Population,  91,000. 

17.  Mediterranean  Islands. — The  Balearic  Islands  are  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  belong  to  Spain.  Tho 
principal  are  Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Ivi9a.  PaFma,  on  the  island  of 
Majorca,  is  the  capital.  Population  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  232,000. 
The  other  Spanish  islands  are  Leon,  on  which  stands  the  city  of  Ca- 


13.  AnKlescii?    14.  Isloof  Wight?    l.j.  Soilly  Tulnnds?   Ifl.  Cliannol  rslaiitl.-*'/ 
bat  of  thciu?     17.  Tho  liuloaric  Tslnnds!'     Othor  SiJiinish  i8lahd»? 


«Vbat 


THE    ISLANDS    OF    EUROPE. 


339 


fllz,  and  the  Columbretes  {ko-loom-hrai/tes),  near  the  east  coast  of 
Spain. 

18.  The  island  of  Sardinia,  west  of  Italy,  belongs  to  the  kingdom 
of  Italy.  Cagliari  {kahlAjah-re),  in  the  south,  is  the  chief  town. 
Population  of  Sardinia,  553,000. 

19.  Corsica  belongs  to  France,  and  is  principally  noted  as  the  birth< 
place  of  Napoleon  I.  It  lies  north  of  Sardinia,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio.  Ajaccio  is  the  capital.  Population 
;)f  the  island,  230,000.  Elba,  a  small  island  between  Corsica  and 
Italy,  was  the  place  to  which  Napoleon  I.  was  exiled  in  1814.  It 
belongs  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.     Population,  19,000. 

20.  Sicily,  a  large  island  at  the  extremity  of  the  Italian  peninsula, 
is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the  Straits  of  Messina;  it  is  a  part 
of  the  State  of  Naples,  and  belongs  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Pa- 
lermo and  Messina,  on  the  north  coast,  and  Syracuse,  on  the  east 
coast,  are  the  principal  cities.  Mount  Etna,  an  active  volcano,  is 
10,874  feet  high.     Population  of  Sicily,  2,042,000. 

21.  The  Lipari  Islands  lie  north  of  Sicily.  They  are  a  volcanic 
group,  and  supply  nearly  all  the  pumice-stone  used  in  the  world. 
Stromboli,  "  the  lighthouse  of  the  Mediterranean,"  is  a  volcano  in 
constant  eruption.     Pu])ulution  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  22,000. 

22.  Malta  and  Gozzo  are  two  small  islands,  between  Sicily  and 
Africa:  they  belong  to  Great  Britain.  The  former  is  strongly  forti- 
fied, and  is  an  element  of  British  influence  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Population  of  Malta,  100,000.  Valetta  is  the  chief  town.  Popula- 
tion of  Gozzo,  10,000. 

23.  Greek  Islands, — The  Ionian  Islands  lie  on  the  west  coast  of 
rurk(>y  and  Greece.  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  and  Zante  are  the  principal 
islands.  They  formerly  constituted  a  rejjublic,  dependent  on  Great 
Britain,  and  Corfu,  tlie  s(>at  of  governujent,  was  garrisoned  by 
IJritisii  troops;  but  in  the  year  1S()3  the  British  government  ceded 
the  islands  to  Greece.     Population,  220,000. 

24.  The  Grecian  Archip(4ago  cimtains  several  groups  and  islands 
famous  in  (dassic  history.  Neg''ropont,  the  largest,  is  (m  the  cast 
coast  of  Greece.     Poi)uhition,  20,000.     The  Sporades  and  Cycladfss 


18.  Of  Saniinia?  IH.  Of  Cor?«ioa?  20.  Of  Ficily  ?  Cities?  Of  Mount 
Ktiiai'  21  Lipari  fflnnds?  Of  SfrumboH:''  22.  Malta  ami  Oozzo?  2:^.  Tlui 
Lmian    Lslantlsl'     21.    Ureiiaii    ArcbipclagK?     Ncgroitont ?     Sporadi'S  anj 


.■}'ol 


idcs  ? 


'!#  i 


if 


ant 


i 


I 
1 1 

[ 

I 
i 


: 


340 


EUROPE. 


CITY   OF    CORr  U. 


are  island  clusters,  belonging,  according  to  their  situation,  to  Greece 
or  to  Turkey. 

'25.  Candia,  formerly  called  Crete,  is  a  large  island  south  of  Greece, 
It  belongs  to  Turkey.  Population,  158,000.  The  climate  is  delight- 
ful.     Candia  is  the  chief  town. 


25.  Of  Cnndia? 


ASIA. 


ASIA. 


ion,  to  Greece 

ith  of  Greece, 
ate  is  delight. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  36, 
Asia. — Bound  Asia.  Between 
^  what  parallels  of  latitude  does 
Asia  principally  lie?  Meri- 
dians of  longitude?  What 
f^oparntes  As'a  from  America? 
What  mountains,  river,  and 
ASIATIC  SCENE.  geos  bctween  Asiaand  Europe? 

What  sea  and  isthmus  between  Asia  and  Africa? 

Divisions.— Whore  is  Siberia?  Turkey?  Arabia?  Persia?  Af- 
ghanistan? Beloochistnn?  Turkestan?  India?  Chinese  Empire? 
China?  Tlirongh  what  country  does  the  Arctic  circle  pass  ?  Through 
what  onintries  doos  the  tropic  of  Cancer  pass? 

Seas,  Bays,  &c.— Wiiere  is  the  Open  Polar  Sea  of  the  Russians? 
^Vi„.i-c  is  IJriu'in- Strait?  Soanf  Kamt>.chutka?  Ochotsk  ?  Jesso? 
•bipan?  Strait  of  Corea?  Yellow  Sea?  Pe-cho-lee  (Julf  ?  Eastern 
8-,i?    ChiiuiSm?    (J'llfof  Tonipiin?    (JulfofSiam?    StraitofMa- 

2tf* 


342 


'r  1 


m 


f 


ASIA. 


lacca?  Gulf  of  Martaban?  Bay  of  Bengal?  Gulf  of  Manaav? 
Malabar  Coast  ?  Arabian  Sea  ?  Gulf  of  Cambay  ?  Gulf  of  Cutch  ? 
Gulf  of  Oman  ?  Strait  of  Onnus  ?  'Persian  Gulf?  Strait  of  Bab-el- 
Mandeb?  Red  Sea?  Isthmus  of  Suez  ?  Mediterranean  Sea?  Archi- 
pelago? Marmora?  Black?  Caspian?  Aral?  Kara?  Gulf  of 
Obe?  Yenisei  Gulf  ?  Where  is  Lake  Baikal  ?  Balkash?  Where 
is  the  Dead  Sea? 

Capes.— Where  is  East  Cape?  St.  Thadeus?  Lopatka?  Cam- 
bodia? Romania?  Negrais  ?  Comorin?  Isolette  ?  Cevero? 
Chalagskoi  ? 

Islands.— Where  are  the  Aleutian  Islands  ?  Kuriles  ?  Where  is 
Saghalien?  Jesso?  .Niphon?  Sikoke?  Kiusiu?  Formosa?  Where 
are  the  Loo-Choos  ?  Where  is  Hong-Kong  ?  Hainan  ?  Where  are 
the  Andamansf  Nicobars?  Where  is  Ceylon?  Where  are  the 
Corallines?  New  Siberia  Islands?  In  what  direction  from  Asia  is 
Oceanica?  In  what  general  direction  from  Asia  do  the  following 
groups  lie?  Magellans  Archipelago,  Ladrones,  Carolines,  Philip- 
pines, Celebes,  Borneo,  and  Sumatra.  To  what  division  do  they 
belong?     Ans.  To  Oceanica. 

Mountains.— Where  are  the  Little  and  Great  Altai  Mountains  ? 
Taurus?  Elborz?  Hindoo-Koosh  ?  Himalaya?  Nan-ling?  Kuen- 
lun?  Pe-ling?  Beloor  ?  Thian-vShan  ?  Khang-Kai?  GhiTut?  Cau- 
casus ?     Ural  ?     Where  is  Mt.  Sinai  ? 

Rivers.— Describe  the  Ural.  Obe.  Yenisei.  Lena.  Amaor.  IIo- 
ang-Ho.  Yang-tse-Kiang.  Cambodia.  Irrawa^My.  Brahmaputra. 
Ganges.     Indus.     Euphrates.     Tigris.     Amoo.     Sihon. 

Peninsulas.— Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Kamtschatka?  Corea? 
Malacca  ?    Hindoostan  ?    Farther  India  ?    Arabia  ? 

Deserts.— Where  is  the  Great  Desert  of  Cobi?  Sandy  Desert? 
Khiva?     Great  Salt  Desert?     The  Thur?     Akhaf? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Asia  [ai/she-nh),  the  largestof  the  grand 
divisions  of  the  earth,  lies  south  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  east  of  Eu- 
rope and  Africa.  It  extends  from  east  to  west  about  6000  miles,  and 
from  north  to  south  5400  miles.    Area,  15,196,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Features. — Mountains. — There  are  in  Asia  thrco 

ASIA.-—1.  Whero  is  Asia?  Length  and  breadth  ?  Area  ?  2.  How  many  moun 
taiti-chains?     What  of  the  Altui    liiuge?      jiofliust  siiinmit?     What  range 
further  soiith  ?     What  dies  it  inchido  ?     Highest  peak  ?     What  of  the  Kuen- 
hin  and  Po-ling? 


ASIA.  343 

great  mountain-chains.  The  Altai  {alil-U^)  range  extends  from  the 
northern  boundary  of  Turkestan,  in  a  northeasterly  direction,  to 
Behnng  Strait,  a  distance  of  4000  miles.  Its  loftiest  summit,  Mount 
Byelucha  [be-d-oo^kah),  is  11,000  feet  high.  Further  south  is  a  vast 
range  extending  from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on  the 
west,  under  various  names,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east,  a  distance 
of  more  than  5000  miles.  This  range  includes  the  Taurus,  Elborz 
IIindoo-Koosh,  Himalayas,  and  the  Nan-ling;  the  loftiest  peak  is 
Mt.  Everest,  in  the  Himalayas,  which  is  29,100  feet  high,  and  is  the 
highest  land  in  the  world. 

The  Kuen-lun  [kicen-hm')  and  the  Pe-ling  form  another  range 
extending  through  the  Chinese  Empire  from  west  to  east  a  distance 
of  more  than  3000  miles. 

3.  There  are  also  cross-ranges,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Beloor,  Thian-Shan  {te-an'shan'),  and  Khaug-Kai  [kang-kV).  The 
volcanoes  of  Hochow  and  Peshan  are  in  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains, 
and  are  remarkable  for  their  great  distance  from  the  sea.  The  Ural 
Mountains  are  between  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Surface.— Hha  surface  of  Asia  comprises  many  central  plains 
of  great  extent,  bounded  by  mountain-ranges;  the  country  north  and 
east  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  around  the  Sea  of  Aral,  with  an  area 
of  180,000  square  miles,  fornio  a  vast  depressed  region,  84  leet  below 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  table-land  of  Persia  has  an  area  of  170,000  square  miles,  and 
a  mean  elevation  of  5000  feet;  that  of  Thibet  [Hl/et]  comprises 
000,000  square  miles,  and  has  a  mean  height  of  11,000  feet.  In  Si- 
beria and  Tartary  are  immense  steppes  [steps]  or  plains. 

The  sandy  deserts  of  Asia  iend  from  Yemen,  in  Arabia,  to  Mant- 
chooria,  in  the  Chinese  Empire,  a  distance  of  4500  miles,  and  form 
the  rainless  region  of  Asia :  here  rain  seldom  foils,  and  rivers  and 
springs  are  almost  unknown. 

5.  Coast-line. — The  coast-line  is  very  irregular,  especially  on  the 
south  and  east,  where  there  are  numerous  peninsulas,  bays,  and  gulfs. 
TJie  principal  peninsulas  are  Arabia,  Hindoostan,  Farther  India,  Ma- 
lacca, Corea,  and  Kamtschatka.    The  islands  are  described  elsewhere. 


n.  Cross-ranges?  VoiPiinoe?.  for  what  reniiirkaWe?  4.  Whitt  of  Uie  siir- 
f.-icc?  Of  the  country  nround  the  Caspiiin  and  Aral  Seas?  Of  the  tableland 
iif  Porsii?  Thibet?  Wliiit  in  Siberia  and  Tartary  ?  Of  deserts?  5.  Coast- 
line?    Peninsulas  ?     Ishimls? 


Ill 


5   'i 


344 


ASIA. 


G  S  IS  and  Lakes.-The  Black,  Mediterranean,  and  Red  Seas 
arc  on  the  western  boundary  of  Asia.  Tiio  Caspian  bea  is  7oO  mile. 
Ion.  and  230  broad  The  Sea  of  Aral  is  240  miles  long  and  the 
D.id  Sea  45  miles  long.  The  principal  lake  is  Baikal  (6*  kahl),  m 
b  h  M-ia,  about  twice  as  large  as  Lake  Erie.  ^  ,,      , 

7  Rivers -Tho  rivers  of  Asia  include  some  of  the  largest  m 
the" world;  the  most  noted  are  the  Obe  (r/6e),  Yenisei,  Lena  and 
Ainoor  of  Siberia,  Iloang-ho  and  Yang-tse-Kiang  of  China,  Cam- 
bodia, Irrawaddy,  Brahmaputra  (omA-.../.-i>oo^^m/.)  Ganges  and 
Indus  of  India,  and  Euphrates  {yu-Jra,^teez)  and  Tigris  of  iurkey. 

8  Soil  and  Climate.-On  account  of  the  vast  extent  of  Asia, 
.ani^ing  from  the  Arctic  O-ean  to  the  equator,  there  are  great  v^rie- 
t;os"of  soil  and  climate.  Above  the  56th  degree  of  norU.  latitude. 
Che  cold  is  intense  in  winter;  in  the  south  the  heat  is  oppressive. 

The  soil  is  as  varied  as  the  climate.  The  table-lands  ar.  gene- 
rally  fertile,  consisting  in  part  of  rich  pastures,  interminglei  with 


eA.sYAN-TREE. 


fi.  Sens?     Whnt  of  the  Caspian.  Aral,  an 


il  Dead  Sens?     What  lake] 


II 

I'Ol 


ivcrs 


V    Of  RiVxM-ia 


?    (Mihia?     In 


ilia?    bthiMs?    8.  What  of  thu  climate  and 


1  ?     Table-lands.  &' 


ASIA. 


345 


w^ooJ-land;  while  Irrge  portions  of  Arabia,  Persia,  and  Tartary  are 
leserts. 

9.  Products.— The  products  are  barley,  oats,  wheat,  and  othei 
grains,  tea,  cotton,  sugar,  cinnamon,  indigo,  opium,  and  pepper. 

10.  The  vegetation,  especially  in  the  south,  is  extremely  luxu- 
riant. The  banyan-tree  is  noted  for  sending  its  branches  downward 
into  the  earth,  each  of  which  takes  root  and  becomes  a  new  trunk. 
The  teak-tree  and  gutta-percha  abound  in  Farther  India,  and  the 
sago-palm  flourishes  in  the  southern  districts. 

11.  Minerals. — Asia  is  especially  rich  in  mineral  products.  It 
has  been  noted  frv)m  the  earliest  times  for  its  pvecious  stones,  among 
them  the  finest  diamonds  and  rubies.  Pearls  are  found  in  the 
Persian  Gulf  and  on  the  coast  of  Cevlon. 

12.  Animals.— Asia  has  a  great  variety  of  animals,  some  of  which 
are  not  found  elsewhere.  The 

principal  wild  beasts  are  the 
elephant,  rhinoceros,  bear, 
buffalo,  lion,  tiger,  and  leo- 
pard ;  of  domestic  animals 
the  chief  are  the  camel, 
horse,  goat,  sheep,  hog,  and 
(log. 

There  are  numerous  rep- 
tiles,— pythons  of   immense  a 
size,  the  cobra  di  capello  and  ^ 
other  venomous  serpents,  the 
helmeted    and    the    double-  ^ 

crested    crocodile.      In    the  camels. 

north  are  the  sable,  ermine,  braver,  and  other  fur-boaring  animals. 

13.  The  variety  of  birds  is  very  great.  The  plumage  of  mauv  is 
gorgeous.  The  cassowary,  nearly  as  la'^ge  as  the  ostrich,  and  cranes 
as  tall  as  a  man,  are  found.  From  Southern  Asia  originally  camo 
the  peacock  and  other  domestic  fowls. 

14.  Divisions. — The  principal  divisions  of  Asia  are  Siberia,  Asia» 
tic  Turkey,  Arabia,  Persia,  Afghanistan,  Beloochistan,  Turkestan, 


9.  Products?  10.  What  of  vcwo+"M'n?  II.  Of  mino-als  nnd  prcninui, 
atones?  12.  Animals?  Reptiles?  What  iinitmls  in  the  north?  13.  Birds? 
14.  Divisions  of  Asia? 


!   'V' 


11   '» 


U6 


ASIA. 


Ilindoostan  and  Farther  India,  the  Chinese  Empire,  the  Islands  of 
Japan,  and  the  other  Asiatic  islands. 

15.  Population. — The  principal  races  are  the  Caucasian  and 
Mono-olian.  Of  the  Malay  race,  those  found  in  the  peninsula  of 
Malacca  are  all  that  belong  properly  to  Asia. 

The  population  is  estimated  at  629,329,000.  Of  those  the  Cau- 
casian race  numbers  200,000,000,  the  Mongolian  400,000,000,  and 
the  Malay  28,000,000.  A  few  Papuan  negroes  inhabit  the  Anda- 
man Ishvnds. 

16.  Government. — Most  of  the  governments  of  Asia  arc  dcspotitj 
monarchies.  In  Arabia,  Turkestan,  and  other  portions,  the  wander- 
ing tribes  are  governed  by  the  native  chiefs. 

17.  Religion. — The  principal  creeds  are  Brahminism,  Buddhism, 
and  Mohammedanism.  Brahminism  prevails  chiefly  in  Ilindoostan, 
Buddhism  in  China,  Japan,  and  Farther  India.  MohammedaHism  is 
the  religion  of  Turkey,  Arabia,  Persia,  and  some  other  countries. 
In  Thibet,  the  Grand  Lama  is  worshipped,  in  the  belief  that  he  ia 
God  in  human  form. 


JERUSALEM  BESIEGED. 


15.  What  of  tho  population.'    How  many  ?     Kiccs?     Of  Papuan  negroes.' 
\6.  Of  government?     17.  Religion?     Of  Moh;inunc(lanism,  <tc.? 


ASIATIC    RUSSIA. 


347 


the  Islands  of 


18.  Historical  Statement.— The  name  Asia  was  originally  that 
of  a  province  of  Asia  Minor,  which  was  that  part  of  Turkey  at 
present  included  between  the  Black  and  Mediterranean  Seas.  The 
name  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  whole  of  Asia  Minor,  and  from 
thence  gradually  to  the  entire  grand  division. 

19.  Asia  occupies  a  prominent  place  in  ancient  hi,story.  In  it 
was  the  terrestrial  paradise.  It  was  the  scene  of  Noah's  deliver- 
ance from  the  deluge,  and  the  residence  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
Jacob.  Nearly  all  the  great  events  recorded  in  the  Scriptures' were 
enacted  here.  In  ancient  times,  four  great  empires  flourished  in 
Asia,— the  Assyrian,  Babylonian,  Persian,  and  Macedonian. 

20.  The  propagation  of  the  Mohammedan  creed  greatly  changed 
the  character  of  Western  Asia.  In  the  eleventh  century,  the  Tartars 
began  a  series  of  conquests,  which  extended  oven  into  Europe;  and 
after  them  the  Turks  gained  supreme  sway  in  the  West. 

21.  The  Chinese  claim  for  themselves  a  very  remote  orio-in,  and 
an  early  civilization.  The  discoveries  of  the  Portuguese"  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  the  enterprise  of  the  Dutch  and  British  since, 
have  brought  Eastern  Asia  into  commercial  relations  with  the  civil- 
ized world. 


ASIATIC  RUSSIA. 

Asiatic  Russia  comprises  Siberia,  and  the  provinces  south  of  the 
Caucasus  Mountains.  It  extends  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

SIBERIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  36,  Siberia.— Bound  Siberia,  What 
sea  on  the  northwest  ?  What  gulfs  ?  Cape  north  ?  Group  of  islands  ? 
What  strait  between  Siberia  and  North  America?  What  waters 
does  Bohring  Strait  connect?  What  seas  east?  What  peninsula? 
What  long  island  ?  What  rivers  are  a  part  of  the  southern  boundary  ? 
What  mountains?     What  seas  in  the  southwest?     Where  are  the 


18.  AVhat  did  Asia  orirriiiiilly  comprise?  What  afterwards?  H).  What 
further  is  said  of  Asia?  What  fonr  empires  flourished  in  Asia?  20.  \Vluit 
of  the  Mohamuiediin  creed?  21.  Wliat  of  China,  Ac?  Asi.rric  RussiA.- 
What  docs  Asiatic  Russia  comprise  ?     Extent? 


848 


ASIA. 


f!     •' 


Ural  Mts.  ?  What  three  large  rivers  flow  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 
Describe  the  Amoor.  Wliere  is  Irkoutsk  ?  Nertchinsk?  Yakouiik? 
Ochotsk?  Tobolpk?  Tomsk?  Omsk?  Tinmen?  Kiachta?  Nicolaiolii 
Alexandrowsk ?     Coustantinowsk ?     Port  St.  Vladimir? 

1  Position  and  Extent.— Siberia  comprises  tliat  jjortion  of  the 
-Russian  Empire  wliich  lies  north  of  Turkestan  and  the  ChincM; 
Empire.  Its  length  is  nbout  3G00  miles,  and  its  breadth  about  20(!0 
miles.  Area,  5,249,000  square  miles,— equal  to  one-half  of  that  of 
Africa. 

2.  In  consequence  of  the  expanding  policy  of  Russia,  accessions 
to  this  territory  are  frequently  made,  the  hitest  being  the  northern 
and  eastern  portion  of  Mantchooria,  and  the  Kirguis  {kir-ghee/) 
country  and  Khokan  in  the  southwest. 

3.  Natural  Features.— iWoiui^a «n.9.— The  Altai  Mountains  ex- 
tend along  the  southern  boundary  of  Siberia  fn^n  75°  east  longitml.. 
to  105°,  and  then  diverge  in  a  northeastern  direction  to  Behrin^ 
Strait,  a  distance  oi'  more  than  4000  miles :  they  are  known  in  tli" 
west  as  the  Little  Altai,  and  in  the  east  as  the  Great  Altai.  Mount 
Byelucha,  11,000  feet  high,  is  the  highest  peak.  This  range  forms 
a  great  water-shed  for  all  tlie  rivers  in  Siberia  that  flow  north  irit* 
the  Arctic  Ocean.  Tlie  Ural  Mountains,  in  the  west,  seimrate  Siberia 
from  Russia.     The  Aldan  Mouiitains  are  in  the  east. 

4.  Coaat-line.—'nm  coast-line  on  the  north  is  irregular,  am! 
greatly  indented.  The  eligible  ports  are  all  on  the  east.  There  an! 
numerous  islands  near  the  coast;  but  they  are  mostly  cold  and  barren 

5.  Seas.—'n^Q  Caspian  Sea  and  Sea  of  Aral  arc  in  the  south we«f, 
and  are  depressed  84  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea;  the  Seas  of 
Kamtsclmtka,  Ochotsk  {o-ko(sk'),  Jesso  {yes'iio),  Japan,  and  the 
Eastern  and  China  Seas  are  on  the  east. 

6.  Lakes  and  Jiivers.—  Tho.  principal  lakes  are  Baikal  and 
Balkash,  both  in  the  south.  The  principal  rivers  flowing  north  into 
the  Arctic  Ocean  are  th(>  Obe.  Yenisei  {>/cn.('-sa>/'c),  and  Lena.  Tlu\ 
are  each  more  than  2000  miles  long,  but  near  th.-ir  mouths  are  .o 
choked  with  ico  as  to  bo  useless  for  navigation.     The  Amoor.  al«u 


Siberia.— 1.  Where  is  Siberia?    Lenjfth  and  bn-huth  ?    Area?     2,  Whiif  i' 
of  Mount  Byelucba/    What  further  ..f  ,\w  Alt,ii  K.uitfiM'    Of  tho  Ural  Mt-  - 


ASIATIC    EUSSIA. 


349 


more  than  2000  miles  in  length,  forms  a  portion  of  the  southern 
boundary  of  Siberia,  and  is  a  fine  navigable  river.  The  Ural  River 
empties  into  the  Caspian  Sea  in  the  west. 

7.  Surface— The  surface  is  chiefly  a  vast  inclined  plane,  sloping 
from  the  Altai  Mountains  on  the  south  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north. 

8.  Soil  and  Climate.— The  soil  is  sterile j  the  climate  is  ex^ 
tremely  rigorous,— intensely  cold  during  the  long  winter,  and  often 
very  hot  during  the  short  summer. 

9.  Products.— Gold  and  silver  are.obtained  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  at  the  head-waters  of  the  Yenisei  River; 
salt  is  abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  Tobol  and  Ishim  Rivers  ;  jasper 
and  porphyry  are  found  in  the  Altai  Range ;  lapis  lazuli  near  Lake 
Baikal ;  and  diamonds  in  the  Ural  Mountains. 

The  fisheries  are  important;  the  trade  in  cattle  i-  extensive; 
valuable  furs  are  obtained,  and  form  an  iinportant  article  of  com- 
merce :  of  these,  the  Siberian  sable  is  chiefly  prized. 

There  are  manufactories  of  Russia  leatlier,  iron,  cotton,  and  woollen, 
and  establishments  for  cutting,  polishing,  and  engraving  precious 
stones. 

10.  Population.- Three-fourths  of  the  people  are  Russians,— 
emigrants  or  exiles.  In  European  Russia  all  grades  of  crime  are 
punished  by  transportation  to  Siberia.  There  are  also  various  native 
tribes.     The  population  of  Asiatic  Russia  is  estimated  at  8,329,000. 

11.  Chief  Towns.— The  chief  towns  in  the  east  are  Irkoutsk 
{h'-Koofsk'),  Nertchinsk^  Yakoutsk',  and  Ochotsk ;  and  in  the  west 
Tobolsk^  Tomsk,  Omsk,  and  Tinmen  {(e-oo-meu').  Tomsk  is  the 
great  thoroughfare  to  the  northern  and  eastern  parts. 

12.  Kiachta  [ke-ak'tah)  in  the  soutiicrn  part  of  Siberia,  and  Mai- 
matchin  {mi-maJi-chin^^  adjoining  it  in  China,  are  the  places  ap- 
pointed by  the  Russian  and  Chinese  governments  where  lawful  traflio 
may  be  carried  on  between  the  two  countries.  Nicolaieff  (y^g  ko-li-of)^ 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Amoor,  is  a  new  and  iin))ortant  town.  Alex- 
undrowsk  and  Constnntinowsk  are  new  towns  on  the  east  coast. 

There  are  few  good  roads:  travelling  ih  chiefly  by  the  river  com. 
munieatious.     Steamboats  ply  on  the  Amoor. 


7.  Surface?  8.  foil  and  climate?  0.  Proihicfs?  Fisherios,  Ac?  Furs?  Mann- 
nictoriea?  10,  Populotinn?  II.  Chief  towns  in  the  cuHt?  West?  Wiint  ».f 
Tomsk?  12.  Kinohtaund  Muiumtcbin?  Nioulaiofl' auU  other  towns?  Wbi*l 
truvt,lii<ig  faoilitioa? 


30 


350 


ASIA. 


13  Government  and  Religion. — There  are  two  governors-gene 
ral  in  Siberia:  one  has  jurisdiction  east  of  105  degrees  E.  longitude, 
the  other  west  of  that  line.  They  are  appointed  by  the  emperor,  and 
iiave  command  of  all  troops  in  their  departments,  but  are  required  to 
render  a  strict  account  of  their  doings.  The  government,  like  that 
of  Russia,  IS  an  absolute  despotism.  The  religion  is  nominally  that 
of  the  Greek  Church. 

14.  THE  CAUCASUS,  OR  CAUCASIAN  RUSSIA.— This 

comprises  the  territory  on  both  sides  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains. 

15.  The  Asiatic  portion  forms  an  inclined  plane  sloping  from  the 
mountains  toward  the  south.  The  climate  is  healthy,  but  hot  in  sum- 
mer. The  Kur  {/loor)  River  traverses  this  region  from  northwest  to 
southeast.  The  Caucasus  Mountains  contain  copper,  lead,  iron,  sul- 
phur, and  coal 

10.  The  principal  races  are  the  Circassian  and  Georgian  ;  the 
former  inhabit  the  northern  and  the  latter  the  southern  side  of  the 
mountains.  The  men  are  renowned  for  their  splendid  physical 
forms,  and  the  women  for  their  beauty.  Tiflis,  on  the  Kur,  is  the 
capital  of  Georgia. 


m 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  38,  Turkey  in  Asia.— Bound  Turkey 
in  Asia.  What  four  seas  nortii  and  west?  What  lake  in  the  east? 
Where  is  the  island  of  Cy])ruH?  Rhodes?  What  range  of  moun 
tains  in  Turkey?  Where  is  Mt.  Olympus?  Mt.  Ida?  Mt.  Lebanon? 
What  desert?  Where  is  Asia  Minor?  Armenia?  Mesopitamia? 
Syria?  Iledjaz  ?  (The  Iledjaz,  although  a  part  of  Arabia,  is  under 
the  government  of  Turkey.)  What  two  rivers  How  southeast?  What 
two  into  th(^  Black  Sea?  Where  is  the  Jordan  ?  Into  what  sea  does 
It  (low?  Where  is  Smyrna?  Trebison<l  ?  Erzeroum  ?  Ba;j;dad? 
Where  are  the  ruins  of  Babylon?  Of  Nineveh?  Where  is  AIe|)po? 
Antioch?  Aero?  {Map  No.  ^il.)  Beyrout?  Naphaise?  Joppa? 
Jorusulom?     Gaza?     Dumascus?     Bethlehem?     Nazareth?     Beer- 

13.  Wimt  of  tho  Kovornors?  How  nppointcil.  Ac?  Rolifcion?  II  Pai- 
•  ASUS.— VVhii>  (loos  it  conipriso '(»  IT).  Surface?  Cliinato?  Rivers?  Mino- 
raU?     16.  Uuue?     Whut  uf  the  Circuxijiuns?     Cupttul  ? 


TURKEY   IN   ASIA. 


351 


fihela?    Mt.  Hermon?    Mt.  Carmel?     Mt.  Pisgah?    Mt.  of  Olives? 
Sea  of  Galilee? 


CITY   OF  BEYROUT. 

1 .  Position  and  Extent. — Turkey  in  Asia  comprises  that  portion 
of  the  Ottoman  Empire  lyinp;  east  of  the  Arehipelafi;o  and  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  an<l  south  of  the  Black  Sea  and  CiHieasian  Russia. 
Its  /greatest  lenjjjth  is  about  1200  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth 
alK)ut  750  miles.  Area,  C01>,000  square  miles, — e(iual  to  that  of 
Mexico. 

2.  Natural  FeatxireB.—Afnunfahis. — The  Taurus  Mountains 
range  through  Turkey  from  west  to  enst,  and  form  a  part  of  the  vast 
iiii>uiitain-ehain  that  extends  through  Asia  to  the  shores  of  the  Paoifie. 
Mr.  Olympus,  Mt.  Ida,  and  Mt.  Ararat  (17,210  feet  high)  are  fannaiH 
penks.  The  mountains  of  Lelmnon  lie  parallel  with  the  eastern 
bIu  "0  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

,3.  iScds  and  l.alvcs. — The  Black  Sea  is  in  the  north.  The  Sea 
t'f  Miir'u'ora,  the  Archipelago,  and  the  Mt'dltcrrunean  Seas,  are  in  tho 

TeiiKriv  IN  AstA.— 1.  Wliorp  h  Tiirl<py  in  AHiiii'  Tifngth  nn<l  1)rcii<lth  ? 
Area?    2.  MountaioH?    riitnouM  pcuk.-??    Other  inouuluius?    U.  ^ouh?    Lakci? 


352 


ASIA. 


west ;  the  Dead  Sea  is  in  the  southwest,  and  is  depressed  1298  I'eet 
below  the  level  of  the  i-,ea.  There  are  numerous  lakes :  the  largest, 
Lake  Van,  is  in  the  east. 

4.  Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  are  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris, 
flowing  into  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  the  Kiz''il  Ir-'mak  and  Sakharia. 

5.  Surface. — The  surface  consists  principally  of  elevated  pla- 
teaus. The  mountain-slopes  afford  fine  pasturage ;  but  the  plains 
are  generally  barren  for  want  of  irrigation. 

G.  The  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  from  the  eastern  part  of 
Greece  to  the  western  boundary  of  Egypt  is  called  the  Levanf. 

7.  Soil  and  Climate. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  the  climate 
is  cool  and  moist. 

8.  Products. — The  chief  products  arc  the  usual  grains,  coffoo, 
tobacco,  cotton,  silk,  wool,  olive-oil,  dye-stuffs,  and  various  delicious 
fruits.     Carpets  and  leather  of  fine  quality  are  manufactured. 

9.  Population. — The  population  is  about  16,000,000.  It  consists 
of  Turks,  Greeks,  Armenians,  Jews,  Tartars,  Arabs,  Koords,  and 
other  Eastern  tribes. 

10.  Government. — The  provinces  are  governed  by  pashas,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Sultan ;  but  they  lre(iuently  revolt  and  assert  a  tem- 
porary independence. 

11.  Divisions. — Turkey  in  Asia  includes  the  provinces  of  Asia 
Minor,  Armenia,  Mesopotamia,  and  Syria.  The  Iledjaz'  of  Arabia, 
a  long  strip  wl"  territory  on  the  lied  Sea,  is  also  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Turkey, 

12.  Religion. — The  greater  part  of  the  people  are  Mohammedans; 
there  are  many  Greek  and  An.  enian  Christians,  and  a  few  Roman 
<'atholic8  and  Jews. 

13.  ASIA  MINOR  occupios  a  largo  portion  of  Turkey  in  Asia. 
It  is  a  mountainous  district,  traversed  by  the  Taurus  range,  and 
containing  Mounts  Ida  and  Olympus. 

14.  Smyrna  is  oolelirntrd  as  the  probable  Jjjrthplnco  of  Homer.  It 
IS  the  principal  port  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  and  has  an  extensive  tradn 
both  ])y  sea  and  land.  In  many  of  the  cities  <tf  Asia  Minor  are  re- 
mains of  theatres,  temnles,  and  other  objects  of  Grecian  art. 

».  Rivrrs?  5.  Burfaoc?  Of  the  monntoin-FioprH?  Plains?  fi.  Or  t'iio  Levant  7 
7.  8i>il  iiiul  cliiniito?  f*.  Products?  9.  Population  ?  10.  (}ov«riimont ?  11. 
Divisions?  12.  Hflij^BPB?  la.  Asi\  MiNort— Whorp  is  it?  1 1.  What  is  BniU 
»f  riiuyruii?    Trcliis(m4?    Other  tgwtia  in  Asia  Minor? 


TURKEY    IN    ASIA. 


353 


Trebisond  is  the  chief  seat  of  commerce  on  the  Black  Sea     It  is 
an  old  and  interesting  town.     Brusa,  Kutaya  [koo-ti^yah),  and  An 
gora  are  important  towns  in  the  interior. 

15.  ARMENIA,  near  the  centre  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  was  for  a 
long  time  independent,  but  is  now  in  part  a  Turkish  xjashalic  and 
in  part  a  Russian  province. 

1().  Erzeroum  {en-room^),  the  capital,  is  situated  on  u  lofty  tablo 
land.  In  185U  it  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
Van,  a  strongly  fortified  town,  is  situated  about  two  miles  from 
Lake  Van. 

17.  The  Armenians  are  Christians  whose  tenets  differ  slightly 
from  those  of  the  Greek  Church.  They  are  scattered  all  over  Turkey 
and  Russia,  and  are  generally  traders  or  money-dealers. 

18.  MESOPOTAMIA  is  an  extended  plain  between  the  Eu- 
phrates and  the  Tigris.  Hence  its  name,  which  means  between  the 
ru'ers.      It  is   famous   in   early  Scripture   history,  and   was  once 


ANCItNT   BABYLON. 


If.  AnMTVfA. — Whoro  is  it,  nnd  wlint  is  sum!  of  it  ?   1ft.  rhirf  tnwriK  ?    17.  H^" 
fii^ioii  i)f 'Uo  Ariii«niu!i8?   l.-i.  Mpf'up')!!!!!!!!!!'  Wlioiv  i.s  it  ?    \\n  what  fViu,  .u' 


354 


ASIA. 


f   t' 


■ 

H^ 

i  III    tiB:ii 

1 

pill 

1 

1    i        i 

1 

^  i 
?  i 

1 

'':  ,■  i 

1 

..i 

i ;  p  1  ■ 

-  tt" 
!  1' 

_'  i  !. 

.ii 

Mi     1 

•  •  !;      in 

'     i 

m 


luxuriant,  civilized,  and  wealthy;  it  is  now  the  pasture-ground  of 
flocks  and  herds,  tended  by  roving  tribes. 

10.  Bagdad,  formerly  the  capital  of  the  Empire  of  the  Caliphs, 
and  one  of  the  most  renowned  cities  of  the  East,  is  greatly  reduced 
in  size  and  splendor. 

The  other  chief  towns  are  Diarbekir  (r7c-ar-&ay-A-eer^)and  Mo^sul. 
The  ruins  of  Babyhui  arc  much  visited  by  travellers.  The  ruins  of 
Nineveh  are  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tigris,  not  far  below  Mosul. 

20.  Babylon  was  one  of  the  most  famous  cities  of  antiquity. 
There  was  displayed  the  miraculous  power  vested  in  the  prcphct 
Daniel;  there,  for  a  short  period,  Alexander  the  Great  reigned  in 
unrivalled  splendor,  and  there,  also,  ho  died. 

21.  SYRIA  lies  ai  ihc  eastern  extremity  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  and  northwest  of  Arabia. 

In  the  north,  parallel  with  the  coast,  is  the  mounta'n-range  of 
Lebanon;   in  the  south,   the  range  is  broken  into  detached  peaks, 
such  as  Mounts  Tabor,  Carmel,  Gilboa,  Pisgah,  and  others.     Tho 
Mediterranean  Sea  is  on  the  west.     The  population,  consisting  prin 
cipally  of  Turks  and  Jews,  numbers  about  2,000,000. 


AN' 


F.inQN. 


Ifl.  Of  nascdarl?     Olhor  town.«'    Wliitt  ruins?     20.  What  of  Bub.vlnn?     21 
SviiiA. — Where  id  it      Wliat  luouiitiiiiiH  ?    Peaks?     Poiiuliitiou? 


editerrancan 


TURKEY   IN   ASIA. 


355 


-2.  The  chief  towns  are  Damascus,  the  capital,  and  the  oldest  city 
in  the  world,  Aleppo,  Acre,  Antioch,  Beyrout  [bwrroot),  Naplouse 
[mh-plooce^),  Sidon,  Jaffa,  Jerusalem,  and  Gaza.  Aleppo  was 
'iostroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1822.  At  Acre,  Napoleon  I.  was 
repulsed  by  Sir  Sidney  Smith  in  1799.  At  Beyrout  an  Arabic  news- 
paper IS  published. 

23.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Mohammedans.  The  Druzes  and 
Maronites,  peculiar  tribes,  dwell  in  Mount  Lebanon.  In  JerusMem 
arc  many  Jews  and  Christians. 

24.  PALESTINE,  the  southern  part  of  Syria,  is  the  most  in- 
teresting country  in  the  world.  It  is  the  principal  theatre  of  the 
great  events  recorded  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  It  was  first 
tailed  Csinaan,  and  afterwards  Judea,  and  is  now  generally  known 
as  the  Holy  Land. 


DEAD  SEA. 


25.  The  capital,  Jerusalem,  lies  about  33  miles  oast  of  the  M(  <li- 
;orranean  Sea.  In  it  stood  the  great  Temple;  in  it.  nlso,  our  Saviour 
(VMS  ('ondrmnod,  previous  to  his  crucifixion  on  Mount  Calvary. 

-'(').  When  Christianity  became,  under  Constantino,  the  religion 

."•/''^/V.'m""'  ^^''"'f  <'<*c'"Te(l  nt  Aero?  Wluit  of  Tlpyrnnt  ?  ?.",  R,.]!. 
^'^^>  L-l.  What  of  l.,.|..stinoV  2f,.  Of  .,..,„.,l..,n  /  2^^^Vhal  hiJriJal 
•tatcmont  ih  given  about  (JhriHtiimity  in  tlio  U<.miin  Einpiro  1 


S56 


ASIA. 


uf  the  Roman  Empire,  the  Empress  Helena,  his  mother,  built  a 
church  on  Ihe  spot  where  the  sepulchre  of  Christ  was  said  to  have 
stood.  In  the  eleventh  century,  Christian  Europe  began  the  Cru- 
sades, to  wrest  the  Holy  Land  from  the  Turks. 

27.  Mount  Hermon,  in  the  north,  is  associated  with  the  division 
of  the  promised  land  among  the  twelve  tribes;  Mount  Carmel,  on  the 
coivst,  with  the  triumph  of  the  prophet  Elijah  over  the  priests  of 
Baal;  the  Dead  Sea,  in  the  south,  with  God's  vengeance  on  the 
cities  of  the  plain;  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  the  river  Jordan,  Jerusalem, 
Bethlehem,  Nazareth,  Samaria,  and  many  other  localities,  with  the 
life  and  ministry  of  Christ.  Jerusalem  has  been  taken  and  pillaged 
seventeen  times,— the  most  noted  overthrow  being  that  by  the  Ro- 
mans under  Titus,  a.d.  70. 


ARABIA. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  38,  Arabia.— Bound  Arabia.  Where  in 
the  Persian  Gulf?  Gulf  of  Oman?  What  strait  connects  these  gulfs? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Aden  ?  Red  Sea  ?  What  strait  connects  those 
waters  ?  Where  is  the  Syrian  Desert  ?  What  two  large  deserts  south  ? 
Where  is  the  Isthmus  of  Suez?  Where  are  the  Sbammar  Mts.? 
MenakinMts.?  Mt.  Saber?  Akhdar  Mts.?  Mt.  Sinai?  Mt.  Tor! 
Where  is  the  province  of  Yemen ?  Hadramaut?  Oman?  Lahsa? 
Nedsjed?  Iledjaz?  Where  is  the  city  of  Mecca?  Medina?  Saiiii? 
Muscat?  Aden?  Makallah?  El  Deraia?  Mocha?  Where  are 
the  ruins  of  Petra? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Arabia  is  a  great  peninsula  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Asia.  Its  length  is  a,  -at  1400  miles,  and  its 
average  breadth  al)out  800  miles.  Area,  abmit  1,200,000  square 
milos,— nearly  e((ual  to  one-third  of  that  of  Europe. 

2.  Natural  Features.— The  interior  is  principally  a  sandy  desert, 
containing  some  low  mountain-ranges,  and  in  many  parts  bare  and 
rocky  hills.  The  cultivated  tracts  are  chiefly  in  the  provinces  of 
Yen/en  and  Oman.     Arabia  has  few  permanent  streams ;  the  tor- 

27  What  of  Mt.  Tlermon?  Mt.  Carmel  ?  The  Dend  Soa?  Pea  of  flnii 
loo,  At'.?  Jerufialem?  Auahia.— 1.  Whore  is  Ar.ibia?  Umcth  an.l  l.reM.ltl.? 
Arcn?     2.  What  of  the  interior?    Cnltiviite<l  tracts?    Streams?    toast-lit.e? 


ARABIA.  857 

rents  formed  by  the  rains  are  soon  absorbed  in  the  sand.    The  coast- 
line, on  the  Red  Sea,  Arabian  Sea,  and  Persian  Gulf,  is  ext/  -  3ive. 

3.  Climate.— Lying  chiefly  in  the  rainless  region  of  isia,  the 
climate  is  dry,  and  subject  to  extreme  heat  in  summer. 

4.  Products.— The  chief  products  in  the  cultivated  provinces  arc 
durrah  (a  species  of  millet),  wheat,  rice,  barley,  dates,  and  fruits 
of  various  kinds,  cotton  and  sugar,  various  gums,  of  which  gum  Ar''- 
abic  is  the  principal,  and  coffee,  the  best  of  which  is  that  exported 
from  Mocha.  Peails  are  found  in  the  Persian  Gulf  The  camel 
and  dromedary  are  used  on  the  caravan  routes.  Arabian  horses 
are  famous  for  fleetness  and  endurance. 

5.  Population.— The  population  of  Arabia  consists  of  various 
Semitic  tribes,  who  are  famous  for  their  hospitality.  The  wild 
Arabs,  or  Bedouins  [hed^oo-inz),  lead  a  roving  life,  and  inhabit  the 
deserts.     The  entire  population  is  about  8,000,000. 

6.  Divisions.— Arabia  comprises  the  provinces  of  Yemen,  'Jadra- 
maut  {hah-drah-mowV),  and  Oman,  in  the  south;  Lahsa  and  T^edsjed 
[ned^Jed),  near  tlie  centre;  and  the  Hedjaz,  on  the  Red  Sea, 

7.  Chief  Towns.— The  chief  towns  are  Mecca,  the  birthplace 
of  Mohammed,  and  Medina  {me-de^nah),  to  which  he  made  his  cele- 
brated flight,  called  the  Ileji^ra,  and  M'here  he  was  buried.  These 
citie.'  are  both  near  the  Red  Sea.  Sana,  in  Yemen,  is  an  important 
city. 

8.  Muscat^  is  the  capital  of  Oman.  The  Sultan  of  Oman,  better 
known  as  the  Imam  of  Muscat,  is  an  important  and  prosperous  ruler, 
who  has  gained  an  extensive  portion  of  the  southeastern  coast,  and 
considerable  possessions  in  Africa.  Mecca  and  Muscat  are  said  to  be 
tlie  hottest  places  in  the  world.  Aden,  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  belongs 
to  Great  Britain,  and  is  one  of  the  stations  on  the  overland  route  to 
India.  It  is  a  free  port.  Mocha  [mo^kah)  is  well  known  for  its  coffee. 
Pctra  is  noted  for  its  deserted  edifices  and  tombs  cut  out  of  the  solid 
rocik. 

9.  Government.— The  different  parts  of  Arabia  are  under  sepa- 
rate governments.  The  Sheriff  of  Mecca,  and  the  Sultans  of  Oman 
and  Yemen,  are  the  most  important  chiefs.  The  Bedouins  are  under 
patriarchal  rule.     The  province  of  Ilodjaz  is  ruled  by  Turkey. 

3.  Climate?  4.  Products?  What  of  coffee?  Penrls?  Of  the  cnmel,  Ac? 
6.  Population  ?  Number?  6.  Divi.«i<ins  ?  7.  Cliief  towns?  8.  What  of  Muh- 
tat?     Aden?     Mocha?     Petra?     l*.  Ciovorrniicnt? 


iJ!| 


HP' 


V'^ 


! 


M 


S58 


ASIA. 


10.  Travelling  in  Arabia  is  difficult  and  dangerous.     The  deserts 

can  be  tra- 
versed only  by 
means  of  cara- 
vans. Each 
carav  M  must 
be  in  sufficient 
force  to  pro- 
tect itself 
from  the  as- 
saults 01  the 
Bedouins,  or 
be  prepared 
to  buy  its  way 
through  their 
territory. 

11.  Rell- 
glon.  — The 
religion  of 
Arabia,  is 
chiefly  Mo- 
hp.mmedan. 

It  was  here  that  in  the  beginning  of  the  seventh  century  Mohammed 
proclaimed  his  creed,  which  has  since  spread  over  vast  regions  of 
Africa,  Asia,  and  Turkey  in  Europe. 

12.  About  a  century  since,  the  Wahabia  [loaw-haw^heez),  a  sect  of 
Mohammedan  reformers,  overran  a  large  portion  of  Arabia,  but  wore 
finally  conquered  by  Mehemct  Ali,  Pasha  of  Egypt,  in  the  year  181? . 


SROUP  OF  ARABS. 


PERSIA. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  38,  Persia. — Bound  Persia.  "What  8ca 
north?  Gulfs  south?  What  lake  in  the  northwest?  What  range 
of  mountains  north?  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea?  Into 
the  Persian  Gulf  ?    What  two  deserts  east  ?    Where  and  what  is  the 


10.  What  of  travelling  in  Arabia?     11.  Religion?     12.  What  of  the  Wa- 
habis  ? 


PERSIA. 

capital  ?    Where  is  Ispahan  ?    Tabreez  ? 
Shiraz?     lleshd?     Bushire?     Meshid? 


359 

Kermanshah?    Kerman  ? 


1.  Position  and  Extent.-Persia  lies  cast  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  and 
north  of  the  Persian  Gulf.     Its  greatest  length  is  about  1000  miles 
and  Its  average  breadth  about  GOO  miles.    Area,  about  470,000  square 
miles.—about  equal  to  that  of  France,  Switzerland,  and  Austria 

2.  Natural  Features.-.Vot/,«<ai«.9.-TheElbcrz  Mountains  are 
the  most  important.  Demavend,  14.000  feet,  is  the  highest  peak.  The 
surface  consists  principally  of  a  plateau,  elevated  about  3000  feet,  and 
surrounded  on  all  sides  except  on  the  east  by  mountain-ranges. 

3.  Seas  and  Lakes.~The  Caspian  Sea  is  on  the  rorth:  its  sur- 
face IS  84  feet  below  the  level  of  the  ocean.     There  ar-^  numerous 
salt  lakes :  most  of  them  are  small.    Lake  Urumiyah  ioo-roo-me^uah ) 
in  the  west,  is  the  largest. 

A  Rivers.— ThQTQ  is  scarcely  a  navigable  stream  in  Persia.  The 
Euphrates  ond  Tigris,  flowing  from  Turkey,  unite  and  form  the 
Shat-el-Arab  River  on  the  southwest  boundary.  The  Kizil  Ou-  a 
[oo-zen')  and  Attruck  Rivers  ^.ow  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  few 
streams  m  the  interior  seem  to  be  absorbed  in  the  sands. 

5.  Soil  and  Climate.  — The  soil  on  the  sandy  shores  of  the 
Persian  Gulf  and  on  the  desert  table-lands  is  barren ;  on  the  coasts 
of  the  Caspian  Sea  are  dense  forests ;  in  other  parts  ar'^  fertile 
plains  and  valleys.  The  climate,  in  general,  is  very  cold  in  winter 
and  intensely  hot  in  summer:  on  the  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf  the 
thermometer  at  times  reaches  125  degrees  in  the  shade. 

6.  Products.— Wheat  and  barley  are  produced  in  the  upper  and 
nee,  cotton,  indigo,  sugar,  tobacco,  opium,  and  various  tropical  fruits 
in  the  lower,  plains.  Sheep  and  goats  are  raised.  The  horses  are 
famous  for  speed  and  strength.  Camels  are  numerous,  and  are  much 
used  in  caravan  transportation. 

7.  Minerals.— The  tur.jaoise,  a  valuable  gem,  is  found ;  also  iron 
lead,  copper,  and  antimony.   Naphtha  and  marble  abound.    A  species 
..f  the  latter  is  so  translucent  that  it  answers  for  window-glass 

8.  Manufactures.— Silk  and  cotton  fabrics,  shawls,  carpets,  "drug. 
gets,  swords,  and  cutlery  are  manufactured. 


at  of  the  Wa- 


?uSe'?^rSe^?T.xkorv''1*nf^'"*''v?f^r«'^'^'^^   ^'•«'^'''    2.  Mountains, 
.una  er  d.beas^  Lakes/   4.  Of  rivers/  Interior  streams?    o.  Soil?  nimatol 

0.  Products?    Animals?    7,  Minerals?    Of  marble?    8.  Manufactures?         ' 


360 


ASIA. 


''^ 


9.  There  are  no  good  roads  in  Persia.  Merchandise  is  trans, 
ported  to  and  from  the  interior  by  caravan  trains. 

10.  Chief  To"wns. — Teheran,  in  the  north,  is  the  capital.  The 
other  chief  towns  are  Ispahan,  Tabreez,  Kerman,  and  Shiraz  [she- 
rahz^).  The  ruins  of  ancient  Persep^olis,  about  40  miles  northeasl 
of  Shiraz,  are  of  great  interest  to  the  traveller.  Hamadan^,  the 
ancient  Ecbatana,  was  the  residence  of  the  early  Persian  kings. 
Shiraz  has  a  delightful  climate.  Reshd  is  the  chief  port  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  and  Bushire  (boo-sheer'')  that  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 

11.  Population. — Persia  has  a  mixed  population,  consisting  of 

Parsees,  descend- 
ants of  the  an- 
cient Persians, 
Tartars,  Geor- 
gians, A  r  m  e 
nians,  and  Arabs. 
These  live  in 
towns,  and  are 
called  Taujiks 
{taiv-Jeeks^).  The 
Eliyauts,  com- 
prising Koords, 
Turkomans,  and 
Mongols,  lead  a 
wandering  life, 
and  are  addicted 
to  robbery.  The 
entire  population 
is  estimated  at 
9,000,000. 

12.  Government. — Persia  is  governed  by  an  absolute  monarch, 
called  the  Shah.  His  ministers  are  the  Grand  Vizier,  or  Secretary 
of  War,  and  the  Ameer,  or  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

13.  Religion.— The  prevailing  religion  is  Moliammedan.  There 
are  also  many  Parsees,  Guebres,  or  fire-worshippers.     These  peopie 


GROUP  OF  PERSIANS. 


9.  Of  roads?  10.  What  of  Teheran?  Other  towns?  Ruins?  Of  Haina- 
dan?  Shiraz,  Reshd,  and  Bushire ?  11.  Of  the  population?  What  otliers? 
How  many?    12.  Government?    13.  Of  religion? 


dise  is  trans. 


AFGHANISTAN.  361 

do  not  bury  their  dead,  but  expose  the  bodies  to  be  devoured  by  birds 
and  beasts. 

14.  Historical  Statement.— Persia  has  played  a  prominent  part 
in  history.  No  nation  of  antiquity  underwent  greater  changes.  The 
Persian  Empire  under  Cyrus,  in  the  sixth  century  before  Christ,  was 
extensive  and  powerful.  Xerxes,  a  later  monarch,  attempted  the 
subjugation  of  Greece,  but  failed,  and  thenceforward  the  empire 
began  to  decline.  It  was  conquered  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  the 
fourth  century  b.c.  After  many  changes,  it  was  overrun  by  Moham- 
medan armies.  Timour  the  Tartar  desolated  it  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  In  later  times  Shah  Abbas  the  Great  and  Nadir  Shah 
were  noted  rulers. 


AFGHANISTAN. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  38,  Afghanistan.— Bound  Afghanistan 
Has  it  any  sea-coast?  What  mountains  north?  East?  Lake  south- 
west? Three  principal  rivers?  Desert  southwest  ?  Where  and  what 
is  the  capital ?     Where  is  Candahar?     Herat?     Bamian? 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Afghanistan^  lies  east  of  Persia. 
Area,  300,000  square  miles,— equal  to  that  of  Norway  and  Sweden. 
It  was  formerly,  with  Beloochistan^,  the  eastern  division  of  Persia. 

2.  Natural  Featurerj.  —  In  the  north  are  the  Hindoo-Koosh 
Mountains,  20,000  feet  high.  The  surface  is  generally  rocky  and  de- 
sert. There  are  several  well- watered  and  fertile  valleys.  There  are 
no  large  rivers;  the  principal  are  the  Helmund,  CabuF,  and  Khash. 

The  climate  is  varied,  and  presents  great  extremes  of  tempera- 
ture. At  Candahar  the  thermometer  in  summer  frequently  rises  to 
1 10  degrees  in  the  shade.     The  M'inters  are  intensely  cold. 

8.  Products. — The  principal  products  are  rice,  cotton,  sugar, 
barley,  wheat,  and  other  grains.  The  assafoetida  plant  grows  on  the 
hills  of  Herat.     Cabul  produces  the  finest  apricots,  peaches,  and 

14.  Historical  statement  ?  Of  v«>rxp.p.?  Of  Alexander  the  Great,  and  others? 
Afghanistan.— 1.  Where  is  Afghanistan  ?  Area?  What  formerly?  2.  Moun- 
tains?  Surface?  Rivers?  Climate?  3.  Products?  Assafoetida  plant? 
Fruits  ?     Manufactures  ? 


' 


r-;  M 


'  m 


K 


362 


ASIA. 


melons  in  the  world.     Carpets,  shawls,  and  silk  goods  are  manu. 
factured  to  a  limited  extent. 

4,  Chief  Towns.— Gabul  is  the  capital.  The  chief  towns  are 
rierat^  and  Candahar^.     Bamian  is  noted  for  its  gigantic  statues. 

5.  Population. — The  population  consists  chiefly  of  the  Aii^han 
race,  but  comprises  likewise  Beloochees,  Persians,  Hindoos,  und 
others.     The  people  number  about  4,000,000. 

0.  Government.— The  country  formerly  constituted  a  single  mon 
archy,  but  is  now  divided  into  three  chieftainships,  Cabul,  Canda- 
har,  and  Herat,  united  in  a  confederacy.  The  Afghans  are  a  warlike 
people;  their  army  displayed  great  bravery  in  the  war  with  the 
Engll-h,  in  1839-42. 

7.  Keligion. — The  Afghans  are  chiefly  Mohammedans. 


BELOOCHISTAN. 


TRAVtLLINQ    IN  THC   DCSEif. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  38,  Be- 
loocbistan, —  Bound  Beloochistan. 
What  gulf  southwest  ?  Desert  north- 
west? South?  "What  rivers  flow  ii!t(i 
the  Arabian  Sea?  Where  and  what 
is  the  capital  ?  Whore  is  Sarawan  ? 
G«indava?  Beyla?  Kedjo?  Bunporo? 
Angaran  ? 

1.  Position  and  Extent. — Beloo- 
chistan lies  south  of  Afghanistan. 
and  between  it  and  ti»e  Arabian  Hv.i. 
EstimatCil  area,  150,000  square  miles, 
— more  than  three  times  that  of  the 
State  of  North  Carolina. 

2.  Natural  Features. —  In  Mir- 
face  and  scenery  it  is  like  Afghnii- 
istan.    It  is  prii"„ipally  mountainous; 


4.  Ciipitiil?  Chief  towns?  Of  iliimiaii  ?  5.  Popiilntion  ?  fl.  Oovornincnt  ? 
Of  tho  Afghuna?  7.  Keligion?  ili:i-()o(  iiistan.— I.  WluTo  is  Iklocchistiui? 
Area?    2    Hnrface,  4e. ?     Of  the  va-.icysr     Hiverfir     i/c-sc 


icva.icysr     niverfi. 


Esert  t 


TURKESTAN. 


363 


)d8  are  manu. 


3ven  the  valleys  arc  clovated,  some  of  them  being  5000  or  0000  feet 
above  the  sea.  The  rivers  are  few  and  small.  The  Dustee  is  supposed 
to  b(i  400  miles  long,  but  is  often  without  water.  In  the  northwest 
is  the  desert  of  Seistan  [sace-tahn'). 

3.  Soil  and  Climate— In  general,  the  soil  is  not  fertile.  In 
some  portions  it  is  not  even  well  suited  for  pasturage.  The  climate 
is  varied,  cohl  in  the  higher  parts,  and  exceedingly  hot  in  the  lower. 

4.  Products.— In  the  valleys  rice,  indigo,  cotton,  sugar,  and  to- 
bacco are  raised ;  on  the  higher  lands,  wheat,  barley,  and  other 
grains.  In  the  desert  of  Mokran,  the  date  is  found.  Fish  are  abun- 
dant on  the  coast,  and  constitute  the  chief  food  of  the  people.  The 
dromedary  and  camel  are  used  as  beasts  of  burden.  The  manu- 
factures are  uniniportant. 

5.  Chief  Towns.— Kelat^  is  the  capital ;  the  other  chief  towns  are 
r.undava,  Beyla  (bn,/lah),  Kedje  [ked'jeJi),  Bunpore,  Sarawan,  and 
Angaran;  Sonmeanee  {soH-maf/-ah^ne)  is  the  chief  seaport. 

(').  Population.  —  The  inhal)itants,  consisting  of  two  principal 
branches,  the  Bcloochoesand  the  Brahooes,  number  1,500,000.  The 
former  are  the  most  numerous.  B(.th  classes  are  addicted  to  robbery 
and  rajiine. 

7.  Government. —  Beloochistan  is  nominally  governed  by  the 
Khan  of  Kolat;  the  other  chiefs  pay  him  tribute,  and  furnish  men 
in  time  of  war. 

X.  Religion.— The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Moham- 
medans. 


Ill 


''U 


TTIIIKESTAN. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  33,  Turkestan.  — Bound  Turkestan. 
What  sea  north/  West?  What  l.uy  in  tlie  Caspian  Sea?  What  two 
1  ivcrs  How  into  th',>  Sea  of  Aral  ?  What  river  is  a  part  of  the  north- 
oast  boundary?  What  desert  east  of  Am!?  Betweeii  Aral  and 
Caspian  Seas?  What  mountains  east?  Southeast?  Where  it) 
Bokliara?     Koondooz?     Khiva?     Samarcand? 

3.  S(m1  V  riimnte?  4.  IVcMhicfK?  What  of  tho  dcacrt  «.f  Mckran  ?  Of  fish  ? 
rniiiel  ?  Miir.iil'iM'turos?  5.  Ciipitiil  ?  Chief  towna?  Seuptirt?  H.  fiipalatiois? 
7.  (Jovernuiout  /     8.  Rcligiou? 


I 


gi 


364 


ASIA. 


m^: 


(i    i] 


km-  i 


—Turkestan  lies  east  of  the  Caspian 
Area,  640,000  square  miles,— nearly 


1.  Position  and  Extent. 

Sea,  and  south  of  Siberia, 
equal  to  that  of  Mexico. 

2.  Natural  FeAtureB.— Mou7i tains. —In  the  east  are  the  Beloor 
Mountains,  and  in  the  south  the  Hindoo-Koosh.  The  Caspian  Sea  In 
on  the  western  boundary ,  and  the  Sea  of  Aral  on  the  northern.  The 
surface  of  these  seas  js  depressed  84  feet  below  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

3.  Eivers,  ^c— The  principal  river,  the  Amoo,  flows  in  a  norih 
westerly  direction  through  Turkestan,  and  empties  into  the  Soa  of  Aral 
Between  th~  Amoo  River  and  the  Caspian  Sea  lies  the  Desert  of  Khiva 
(ke^vah),  ana  southeast  of  the  Sea  of  '  mI  the  Desert  of  Kizilkooni. 
Except  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  the  s«>.  sandy  and  barren.  Rice 
and  the  principal  grains  are  produced.  Cattle,  horses,  and  camels 
al)ound.     Gold  is  found  in  the  sands  of  the  Amoo  and  Sihon. 

^  4.  Population.— The  population  is  estimated  «t  nboi  0,500,000. 
The  Usbeks  {ooz'heks)  are  the  ruling  race:  the  other  inhabitants  i.ro 
called  Taujikf-.  The  principnl  divisions  are  Bokiiara,  Khva,  K«  u- 
dooz,  and  Turcomanin. 

5.  Capitals. — The  capitals  are  Bokhara,  Khiva,  and  Koondooz. 
Bokhn  a  is  noted  for  its  numerous  moyques ;  Samarcand,  for  its 

beautiful  situation.     The  latter  city  and  Khiva  are  slave-markets. 

6.  Government  and  Religion.— Tlie  divisions,  called  khan- 
ates, are  governed  by  despotic  khans,  and  are  independent  of  eac  h 
other. 

The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedan,  of  the  strictest  type. 
The  city  of  Bokhara  is  the  chief  seat  of  religious  learning;  ita 
colleges  are  numerously  attended. 


INDIA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  39,  India.— Bound  India.  What  bay 
nearly  separates  llindoostan  from  Farther  India?  What  mountain!- 
north?     What  ocean  south? 


TiritKKSTAN— 1  Wlipro  in  TnrkpM»un  ?  Arcn?  2.  MoiintninH?  Sphh?  .1. 
Rivers?  DoMTts?  Soil?  Pr.Mliicts?  MimnU?  4.  I'opiiliition  ?  Of  the  Th- 
bcks?  ProvintM-^?  [>.  Mi.ct  towus?  01  IJukhuru?  Ut  ►Smnnrcnnd?  6. 
(i"r?rnmpnt?    11  li;;!!.? 


are  the  Beloor 
I^aspian  Sea  \h 
orthern.  The 
)1  of  the  ocean, 
vs  in  a  north 
beSoaof  Aral 
esert  of  Khiva 
of  Kizilkooni. 
barren.  Rice 
ss,  and  camols 
Sihon. 

MK  0,500,000. 
iiiiabitunts  iire 
,  Khva,  K(  u- 

id  Koondooz. 
arcand,  for  ita 
ive-markets. 
called   khati- 
ndent  of  Ciu  h 


iiiH?  Rons?  .1. 
in?  Of  the  Th- 
ainarcnnd?    0, 


INDIA. 


)5 


India  comprises  the  two  extensive  peninsuKas  in  the  southern 
■lartof  Asia:  Hindoostan,  or  Western  India,  and  Farther  India,  or 
India  beyond  the  Ganges.  Area,  2,170,000  square  miles.  PoDuia- 
lion,  172,000,000. 

HINDOOSTAN. 


SCENE  ON  THE  GANGES. 

Ouestlona  on  Map  No.  39,  Hindoostan.— Bound  Hindoostan. 
What  mountains  northeast?  AVhat  high  peak?  What  mountains 
t"^ar  the  southeast  coast?  Southwest  coast?  Near  the  centre? 
^^'hrre  is  the  Thur  Desert?  What  bay  southeast?  Sea  southwest? 
(Scan  south?  What  large  island  south?  What  two  groups  south- 
west? Whwc  is  the  Con.mandel  Coast?  (Julfc.f  Manaar?  Cape  Co- 
morin?  Malabar  Coast?  (Julfof  Cambay?  Describe  the  river  (Janges. 
Aiuimuuddy.  Brahmaputra.  Godavcry.  Indus.  In  what  part  o(  II  in- 
•iM.slan  is  the  Pr'jsidency  of  Bengal?  Of  Madras?  Of  Bombay? 
Ill  M-lwt  part  are  the  privinces  of  Nepaiil  and  Bot.tan  ?  AVhero  is 
rai'Mtt^?  Madras?  Bombay?  Benares?  Luckmw?  (^ilicut? 
A'/i',^     Telhi?    Simla?     Darjeeling?    Ootacamund?    Allahabad? 


11 


il 


h  SI 


H 


'1 » 


iNniA.— What  does  India  ootnprise? 


366 


ASIA. 


\|J 


H« 


:  '\ 


1.  Position  and  Extent. — Ilindoostan  comprises  the  great  cen- 
tral peninsula  ul'  Southern  Asia,  lying  south  of  Thibet  and  south- 
east  of  Afghanistan  and  BcloochLstan,  and  includes  the  island  of 
Ceylon  and  several  groups  of  smaller  islands.  Area,  1,250,000  square 
miles, — equal  to  one-third  of  Europe. 

2.  Natural  Features.  —  Mountains.  —  In  the  north  are  the 
Ilimahiya  Mountains.  Mount  Everest  is  the  highest  peak  in  the 
world.  The  Ghauts  (;/<iwtft)  traverse  the  southern  coasts,  on  the  east 
and  west,  to  the  (extremity  of  the  peninsula.  Near  the  centre  the 
Vindhya  {vind^yuh)  Range  extends  from  east  to  west. 

3.  The  surface  between  these  mountains  is  in  general  clevat(!a 
table-land.  The  central  and  southern  pert  is  called  the  Deccau. 
The  Desert  of  Thur  {tur)  is  in  the  northwest. 

4.  Coast-line,  rf-c— The  coast-line,  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal  [hen- 
gawV),  Indian  Ocean,  and  Arabian  Sea,  extends  upwards  of  0800 


\)f'' 


f:i 


VILLAUE   IN    1HE  HIMALAYAS. 


TIiN!>..osTA\.-l.  AVhcro  is  Ilindonstnn  ?•     Ana?     2.  Ilirnnlavn  Mountnins' 
niKh.'.st  pt'Mk;'     Of  ihr  (JlimitK?      Vindhyii    Kunpc?     •!.  Smfiioe?      Of  ilu> 

l)MiU>nn  9        TKiir  ?       J      fi^aat    i;..«7        II,...*     ._o        «   -! 


tcsr 


the  great  cen- 
et  and  south- 
the  island  of 
!50,000  square 

lorth  are  the 
t  peak  in  the 
ts,  on  the  cast 
lie  centre  tiie 

leral  clevat(!u 
1  the  Deccau. 

Bengal  {hen- 
\ard.s  of  0800 


vn  Moui>fnins' 
fiioel'     Of  ili« 


INDIA.  367 

miles      There  --e  many  indentations.     The  chief  ports  are  Calcutta, 
Madras,  and  Bombay.     There  are  no  lakes  of  importance. 

5.  Ei vers.— 'Hie  principal  rivers  that  flow  in  a  southeasterly 
direction  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  are  the  Ganges,  Mahanuddy,  Go- 
dav^ery,  and  their  affluents;  those  that  flow  in  a  southwesterly  direc- 
tion into  the  Arabian  8ea  are  the  Indus,  Loonee,  Nerbuddah,  and 
their  aftiuents.  The  Brahmaputra,  after  a  circuitous  course,  empfes 
through  the  Megna  River  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  The  Ganges  is 
called  the  Sacred  River ;  it  overflows  its  banks  annually.  The  Hoogly 
18  onp  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ganges.  In  the  valley  of  the  Ganges, 
and  of  other  large  rivers,  are  extensive  forests  and  wooded  districts 
called  jungles,  infested  by  tigers  and  other  wild  animals. 

0.  &'oil  and  CI i mate.— The  soil  is  generally  exceedingly  fertile. 
The  climate  in  the  valleys  and  plains  „f  the  north,  although  inune. 

diately  under  the  snow-capped  mountains,  is  intensely  warm  in  sum- 
mer; the  winters  arc  severe.     On  the  great  southern  plains  the  heat 

during  a  large  part  of  the  year  is  excessive.     In  all  the  low  lands 

of  Ilindoostiin  the  climate  is  very  unhealthy. 
7.    Products. 

— The    principal 

products  are  su- 
gar-cane, cotton, 

opium,       rice, 

wheat,  Indian 

corn,  barley,  to- 
bacco, hemp,  in- 
digo, pepper,  and 

tropical       fruits. 

The  principal  mi-   v(<! 

nerals   are   gold, 

iron,  and  copper; 

diamonds. rul)ies, 

and    other   gems 

arc*  found. 
The   elephant, 

rhinoceros,  tig(>r.  boar,  and  hyena  roum  in  the  forests  and  Jungles 


ASIATIC  LION. 


tho(.anK«s>    1  he  H..<.kI.v  ?    6.  Soil  ?    CHtnatf  north?     South?    7.  Pioducts? 


>'if 


H63 


ASIA. 


m 


There  are  innumerable  birds  of  brilliant  and  varied  pluniage.  Tin 
python,  aufficiently  powerful  to  destroy  tlu;  tiger,  the  deadly  co!)rii 
di  capello,  and  other  poisonous  serpents,  are  found. 

There  are  extensive  maiiufactories  of  silk  and  cotton  fabries:  their 
pn)ductH  rival  the  finest  made  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 

8.  Population.— The  people  are  called  Hindoos,  and  are  a  branch 
itf  the  Caucasian  race.  T^uey  are  well  formed,  active,  and  intelli- 
gent. In  coraple.Kion  they  vary  from  almost  white  to  dark  brown. 
There  are  al.">  some  Arabs.  Persians,  and  Europeans.  Popularion 
of  Hindoostan,  130,000,()(JO.  Education  receives  little  attention:  the 
women,  parti<'ularly,  are  kept  in  ignorance  and  subjection. 

9.  Chief  Towns.— Calcutta,  the  capital  of  British  India  and  of 
the  PrcMidency  of  Benj^al,  on  the  lloogly  River,  100  miles  from  tho 

.  sea,      consists 

of  tho  English 
and  Black 
^_  towns;  the 
former  is 
handsomely 
M  built,  and  is 
defended  bv  a 
strong  citadel, 
called  Fort 
William. 

Madras',  on 
the  Coroman- 
del  coast,  tho 
capital  of  the 
Presidency  of 
Madras,  is  di- 
vided   into    a 

Black  and  a  White  town.     In  the  former  tho  natives  reside,  and  in 

the  latter  the  English. 

10.  Bombay,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  on  tho  west  coast,  is 
the  .•ai)ital  of  the  PresithMicy  of  Bombay.     It  is  note<l  for  its  coni- 


GOVERNMENT-HOUSE,  CALCUTTA. 


MintTiiIs?  AniniMl-.'  Ilinls  ?  Si'n.ents?  Alanufaotuix'.s  ?  S,  PuOuIatiun '  (tf 
An.l.s.  A,..?  Number?  Kilucaii.,!.?  9.  What  ..f  Calcutta?  Madras?  Id. 
IsDnuiuy?     Lt'uari'slt' 


INDIA. 


369 


merce  and  ship-building.     Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  Parsees,  or 
firo-worshippers. 

Benares  [ben-ah'rez),  on  the  Ganges,  is  the  chief  seat  of  Hindoo 
Icarnnig:  the  Sanscrit  College  was  founded  here  in  the  year  1792. 

11.  Luck^now  is  noted  for  the  part  it  played  in  the  Sepoy  rebel- 
lion. (The  Sepoys  are  native  soldiers  in  the  British  service.)  Calicut, 
on  the  southwest  coast,  was  the  first  Indian  port  visited  by  the  Por^ 
tuguese.  Calico  is  so  called  because  cotton  goods  of  that  name  were 
first  manufactured  at  Calicut.  Cashmere,  in  the  north,  is  renowned 
for  Its  l)eautiful  situation,  and  its  costly  and  splendid  shawls.  Agra 
and  Delhi  {deVle),  in  the  interior,  are  famous  for  their  former  great- 
ness and  splendor:  they  are  now  in  a  decaying  condition. 

12.  Simla  and  Darjeeling,  in  the  north,  and  Ootacamund,  in  the 
south,  are  the  principal  health-stations.  Owing  to  the  great  eleva- 
tion of  these  places,  their  climate  much  resembles  that  of  England. 

Allahabad^  on  the  Ganges,  is  the  holy  city  of  the  Hindoos ;  it  is 
visited  every  year  by  more  than  200,000  pilgrims. 

13.  Native  Governments.— Those  portions  of  Hindoostan  not 
abject  to  Groat  Britain  are  despotically  ruled  by  nabobs,  o"  native 

princes.     British   conquest   is,  however,  constantly  narrowing   the 
limits  of  these  native  governments  and  making  them  tributary. 

The  Nizam,  and  the  Nabobs  of  Berar,  Mysore,  Gujerat  [ynzh-i'^ 
rat'),  with  some  other  princes,  are  tributary  to  the  British  govern 
ment:  their  States  are  called  the  Protected  States.     The  chief  inde- 
pendent powers  are  Nopaul,  Bootan,  and  Cashmere. 

14.  Government  of  British  India.— The  Ea,«t  Kndia  Comriany 
was  chartered  originally  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  the  year  1600.  '  On 
tlu.  expiration  of  the  last  charter,  in  1858,  a  new  government  wan 
appointed  :  the  officers  are  a  Governor-Gen(,-ral  and  Council,  residing 
in  Calcutta,  and  a  Secretary  of  State  and  Council,  residing  m 
b  .n.lon.  British  India  comprises  tho  Presidencies  of  Bengal,  Bom- 
l';iy.  and  Madras;  the  provinces  of  Farther  India  are  attached  t(t 


li<'ngal. 


1 ").  Since  the  change  in  the  government,  great  improvements  have 
been  made.     Ilailn.ads,  telegraph-lines,  and  bridges  have  been  con- 

II.  Liickiu.w?  Culicnt?  Cashmpfo?  Apra  and  Ddhi  ?  12.  Simla,  Dai - 
Jtoluig.  tind  Ootacamund?  Allahabad?  l.i.  Native  noveriuiu-nls  ?  Of  tho 
.Ni/iimand  NaliohH?  Indcpptid.-nt  poworn?  !4.  (Icvernmunt  of  BriliHh  India? 
n  lim  du.;s  il  comiiriso  ?     io.  What  since  I  ho  change 't 


5      I 


370 


ASIA. 


la 


I'  a 


structed  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  travelling,  which  up  to  that 
time  had  been  much  restricted,  is  easy  and  convenient. 

16.  Religion. — The  religion  of  the  Hindoos  is  the  worship  of 
Brahma.  Its  distinguishing  feature  is  the  system  of  caste.  The 
people  are  divided  into  four  castes,  the  members  of  which  cannot 
lawfully  intermarry.  The  Brahmins,  or  priests,  are  the  first  caste ; 
tlie  soldiers,  the  second  ;  the  farmers  and  merchants,  the  third ;  and 
the  laborers,  the  fourth.  The  pariahs  are  those  who  have  lost  caste, 
an  1  are  treated  with  contempt. 

17.  Brahma  is  worsliipped  under  the  forms  of  Creator,  Preserver, 
and  Destroyer.  The  Hindoos  believe  in  the  transmigration  of  the 
soul.  The  spirits  of  the  good  are  supposed  to  pass  from  higher  to 
hi^Iior  states  of  existence,  and  to  be  at  length  ab.,orbed  in  Brahma. 
Those  of  the  wicked  are  believed  to  pass  from  lower  to  lower  forms 
of  animal  nature.  Their  religion  is  a  gross  idolatry  ;  many  animals 
are  worshipped,  the  ow  especially. 

18.  In  British  India,  the  Church  of  England  is  established;  mis- 
sionaries of  various  denominations  are  doing  much  to  convert  the 
natives  to  Christianity. 

10.  Historical  Statement. — The  passage  by  sea  to  India  was 
discovered  by  ^'  sco  da  Gama  [dah  gah^mah),  a  Portuguese  navi- 
gator, in  1498.  'he  East  India  Company,  after  its  formation,  CDn- 
stantly  increased  .  power,  with  occasional  checks  from  the  govern- 
ment, until  its  abolition.  It  maintained  an  efficient  government, 
and  a  powerful  army  and  navy;  and  the  conquests  in  India  wo;e 
made  through  its  enterprise. 

20.  In  May,  1857,  the  Sepoys  mutinied,  and  were  joined  by  aomo 
of  the  native  princes.  For  a  time  British  rule  was  endangered,  and 
fearful  massacres  were  committed.  The  rebellion  was  quelled,  how- 
ever, and  India  is  restored  to  peace. 


FARTHER  INDIA. 


QuG3tion3  on  Map  No.  39,  Farther  India. — In  what  part  of 
Farther  India  is  Birmah?  Siam  /  Anam?  Malacca?  What  ''ulls 
on  the  east?    Sea  on  the  east?    Strait  south?    Island  stiuth  ?   Ocean 


16.  Reli2;ion  of  tho  Hindoos?  Njimo  tho  castes.  17.  Whiit  of  Brahniii? 
What  of  their  roliu'ion?  IS.  Of  iiiissionurios?  J 9.  Historical  ytatemenc  ?  20. 
What  ot't'iirrO"!  i;i  M.;iy-  18.V/? 


INDIA. 


37] 


southwest?  Gulf  west?  Bay  west?  What  range  of  mountains  near 
the  east  coast?  Describe  the  Irrawaddy  River.  Salwen.  Meinam. 
Cambodia.  In  what  part  of  Anam  is  Tonquin?  Cochin  China? 
Where  is  Cambodia?  Laos?  AVJ.ero  are  the  provinces  of  Assam 
Aracan,  Pogu,  and  Tonasserim  ?  Where  is  Mandelay?  Ava  ? 
Amarapoora?     Hue?     Saigon?     Bangkok?     Malacca? 


1.  Position  and  Extent— Farther  India,  or  India  beyond  the 
Ganges,  comprises  the  southeastern  peninsula 

of  Asia,  and  lies  south  of  China  and  Thibet. 
Area,  920,000  square  miles, — nearly  equal  to 
one-third  of  that  of  the  United  States.  It 
includes  the  empires  of  Birmah  and  Anam, 
the  kingdom  of  Siam,  the  territory  of  Malacca, 
and  some  small  provinces.     Pop.  42,000,000. 

2.  Natural  Featnrea.— Mou?itains.-~ 
The  Mountains  of  Anam,  and  other  ranges, 
border  the  coasts  of  the  peninsula  on  the  east 
and  west,  and  another  range  extends  through 
the  interior  from  north  to  south. 

3    Coast-line  and  Bivers.— The  coast 

line  is  extensive,  and  includes  the  Gulfs  ofi 
Tonquin,  Siam,  and  Martaban.     The  China  I 
Sea  is  on  the  east,  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal 
on  the  west.     The  Irrawaddy,  Salwen,  Mei- 
nam, and  Cambodia  Rivers  flow  through  the 
peninsula  from  north  to  south. 

4.  The  products,  soil,  climate,  and  animals  are  like  those  of  the 
southern  part  of  Ilindoostan. 

5.  BIRMAH  was  long  the  principal  State  of  Farther  India ;  but 
it  has  been  stripped  of  much  of  its  territory  by  British  conquest 
The  capital  is  Mandelay,  founded  in  185G.     Ava  and  Amarapoora. 
on  the  Irrawaddy  River,  are  important  towns. 

6.  ANAM  includes  Tonquin  [ton-keen')  and  Cochin  China,  with 

1  ^.TT J'"'".'-"*-  '^^?«':«  "  Farfher  India?     Area?     What  does  it  in- 
oude?     2.   Mountains?     ;i  Coast-lino?      Kivers?     4.  Of  the  products,  so" 
d.matc.^and  animals?    ft.Ofliinutth?    Capital?   Other  towns  ?     «.  Of  Anam? 


SCENE    IN  SIAM. 


.372 


ASIA. 


l^A.^J- 


Vi  ^-'^"  {r\  v^   )i 


I 


parts  of  Cambodia  and  Laos  [lah'oce).  The  capital  is  Hue  [hway), 
near  the  east  coast.  It  is  strongly  lortilied  in  the  European  manner! 
Saigon  [si-gon^),  the  chief  seaport  of  Auam,  belongs  to  France. 

7.  SIAM   comprises  the   territory 
between  Anam  and  Birmah.     It  lies 
between    two    ranges    of    mountains 
running  from  north  to  south.     It  com- 
prises also  parts  of  Cambodia  and  Laos. 

8.  Bangkok  is  the  capital.  Half  ot 
the  population  are  Chinese,  who  live 
on  rafts  on  the  rivers. 

9.  MALACCA  is  a  peninsula: 
the  northern  part  belongs  to  Siam,  and 
the  southern  part  to  Great  Britain. 
Georgetown,  on  the  island  of  Penaiig, 
is  the  capital  and  seat  of  government 
of  the  British  strait  settlements,  which 
comprise  Penang,  Wellosley,  Malacca, 
and  Singapore.  The  inhabitants  are 
Malays,  and  arechiefljMohammediuis. 

10.  Assam,  Aracan,  Pegu  {pe-goo'), 
and  Teuas^serim,  are  provinces  in  the 

north  and  west,  and  belong  to  British  India. 

11.  Rangoon  is  the  seaport  of  Pegu.  All  the  native  governments 
of  Farther  India  are  despotisms.  Except  among  the  Malays,  the 
religion  is  chiefly  the  worship  of  Buddha. 


BIRMAN   SOLDIER. 


THE  CHINESE   EMPIRE. 

Questions  on  Maps  No.  36  and  39,  Chinese  Empire.— ( .Va/> 
No.m.)  Bound  the  Chinese  Empire.  What  mountains  north?  South? 
West?  What  seas  east ?  Where  is  China?  Corea?  Mantchooria? 
Mongolia?  Elee?  Thibet?  [MapNo.Z^.]  China.-Bound  China. 
What  gulf  east ?     Strait?     Seas?     Island?     Island  south?     What 


r.  Of  Siam?   8.  Capital?  9.  Of  IVfalncca?  Of  Georgetown,  Ac?   10.  Of  other 
provinces?     11.  Rangoon?     Native  g'.veriiuients?     Religion? 


THE   CHINESE   EMPIRE. 


373 


?   10.  Of  other 


two  ranges  of  mountains  extend  from  west  to  east  through  China? 
Describe  the  Pei-Ho  River.     Hoang-H„.     Yang-tse-Kiang.     Hong- 

Kiang.     Wheiv  isPekin?    Tien-tsin?    Nankin?    Canton'^    Amoy? 

Shanghai?  N:  .gpo?    Hang-Chow?    Foo-Chow?    Macao?    Where  is 

the  Great  Wall  ?     The  Grand  Canal  ? 
Corea. -Bound  Corea.  What  sea  east?  West?  What  mountains? 

What  and  where  is  the  capital?    Mantchooria  [Map  No.  36).-. 

Bound   Mantchooria.     Wl    t  river  north?      Through   the   centre? 

What  mountains  west?     Where  is  Merghen?     Igoon  ?     Mongolia. 

—Bound   Mongolia.     What  mountains  North?     East?     Desert  in 

the  centre?     In  the  southwest?     Where  is  Ourga ?     Elee —Bound 

Elee.    What 

mountains 

north?  South? 

West?    What 

volcanoes 

near  the  cen- 
tre?     What 

desert  south? 

Where      in 

Elee  is  Soon- 

garia?    Little 

Bokhara? 
What     moun- 
tains separate 
them?     What 
river      near 
the    centre? 
Where  is  the 
city  of  Elee? 
y  ar kan  d? 
Cashgar? 
Thibet  [Map 

No.  39).— Bound  Thibet.     What  mountains  north?     South? 
river  flows   into   China?     Into   India?     Where    is   Lassa? 
Gungar  ?     Where  is  Little  Thibet  ?     Leh  ? 


PORCELAIN  TOWER,  CHINA. 


What 
Jiga 


i.  That  part  of  Central  Asia  south  of  Siberia,  east  of  Turkestan, 

CaiNEsK  E.irriuE. — i.  Where  is  thta  Chinese  Empire?    Area? 

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ASIA. 


and  north  of  India,  constitutes  the  Chinese  Empire.     It  inchide. 
nearly  one-th.rd  of  Asia.     Area,  4,088.000  square  miles,-cond; 
ably  exceeding  that  of  Europe.  ^^"^aer- 

_  2.  It  compri.es  China  and  the  dependencies  of  Corea,  Mantchoc 
m    Mongoha,  Elee,  and   Thibet.     These  dependencies    J^ZZ 

at^369,000,000.     The  coast-line  of  the  Chinese  Empire  is  3350  miles 

est  nations  ,„  the  world.  They  invented  paper,  printing.  gnnpowZ 
un.  the  e„,npa.s  at  an  early  day,  but  Dr  many  centarL\av^;  j, 
httle  progres.?  in  knowledge  or  the  arts. 

CHINA. 

theCWne!.°°p  '""  ^"r-China  is  the  sontheastem  portion  of 
Area  2  wnoft  '•'™'  ""I.^^I-ises  about  one-third  of  its  extent. 
Area,  1,2.)8,000  square  ra.le.,,-equal  t«  one-third  of  Europe 

2.  Natural    Feature..- The    Pe-ling  and  Nau-ling    mountain. 
cha,„s  extend  through  China  from  west  to  east  in  a  n^rly  n""ra  He 
course.     Between  these  two  ehains,  and  north  of  the  PelL'       r 
are  numerous  peaks  and  cross-ranges.     The  surfaee  is  dive  s  fl 
and  eo,,s,sts   ,,.fly  „,  e.ovated  plains  and  extensive  fertile  valleys. 

.•nclu,knh    Gul?rf  p'  tT'"'"  """""'  "^""^  2.^»  '»"-•-«' 
Tnd  Chin     Se  P^hok'^^andTonciuin.     The  Yellow,  Eastern, 

a^id  Ch  ,a  Seas  are  on  the  east.     There  are  many  island,  near  the 
«.ast ;  the  most  .mportant  are  Formosa,  Hainan,  Maeao,  and  ilong 

"  W«  ,    le^l''  r^',""'"  """"-Ki-g.    Th,.  Yang.tse-Kiang 

::/^.gt;:i,uh'::t;r " "'° "''«°" "-  -  ^^^  -"  "■»«-!; 

ALul'tur!".  ''.''"""'-T'-  -"i"  i»  f-tile  and  highly  cultivated. 
Agriculture  rece^^real^ttontion.    Once  a  year  the  emperor, 

the  Pclinif  and  NanlinL.  Mt.?     nV        .""T'-  5''*'™  '"  '  •""«!'     Area?     2.  Ol 

Idand«?*^4    Of  Hver,?     Of  t^^^^  ''•  ^^"asMine/     8ou«,' 

♦.  ui  rivers?    Of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang?    6.  Soil?    CliinaU? 


THE   CHINESE   EMPIRE. 


375 


ile  valleys. 

miles,  and 
Av,  Eastern, 
(Is  near  the 

and  llong- 

\j  direction 

he  Pei-ir(», 

2;-tse-Kiiinf5 

the  fourth 

coltivateil. 
>  emperor, 


...ent,  are  still  rude  and  unimproved     '  fa™.ng-,mple- 

6.  Products.-The  tea-plant  is  the  ^reat  stanle  of  Phinn      n.u 


PAGODA   AND  TEA-GARDEN. 

7  In  the  mannfaeture  of  cotton,  woull.n.  silk,  embroidery  porce- 
am,  and  earthenware,  the  Chinese  are  fan„.us.     They  ah^Zlw 

exce   .n  the  carving  of  ivory,  wood,  and  tortoise-shell  "^  ^       ^ 

8  Mnsen.  is  i.nported  from  America,  and  opium  from  Bengal 

H>t . ..  .t.es.  fon,e.l  u,,on  then.  lheopi,„n.trade.    The smokingof  opium 

»S'  OlUinon.  mil     ovfi.a.«.J..  „ :    •  .       ..  n^'"fctH  opium 


Jilt 


3.  rroducti?    Minerals?    7.  M 


anuactures?     8.  Of  ginseng?    Of  opium? 


376 


ASIA. 


9.  Divisions— China  is  divided  into  eighteen  provinces  Of 
tliese,  the  most  important  are  Pe-chee-lce,  with  its  capital,  Pekin- 
Kiang8u,-capital,  Nankin ;  and  Quang-tung.-capital,  Canton  Of 
the  rest  very  little  is  known. 

10.  Population.— The  people  are  principally  Mongols;  but  the 
ruling  race,  to  which  the  emperor  belongs,  are  Mantchoos.     Tlie 
Chinese,  with  many  good  qualities,  are  usually  deceitful  and  treach 
crous.     Population,  350,000,000. 

A  supposed  beauty  in  women  is  the  smallness  of  their  feet  whV'i 
are  compressed  in  infancy  and  not  allowed  to  grow. 

11.  Bducation.-Although  learning  is  greatly  respected,  as  an 
avenue  to  political  distinction,  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  people 
are  educated.    Not  more  than  one  in  thirty  can  read. 

12.  Chief  Towns.-Pekin,  on  the  Pei-ho  {pay.ho%  is  the  capital 
of  the  empire.     The  emperor  has  here  a  splendid  palace  and  gardens 
Pekin  was  taken  by  the  French  and  English  forces  in  1860.     Tien- 
tsin, on  the  Pel-ho,  is  its  port. 

Nankin,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang,  was  formerly 
the  capital.  It  is  tl-  j  chief  seat  of  learning.  Hang-Chow  and  Foo- 
Chow  are  great  commercial  cities, 

13.  Canton  is  about  80  miles  from  the  sea,  and,  until  lately  was 
the  only  place  open  to  foreign  trade.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  crowd 
of  boats,  upon  v/hich  people  permanently  reside.  Hong-Kong  is  on 
an  island  near  Canton.     It  is  an  important  British  colony. 

Amoy  has  considerable  trade  with  India.  Shanghai,  on  the  east 
coast,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang,  is  much  frequented  by 
Americans  ana  Europeans.  Ningpo  has  a  great  trade  in  silks  and 
tea.    Macao  {mah-kov/),  in  the  south,  belongs  to  the  Portuguese. 

14.  The  internal  commerce  of  China  is  transported  principally  on 
the  rivers  and  the  Grand  Canal,  which  extends  from  Hang-Chow  to 
Tien-tsin,  a  distance  of  700  miles. 

15.  Oovernment.-Tho  govern  nent  is   an  abs(,Iute  despotism 
The  emperor,  called  the  "  Son  of  Iloaven,"  is  sole  ruler  and  hi.r|,- 
priest.      His  ministers  and   officials  of  all  ranks  are  called  man- 
darins.    They  are  ,>f  nine  classes  «r  orders,  distinguished  from  ca.li 

l'>^KiSt^'^vl^^'''^.PM^''^    .^"'"'•"•■-     Of^-""""?     U.  Education? 
K.  Uf  Ickni?    ^Vl,..t  ,,.,rt.'    Nankin?    Other  t.-wnsi'    li.  Cnnfonv     I„  what 
remarkahlc?    HonK-KunK  v    Amoy?    ShauKhai?    Ninep.^     "inc'.oi'     V    n 
ternalcoinmerco/     Of  the  Gnuu!  Canal?     Is.  (ioy.JLi^    t\Z..\nll 


ovinces.  Of 
pital,  Pekin; 
,  Cantou.   Of 

;ol8;  but  the 
tchoos.  Tlie 
1  and  treach- 

r  feet,  which 

ected,  as  an 
>f  the  people 

8  the  capital 
md  gardens. 
I860.    Tien- 

as  formerly 
ow  and  Fou- 

lately,  was 
t)r  its  crowd 
-Koag  is  on 

'y- 

[)n  the  east 
quenteu  by 
a  Rilks  and 
tuguese. 
noipally  on 
ng-Chow  to 

despotiHin. 

and  h'\ir\\- 
allcd  man- 
I  from  each 

Eduoafidii? 
n  S*  In  wliiit 
no?  IJ.  Fn- 
&8808  01  offi- 


THE   CHINESE    EMPIRE. 


377 


HONG-KONG. 

xo.  Iho  army  contiiiiia  noarlv  1  nnfinim  „ 
offloient  ttn,l  il|.„r.i>o,l      Tl,„  7     '',''""",  ■"""  ■  '''"  they  arc  in- 

fo.-nndabi;  robe  H™  t  k  "{  i^'-cT"    r  ?"'  *""  ^""^  '^*  " 
8«ppre8»ed  until  1804  '  "'™''  ™  ■""  tl."r„„Khly 

..afe^y::tt7;,!!r"  :;!::;',:vr''r"'''^  ^^'"■''"™^  "'■'^■■.  '-» 

t'hrirt:  In  1830,  ,    .       "      ,  '^,  ';.""";'""  '"''""  •>™  J™-  l-foro 
«-"itJthrou,l,„uUl,eeIi       't     ,         »"«"';'  '"'"atin,-  Chri,. 

niils?     irt.  Of  tho  armyy     N.-wV     \ri    .  ~T 

'"nail  «,au meat?  ^'  '^I"l»'".Hnc.lHn8.  &o.?     MiH.ion.,n.l?     I's'^u",- 

S3« 


II 


378 


ASIA. 


Mr 


history.    While  other  nations  were  shrouded  in  barbarism,  a  limited 
civilization  existed  among  the  Chinese. 

19.  Of  their  sk  il  in  building,  the  Great  Wall  is  an  illustration.  It 
was  begun  abou.  214  b.c,  employed  several  millions  of  men,  and  was 
finished  in  ten  years.  Its  object  was  to  defend  China  against  the 
Tartars.  It  is  1250  miles  long  and  25  feet  high;  six  horsemen  could 
ride  abreast  upon  it.     It  has,  however,  fallen  into  decay. 

20.  By  the  treaty  of  1842,  made  by  Great  Britain  with  China, 
Canton,  Amoy,  Foo-Chcw,  Ningpo,  and  Shanghai  {shang-hi%  called 
the  Free  Ports,  were  thrown  open  to  trade.  New  privileges  woie 
granted  to  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of  1859.  Since  that 
time,  other  free  ports  have  been  opened. 

COREA.— 1.  Corea  is  a  peninsula,  lying  betiveen  the  Sea  of 
Japan  and  the  Yellow  Sea.  Area,  80,000  square  miles.  The  popu- 
lation  is  estimated  at  7,000,000.  Several  groups  of  small  islands 
belong  to  Corea. 

2.  Although  nominally  subject  to  China,  it  is  governed  by  its  own 
king,  who  rules  despotically.  An  annual  tributo  is  paid  to  the 
Chinese  emperor,  and  an  embassy  is  sent  every  year  to  China  with 
presents  and  political  intelligence. 

3.  The  capital  is  Kingkitao  {kiiig-ke-ta¥o), 
near  the  centre  of  the  peninsula.  Corea  is 
noted  for  a  breed  of  dwarf  horses  three  feci 
high. 

MANTCHOORIA.-  Mantchooria,  or 
"  The  Country  of  the  Mautchoos,"  is  the  nortli- 
eastern  division  of  the  empire.  It  is  situated 
southwest  of  the  Amoor  River;  the  portion 
beyoud  that  stream  was  annexed  to  Russia  iu 
185G.  Area,  650,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 2,000,000. 

2.  Its  surface  is  chiefly  mountainous.   The 

is  variable :  the  winters  are  long  and  cold.     The  chief  towns 

ghen  and  Igoon. 

19.  Of  the  Great  Wall  ?  ll,.w  lonj?,  Ac.  ?  20.  What  of  the  treaty  of  1842  ? 
New  l-nvileges  sinoo  granted ?  Cokka.-I.  What  of  Cort-a?  Area?  Popu- 
nlion  /  2  What  IS  said  «f  it  ?  3.  Caj  ital  ?  For  what  n..tc<l  >  Mantchooria  - 
l.\^  hat  of  Mantchooria?  Area?  Population?   2.  Surface,  Ac.  ?    Chief  towns.' 


A   MONGOLIAN. 


climate 
are  Mer 


CHINA. 


370 


MONQOLIA.-1.  Mongolia  is  a  large  province  of  th^  ru- 
Empire,  and  .he  original  seat  of  the  Mon^ rerit  lies  sL^h!; 
S.baria  and   east  of  Mantchooria.     Area    1000  000  «!  , 

Population,  2,000,000  '  ^'^^'^^  ^^^^re  miles- 

™.e  H  ,.„„.  TMbe.  ana  eheTj^^ZX^'Zlrr 
^My  tr-butanes  of  the  Amoor.    The  chief  oit,  i,  0„rg" 

ELBB.-1.  The  western  portion  of  the  Chinese  Empire  is  called 
la;iV2,0^^^^^^^^^^^^  Area,  400,000  square  Les.     C 

2  It  includes  Soongaria  and  Little  Bokhara  (Mah^rah).  North 
of  the  centre  „:  is  traversed  by  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains  •  the 
volcanoes  of  Peshan  and  Hochow  are  in  this  range  '''^'°''   *^' 

3^  Elee  is  the  chief  town  of  Soongaria ;  it  is  a  place  of  banishment 
for  Chmese  cnm.nals.    Yarkand,  in  Little  Bokhara,  has  an  extensive 

zror:'  ^^^----^^^  ^^--  ^-ps.  cashga.  in  thirt 

M  as  known  as  a  commercial  emporium  before  the  Christian  era. 
Kalmukl/oXhT  '^""'""  """^^^^^    *'"^  ^^  «^^"S--  - 

THIBET.-l.  Thibet,  the  southernmost  division  of  the  Chinese 
Lmpire,  hes  south  of  the  Kuen-lun  Mountains  and  north  of  the 
Hunalayas.    Area,  600,000  square  miles.    Population,  6,000  000     It 

coia  and  dry;  the  soil  IS  sterile. 

Th!'  mosVnp"';-^''^'"'^^'''  '°^  '*^^'  Sreat  rivers,  rise  in  Thibet. 
Ihe  most  peculiar  animals  are  the  yak,  or  grunting  ox,  the  shaw 
goat,  and   he  musk  deer;  cattle  and  other  domestic  animlls  aboun 

L^mia  ThT  .  '"  ""'  '''"'  "^^'^^  ''  '^'  ^««^^«"^«  «f  the  Grand 
Lama.  Thibet  was  conquered  by  China  in  1727.  It  is  governed  by 
Chmese  viceroys  in  conjunction  M-ith  the  Lamas  ^ 


M      hi 


'  i 


380 


ASIA. 


4.  The  religion  is  the  purest  Buddhism.     The  priests  whn  o. 
nurnerous,  fonn  a  powerful  hierarchy,  and  are  callerLa  1      Ti  e 
res,de  in  monasteries.     The  Grand  Lan,a  is  both  a  temporal  .uZ 
spintual  ruler;  he  is  regarded  as  the  representative  of  fiJddh    l; 
earth,  and  is  worshipped  as  God  himself.  " 

5.  Jiga  Gungar  {Jee^gah  goong^jar^)  is  the  largest  city:  Teshoo' 
rK)mboi/  ocntams  the  principal  monastery. 

6    On  the  west,  in  a  valley  enclosed  by  the  Himalaya  and  Kue„- 
lun  Mountains,  hes  Little  Thibet.     The  Indus  hows  through  it  a  a 


JAPAN. 


RECEPTION   OF  AMERICAN  OFFICERS  BY  THE  TYCOON. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  36,  Empire  of  Japan.-Name  the  four 
l^nncipal  islands  of  the  Empire  of  Japan.     Which  is  the  largest? 

4.  Religion?    Of  the  Qrjind  Lnmn  ?   5.  Cities?    fi   Whnf  nn  n,«  «,-=f  9  -mm    . 
is  said  of  LitUo  Thibet?     Chi.  f  (ow,,  ?  ^"^  ""  *''°  ''®'*  ^  ^  '"'^ 


JAPAN. 


881 


»».?     in        ,    .  •  ^'""  ■""*  '''■^'■''  "  '»'«  <">piW?  Where  a« 
M.aco  and  Osaca?    Matoa,  and  HaMadi?    Where  is  Na^L" 

1.  Position  and  B«ent  -Japan  is  an  insular  empire  on  th^ 
K  o«p  N  ±  T  <^"°'-«'0-  and  Sikoke',  witlT  some  smaller 
of  (^.U?  '"°"  '^""■■^  »>.les,-eq„al  to  that  of  the  republic 

inLL": -th  ^:!-^  Tsiv  "'^ '"'"""'' '-'"''  ''"^'y 

ijo  uuu  guns,      lusiyama,  a  mountain-ehnin   tm 

rivt  J^^Thf  T",'^  ^^''T  ''■'  ^^'^*'  ^^'"g  *«"«^*«  r-ther  than 
me.  .  The  harbor  of  Yedo  is  large,  but  shallow;  that  of  NaZ 
saki  (»m/.-5r7/.-.a/,/^.e)  is  capacious  and  deep  ^ 

andi„''d"L:'^'Th?',"'?'~''''-  "'^  ^^  -^^-ated  with  ,roat  care 
ana  industry.  The  climate  le  various,  but  mild  for  the  latitude  Th« 
K^lnnds  are  su)  joct  to  frequent  hurricanes.  ^ 

5.  Products.--The  grains  and  forest-trees  of  the  temperate  zones 

>^  hT  sol  r^  ^'^^  *'^ ''''''''''  -''  ^-^^«  ^'  the'to:- 1  r 

Jn  the  south      Flowers  are  numerous,  and  of  varied  beautv      The 
japon.ca,  as  its  name  indicates,  came  from  Japan.     Cotton,  Lacco 
tea,  and  silk  are  exported.  looacco, 

6.  The  mineral  productions  are  gold,  silver,  quicksilver,  copper 
fid      '  ""'  "'  ''''     '^""'^'  "^^*^'^'  ^"^  fi-  ™-^J-  also 'are 

7.  In  manufactures  the  Japanese  resemble  the  Chinese,  and  are 
about  equal  to  them  in  skill.     They  manufacture  principally  silk 
cotton,  porcelain,  and  lacquered  or  Japan  ware 

8.  Population  -The  people  of  Japan  are  of  the  Mongol  race 
and  are  much  like  the  Chinese;  they  are  active,  intelligLt   rnd' 

oil  informed  as  to  foreign  affairs.     They  are  divided  into  eight 
classes,--prmces,  nobles,  priests,  soldiers,  civli  officers,  merchants 
artisans,  and  laborers.     Population,  about  35,000,000. 


Ml8/     r.  Manufactures?     8.  Population  ?     Clas.es?     Numlcr? 


6.  Mine- 


382 


ASIA. 


YEDO,  FRJM   THE  CITADEL. 


9.  Chief 
Town  s. — 
Yedo,    the 
capital,  is  on 
the  island  of 
Niphon.      It 
is  believed  to 
occupy  more 
surface  thun 
any  other  city 
in  the  world, 
and  to  contain 
1,500,000    to 
2,000,000  in- 
habitants. 
Miaco   and 
Osaca,  also  in 


tTe'chieVt         >f  °'*'""^-   ^^*-«^(-^--0  andlS:   ; 
the  chief  townsofJesso,  and  Nagasaki  thatof  Kiusiu.     The  buildin. 
in  these  towns  are  chiefly  of  wood,  and  only  one  or  two  ^tories  high 

10  Oovernment.-The  government  is  a  monarchy.     There  is  a 
iTtT:  body,  or  Parliament.    Formerly  there  were  L  sovereigns 

n  18  ;  ^h    M^T'"''  "'"'  ^°'  *'^  ^^^"-'  -  P«^^*-^l  -Ir    b"; 

11  R  iLl     b7^^^^      "^^  P""^'-'  ^^"'^^^-S  the  Tycoonlte. 
older  and    ^K^^^^;'""  ''  *^'  prevailing  faith;  but  there  is  an 
older  and  much  respected  religion,  called  Sinto. 

12.  Historical  Statement. -^The  Portuguese  were  the  first  Fn 
ropeans  who  traded  with  Janan-  hnf   th«     u     •      , 
XL    LI      /.  ,    ZT  japan,  but,  these  having  been  exii'^llpd  l.v 

the  help  of  the  Dutch,  the  latter,  in  the  year  1600  1^11^  v       i 
t..ade.     In  1854,  Commodore  Pen-y  n.LTaTr  a"^^ 
Japan  to  t  e  commoi-ce  of  the  Un.ted  States,  throug^h  K^g.I 
.Yokohama)  m  N.phon.  and  Hakodadi  in  Jesso.     Since  the   " 
ports  have  boon  opened,  viz. :  Nagasaki  in  Kiusiu,  and  Yodo  0     a 
n>oga,  and  Nngato  in  Niphon.  '  ' 

13     In  I8G0,  an  embassy  of  Japanese,  seventy-two  in  number 
of  whom  three  were^^luennnbas^^^  United  Stltes 

since?     13.  Anatolufredinl86o7^''^  What  in  1864?   What 


THE   ISLANDS    OP   ASIA. 


383 


They  sailed  from  Yedo,   and  landed  at  San  Francisco      Th..    •  •.  ^ 


THE  ISLANDS   OF  ASIA. 


already  been  described  ""■'  °^  ''''P''"-     '^''^y  "^"^ 

L^dt^rs j:;r ^^^^^^^    -^  «'"^---  --^e  .be 

4.  The  Laecadive  Islands  lie  off  the  Malabar  coast      Th.. 
10.000,  eblefly  Mohamm  JZ  "'"  """"■    ''<'P""'«o». 

b.  Ceylon  (see'lon),  lying  „ear  'he  southern  extrcmilv  of  Ilin 

eWaete™«03  Cey.o^n  .^eL^ ihe ':rrp:::V^Tnd:r 

.^ey  resemble  the  Hindoos,-  JLX^mZ  c!.     K  'T'T  ' 

.  na  Point  deGalle  «^.  ,««,  are  ^Iti  'aZwn:'"""'"'  ''^°''^' 

7.  The  Andaman-  Waoa«  lie^n  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and  belong 

Fo'Th:r„„Te/rrjap7„'"5:.T°  'ff^-^^-^yVn.  and  Rhode., 
«»ta?    T„„s?    7.  AndaLna?'  O.C^jlon?    g„,l,  4„.,    ini^fj,. 


>t 


384 


ASIA. 


' 


[i  .»r 


'■     ! 


I'l 


MiHH?  ^"f^'     5':''^  *™  '^""''"y  ''°«'«'>'  ""i  -'™«i«t  of  North 
Middle  and  Somh  Aodamans.    The  inhabitants  are  the  lowest  typ, 
of  the  Papuan  race.  •'^P* 

8.  The  Nic^obar  Islands  lie  south  of  the  Andamans.     Great 
Nicobar  ,s  the  largest.     They  belong  to  Denmark;   but  all  attempt 
at  colonization  have  failed,  from  the  unhealthiness  of  the  climate 

y.  Singapore  lies  off  the  southern  extremity  of  Malacca    and 

belongs  to  Great  Britain.     It  contains  the  city  of'^Singapte  a  grea 
commercial  mart.  &  i'      .  »  great 

10^  Hainan  (hi-nan^)  Island  li^s  south  of  China,  and  belongs  to 
It  Population,  1.000,000,  consisting  of  Chinese  and  various  wild 
inland  tribes.     Kien-Chow  is  the  capital. 

11.  Hong-Kong  is  at  the  entrance  of  the  Boca  Tigris  (bok'l-nr, 
^e>.)    the  inlet  upon  which  Canton  is  situated.     I't  belongs 
Great  Britain.    Population.  117,000.    Victoria,  the  capital,  ifas  a 
good  harbor  and  considerable  commerce. 

12.  Formosa  Island  lies  off  the  east  coast  of  China,  from  which 
It  IS  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Formosa.  It  belongs  to  China. 
Population,  about  2,500,000.     Tai-wan  is  the  capital. 

13.  The  Loo-Choo  Islands  lie  between   Japan  and   Formosa. 
Ja  an"'''''^''  ''  ^  ^^^  ^""^^^  Loo-Choo.    They  belong  to 

14.  Quelpaert  [kweVpart)  is  a  small  island  at  the  southern  en. 

settleLlt*^'  ^*'^'*  ""^  ^'''^^*     ^*  ''  "'""^  ^^  *^'  ^^''^"'  ^'  ^  P'^"^^ 

15.  Saghalien  [sah-gah-le^en)  is  a  long,  narrow  island  north  of 
Jesso;  It  belongs  to  Russia.  The  inhabitants  are  a  peculiar  race 
known  as  the  Ainos  {Vnoce).  ^  ' 

16  The  Kurile  {Mril)  Islands  extend  from  Jesso  to  Kamt- 
schatka,  a  distance  of  650  miles.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  with 
a  nuniber  of  volcanoes.  The  population  is  small,  and  consists  mostly 
ot  fishermen.  ^ 

17.  The  islands  of  New  Siberia  lie  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north- 
east  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lena.  They  are  mountainous,  and 
uninhabited.  Fossil  ivory,  consisting  o[  the  tusks  of  various  extinct 
animals,  is  dug  up,  and  forms  an  article  of  trade. 

8.  Nicobars?     9.  Singapore?     10.  Hainan?     11    Hono- Kono-?     i9   Pn- 


AFKIC'A 


385 


AFRICA. 


Questions  on  Map  No.  40, 
Africa.—liound  Africu.  Be- 
tween what  parallels  of  latitude 
does  Africa  principally  lie? 
Meridians  of  longitude  ? 

Divisions.— Where  are  the 
Barbary   States?     Name   them. 

t'.'-  ^^''''^^'^'    Ml^r'^<^,     Tunis, 

VVhere  is  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Deserttr^pt/l'^Jlt^^^^^^^^ 
Kordofan?  Darfur  ?  Seneffambi«  9  ^l.  t  of  Abyssinia? 
Guinea?    Name  th«  Sf«ff        tt     ^'^^^^  I^^^^e ?  Liberia?  Upper 

VVhere  is  Lower  Guinea      Narthl  f^^  ""^^'/^-^-'  «-^  ^^nin. 

Kiver  Free  State  Trnn^Vnni  r?.     n-     •^'      ,-^^"'*«»  JSatal,  Orange 

«>a  Seciuana     '  wZ.Ti!.Tul  Tl"'"»""-"  °/'*^  ^^l 
».nerei3Mo.ambi4Uef    iauguebarf    Tbe  country 


.»-Sr.:\  V.) 


886 


AFRICA. 


•;t/ 


l^:^ 


v:;^  i^ 


^..  r 


V  r? 


oftheSomaulies?  Soudan?  Name  the  principal  States  in  Soudan 
Ans.  Kaarta,  Bambarra,  Timhudoo,  Kong,  Borgoo,  Houssa,  Boniou 
Begharmi,  and  Borgoo.     Where  is  Ethiopia?  ' 

Through  M^hat  countries  does  the  tropic  of  Cancer  pass?  The 
equator  ?     Th  j  tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 

Seas,  Bays,  &o.— Where  is  the  Mediterranean  Sea?  Gulf  of 
Sidra?  Isthmus  of  Suez?  Red  Sea?  Straitof  Bab-el-Mandeb?  Gulf 
•'fAden?  Mozambique  Channel?  DelagoaBay?  WalwischBav' 
(\  .-eat  Fish  Bay  ?  Bigh^  of  Biafra  ?  Bight  of  Benin  ?  Calabar  Coast  ? 
C-uIf  of  Guinea?    Strait  of  Gibraltar? 

Capes.— VV^here  are  the  foil.. „:ng  capes?   Bon.   Guardafui    Orfui 
Bassas.    Delgado.    Ambro.    St.  Mary,    Corrientes.    Agulhas.    Good 
iiope.     Gross.     Frio.     Three  Points.     Palmas.     Verd.     Blanco 
Bojador. 

Islandd.— Where  are  the  following  Islands  ?  Socotra.  Seychelles 
Comoros.  Madagascar.  Mascarenhas.  Ethiopian  Archipela-o" 
St.  Helena.  Ascension.  Annobon.  St.  Thomas's.  Prince's  Fer- 
nando Po.     St.  Paul.     Cape  Verd.     Canary.     Madeira.     Azoiies. 

Mountains.— Where  are  the  Atlas  Mountains  ?  Mountains  of  tlie 
Moon?  In  what  range  are  the  peaks  of  Kenia  and  Kilimanjaro? 
Where  are  the  Draakberg  Mountains?  Snow?  Mocambe?  Crystal? 
Camt.-oons?     K.ng?    Hoga-?    Black?    Marva? 

Lakes  and  Rivera.— Where  is  Lake  Lowdeah?  Tchad?  Dem- 
bea?     Victoria  Ny.i,nza?     Tanganyika?     Nyassi?     Ngami? 

Describe  the  following  rivers.    Nile.    Zambezi.    Orange.    Congo 
Niger.     Gambia.     Senegal. 

Deserts  and  Oases.— Where  is  the  Sahara?  In  what  part  is 
the  Libyan  Desert?  Nubian  Desert?  In  what  part  is  the  oasis  of 
Fezzan?  Tibesty?  Bilmt^h?  Air?  Tuat?  Augelaf  Siwah? 
Where  is  the  Deb  rt  Cc2,st?    Whore  is  the  Kalihari  Desert? 

1.  Position,  Form,  and  Extent.— Africa  is  one  of  the  gran<l 
divisions  of  the  earth,  and  lies  south  of  Europe.  It  is  a  vast  pciim- 
sula,  connected  with  Asia  by  the  Isthmus  of  Suez.  Its  greafest 
length,  from  T.orih  to  south,  ir,  about  5300  miles,  and  its  greatest 
f)reauih  from  east  to  west,  5000  miles.  Area,  10,936,000'8qua.o 
I'iilos, — or  nearly  throe  times  that  of  Europe. 


Africa.— 1.  What  is  said  f.f  Africa?     Length  and  breadth  ?    Area? 


AFRICA. 


387 


v.»in?  hTi  ^;='"«''-^<'««'«"-In  the  northwert,  tra- 
Ine    fnllr  i^fh"    ^'''•■"  "L"*  "-o  "-t  "-'■  and  about  500 

dthouLh  .r  ,    '^''■"'""Ja'-o  and  Kenia,  each  20,000  feet  hi.h- 
although  d.reotly  und.r  the  equator,  their  summit,  kre  perpctunli; 

XfrC  '™^%,P''-"^'  -*  «■»  wo,t  c„a,t,  and  aLsoabCS 

ern  coart.         ™""''"""'-    l"-"  ^""'^  Mountains  are  near  the  south- 

whtlfr-^"'^"'^'"'  ""■'''""'  •=»"««'»  "fsoveral  vast  elevated  plains 
wh.ch  descend  m  terraces  towards  the  sea.     In  the  «tren,e  no  "h 

miles  wide  "'''  "  ''''™'  ^'^  ■""«'  '<"■«  and  1000 

4.   C''>aW-j,ne,rf-c.-Afriea  presents  an  extended  coast-line  with 
numerous  gulfs  and  Wjs,  but  few  good  harbors.    On  the  no  ,1  'isT  e 
Med,  erranean  Sea,  se,,aratmg  Af.  ic.  from  Europe,  and  on  the  nor  I 
ea  t  between  Asuv  and  Africa,  the  Red  Sea.    xL  Red  Sea  conn     ," 
w.th  «,e  Ind,an  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb  and  the  ct^ 

Rcj^    ^'m^!    '^™"'''  "'"■°™  *<'  ''""""»  °f  S""''.  connecting  the 
Red  and  Mediterranean  Seas,  was  completed  in  1869  ^ 

.5.  7J»,o,-» -Africa  has  few  navigable  rivers.     The  Nile,  havinir 
..s  source  m  Lakes  Albert  N.yanza  and  Victoria  Nyan.a,  in  EtWopia^ 

S"«,„;:;;:ro":;;r„.a;^.' "°- '-' '''' -^^  °^ ''" '--  p-' »' 

int'i'thl'r,!lrr,5"''''"'  "r  '"  *"  '^""«  «"""'«!"».  «»rf  empties 
.nto  the  Gulf  of  Guinea     The  Senegal  „„,!  „,„  Gambia  flow  lirough 

Sen  gambia  ,„,„  the  Atlantic.      The  Zambezi  River  rises  in  ,l,„ 

Ihdobale  country,  a,„l  empties  into  M mbique  Channel.     The 

Congo  the  source  of  which  is  probably  rot  far  from  that  of  the  Zam- 
h07.i,  flows  m  the  oppo„te  direction  into  the  Atlantic.  The  Oranec 
River  flows  into  the  Atlanlie.  *'    "range 


388 


AFRICA. 


Ill*  f    • 


V.  Divisions.— Africa  comprises  the  Barbarv  States  *h^  C!„v, 
the  Region  of  the  Nile,  Westln  Africa,  sZll^'^':^^^^^^ 
Africa,  Central  Africa,  and  the  African  Islands.  " 

^   «.  ^oe^  and  C^ma^e.-The  soil  and  climate  of  Africa  are  but 
imperfectly  known.     On  the  coast,  in  almost  every  part  except  th 
chores  of  the  desert,  the  soil  is  fertile;  but  the  clima'te  is  unhealthy 
for  white  men.     The  central  regions  have  been  partially  exS 
by  distinguished  British.  French,  and  German  travellers        ^ 

J.  Products—The  chief  products  of  tropical  regions  abound 
Palm-oil  and  shea-butter  are  peculiar, 

10.  Animals.— The 
principal  animals  are  the 
lion,     elephant,    leopard, 
camel,  giraffe,  zebra,  rhi- 
noceros,   and    hippopota- 
mus. Crocodiles  and  large 
serpents  infest  the  rivers 
and  low  lands  of  the  tro- 
pical   districts.      Various 
kinds  of  deer  and  buffalo, 
antelopes,  springboks,  and 
hartc-beests,  roam  in  groat 

numbers.  Thoostrich,  also, 

,.     .  ,  is  found. 

U.  Among  the  varieties  of  the  ape,  the  gorilla  is  noted  for  its  sizo 

and  strength.     The  white  ants  build  hills  10  or  12  f.et  high,  in  whid 

hoy  very  Migeniously  form  cells,  apartments,  and  galleries.     Tho 

J.|<-u.st  has  been,  from  the  earliest  times,  the  scourge  of  the  cultivated 

12.  '-opulatlon.-Tho  population  consists  mainly  of  the  Ne-ro 
race      1 1.ey  ron.prise  most  of  the  inhabitants  lying  sonth  of  The 

and  FHIn  abs  belong  to  the  Caucasian  race;  but  many  of  them  arc 
intermixed  with  tho  Negro. 

la.  The  negroes  are  generally  in  a  deplorable  state  of  ignoraneo. 
Africa  has  for  centuries  furnished  slaves  to  otluM-  parts  of  the  world. 


GIRAFFES. 


AFRICA. 


389 


The  slave-trade  h  now  abolished  by  Christian  nations.     The  entire 
population  IS  estimated  at  74,571,000 

luti^df  °r™°'^''!T^'''  '^  '^'  ^^'••««°  governments  are  abso- 

e  unA  th.  '^"'r  ^"'"P""^  settlements  on  the  coast 

belong  government  of  the  States  to  which  they  respectively 

15.  Rellgiou.-In  Egypt,  the  Barbary  States,  and  Soudan    the 

ItZtdeb  "'!;"l  ''''''''■     ''''-^''^  ''  professed  " 
sinia,  but  IS  debased  by  gross  superstition.     The  greater  par/of 

Afnca  IS  under  the  dominion  of  the  lowest  form  of  laganL 

16.  Historical  Statement.-In  ancient  times,  Egypt  and  Car- 
hage  were  among  the  most  important  States  in  the  world'    The  firs  - 

named  was  the  cradle  of  the  arts  and  sciences;  the  other  was  a  great 
commercal  and  naval  State.     It  was  the  rival  of  Rome  and  en 


RUINS  OF  CAnTHAGE. 


m  ino  contcHt.  its  name  as  a  nation  bl..ftfld  out  -ujd  :*-  --,:* 


hist 


14.  Oovcrnmrnfs?     Of  th' 
orioul  statciikiit?    VVliat 


tury  nn- 
u.currc-,1  aft,.-  tho  dcclino  of  the  Roman  Kn,  -ir"? 

as* 


390 


AFRICA. 


nexed  to  the  Roman  Empire.    After  the  decline  of  the  latter  tl,. 
Saracens  overran  Northern  Africa.     The,  were  supplanted  in  tu 
by  the  Turks,  who  now  exercise  only  a  limited  a,  .thority. 


A; 


iJi 


m 


THE  BARBARY  STATES. 

ba?vT/°"'  r  'i"''  ''°-  *°'  ^"''"^y  States.-.Name  the  Bar- 
S     What"-  7  ^9ena,Tunis,  Trij>oH,  Barca,a,ul  BeM. 

eUend.  What  ocean  and  sea  north?  Desert  south?  What  ran..« 
of  mountains  traverses  the  Barbary  -States  ?  Where  are  the  Gharirn 
Mountains?  Moroccc-Bound  Morocco.  What  ntrait  be t™ 
Morocco  and  Spam?  What  M^aters  does  this  strait  connect ?  Where 
18  Mt.  Mdtsm  ?  What  river  in  the  south  ?  What  and  where  Ltle 
cap.tal?     Where  is  Fez?     Mequinez?     Mogadore?     CeutaT 

Algeria._Bound  Algeria.     What  mountains  in  Ah-oria?    Wli.f 
and  where  is  the  capital?     Where  is  Constantina?     B^na^   Oral? 
Tunis.-Bound  Tunis.     What  mountains  in  Tunis?     What  cane 
north?     What  lake?     What  and  where  is  the  capital  ?     WherTi 
Ka.rwan?    What  two  islands  near  Tunis?    Tripoli. -Bound  Tripoli 
What  mountains  in   Tripoli?     What  and   where  is  the  capital 
Where  IS  Mesurata?     Barca.-Bound   Barca.     What  gulf  wes 
Where  is  Derne?Bengazi?    (Ruins  of)  Cyrene?    Beled-el-Jer  d 
^-Bound  Beled-el-Jend.    What  mountains  in  the  north  ?    Where  i« 
Tuggurt?    Laghouat?  wiieieis 

1.  Position  and  Extent.-Barbary,  in  the  northern  part  of  Africa 
includes  Morocco  Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Barca,  and' he  Bele^: 
Jend  or  land  of  dates.  Area,  about  700,000  square  miios,-a  little 
exceeding  that  of  Mexico.  ' 

2.  Natural  Features.-The  Atlas  Mountains  traverse  the  coun- 
try in  a  direction  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast,  and  are  rich  in  mine- 
rals.  The  highest  peak,  Mt.  Miltsin,  rises  11,400  foet  above  the  sea 
Lake  Lowdeah,  m  Tunis,  is  the  principal  lake,  and  is  noted  fur  its 
salt.     Iho  rivers  are  unimportant. 

3.  Soil  and  Cl^aje^--^ln^^  the  moun- 


THE   BARBARY   STATES.  ggj 

by  the  plague.  "  "'""S  *'>''  """'t  are  frequently  ravaged 

bal^XTato^d,'' ttir!  l^T*"*  ""  ''""^'''  -^o™.  "hoat, 
nowued  for  it^  e.ee.l™:  brtdVftr'Z'""'  '"""•    ^"'^"^  "^  - 

saharrr^iifoftrvr  ta^-'TV^;-^  -""'  -^  «■» 

.-in,,  to  the  port,  o.  thrZiLra^r /;/  '™"^  ''^''  -P-'"^- 

tcnta,  and  raisa  grah,  .fiZttTo  *l  «  T"''  "^  ^^''^  "™  '" 
among  the  mountains.  '  ^''^'""  "'"'  Shelluhs  dwell 

..•e  oppressed  and  t:7y  J^r TeZ^J ''''''  '■'  ^""^^'-^o 

Soudan.     A  large  portion  of  !t  „^''8"  .''*'■"«  »'«  l>™"ght  from 

of  the  doscendanl  o^h    Moor   IT'    .""  ■[  *'"""«<'  "°"''^'» 

the  fifteenth  century    The  entire  JIlr^T'""'  '""^  '^P"'"  '« 

8.  The  people  of  Barbarv  r'^''""'""'""""'^  "1*'.200,COO. 

theerews^flve  sfrwhrthTv?;:  "T /"'*"''  """  »-'»-" 
i^ngland.  and  France  ha™  pllttrpt^  pralt  '""^  ^'"'^^- 

Of  Ttfof  tTj  a^  0:.;."^-  !!-'^-  ""  ">e  Atlantic 
little  exceeding  that  of  France  '^"'''''  milcs,-a 

.0  iS:' tCit^lta^;  :r' '""'°  ^  •"■'  '"^ «~™' « 

The  most  important  mlmrctrrl        "       '""  «"""^  discouraged. 

ea^pots.  In  ^hc  Atiarr:'.  z;::'z  'zr'^  r *- "- 

sulphur  are  found.  ^"Pper,  iron,  load,  antimony,  and 

3.  The  population  is  estimated  at  9  OfK)  000      Tu 

l'"-t  mtelligentand  the  nu  .    '.got.d  in  Burbary       '  '"^^^  ""^  ^^^ 

4.  Fe.,  the  capit^^^  ,,,^^   ,^^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^^ 

t1E!:^''^^«J    ^1  Of  caravans,  .to.? 


'hilt  of  M 


n.   non!l]2i.f ?f\T-  ?     ** 


TT^     Nuinber?     8.  Whai^of 


.1  1' 


orocco?    Area?    2.  CI 


the 


'ifujahon  ?    ,|   or  (h 


0  capital? 


imato  and  soil?    Alanufact 


'•  Of  tho  Kabylos  and 
poopl,.?     M,„„„,.„.__i 


11  res?     Mi 


ncra  s " 


392 


AFRICA. 


M 


IB  ,1 


i 

lili! 


MouoWns.     The  l.ouaes  are  built  of  brick  or  stone,  and  ri„h,y 

ornamented; 
the  streets  are 
narrow     and 
filthy.    It  has 
an    extensive 
inland  trade. 
5.  Morocco, 
the     former 
capital,  lies  on 
a  fertile  plain 
west  of  the  At- 
lasMountains. 
It  is  surround- 
ed by  a  wall. 
The     popula- 
tion is  steadi- 
ly decreasing. 
Mequinez  is 
a  favorite  resi- 

6.  The  government  is  despotic :  the  will  of  the  SnU?       , 
keeps  a  standing  army    more  thnn  LTf    f    u   !  ''  ^'''''    "' 

negroes  brought^om^Cl^^    ht'l^  'L\;%Tr- '  '' 
quired  a  small  additional  territory  L  Morocco  '    '""  '" 

ALGERIA.— 1.  Algeria,  a  French  colony    lies  on  ih^  AT.v, 

equal  to  that  of  Italy.  '       '     "  "l™"'  "''^.-noaily 

The  soil  climate,  and  production,  are  like  those  of  the  ret  ,  1 
Barbary,    In  so„,o  par,,,  „,c  climate  i,  the  finest  in  the  vorl  1 

broadMi?      4  ►„..  s      r...  .,  fti^ol-»iA.  — 1.    Wlioro  is  Alcoiin  »      l.„a„.i.   „„.i 

1830r-Of  the  BoIed-oull^S'J'  """"^"'  ""''  '"'"'^""^^^    ^.  VVhat-^o^S;;;,?  iu 


CITY  OF  MOROCCO. 


THE   BARBARY   STATES.  393 

largest  colony.    A  portion  of  the  Beled-el  fprJ^  u 

annexed  to  it.  ^eied-eWend  has  recently  been 

3.  The  population  is  2,921,000,  of  whom  21«  rwin        i.        , 
natives  were  anions  thp  mnU      ^'  ™™  218,000  are  Frenc'      TliQ 
In  18H  rl      r^  T.  °^*^^  P'"^^^«  «f  the  Barbarv  dtates 

In  1815,  Commodore  Decatur  forced  them  to  pay  60  000  doll « 
an  indemnity  to  the  United  States;  and  in  18irL;rd\  .f 

with  a  British  fleet,  cannonaded  the  city  ofVl!  ^  °"*^' 

them  to  restore,  without  ransom,  Tthon  and  Chf L?'  '"'  T^^"^^ 
4.  Algiers  (.;.,.,.),  the  capital,  rotThrtdir:!,  in 

the  form  of  an 


amphitheatre, 
and  presents  a 
striking  appear- 
ance. Its  harbor 
is  defended  by  a 
breakwater,  2400 
feet  in  length. 

5.  Cotstantina, 
the  next  city  in 
size,  is  on  the 
crest  of  a  hill, 
and  is  strongly 
fortified.  It  oc- 
cupies the  site 
of  the  ancient 
cry  OF  ALGIERS.  ^'''**''    ^°^    has 

::: 'rirjz  -  °™ »-  -  ->--'  -^-  ^ 

a  secretary,  and  a  council  of  four  members.  ^     ^ 

TUNIS.-l.  Tunis,  tho  smallest  of  the  Barbary  States    nomi 
iiiilly  dependent   on   the    Turkish    K.n.M'...     i-  ^yatcs,  nomi- 


394 


AFRICA. 


hi.', 


miles,  and  its  average  breadth  about  160  miles  Aren  70  n(\t\ 
mil«s,-a  little  exceeding  that  of  the  Stat"  f  MitouH  '  ''"" 
2.  The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile 
and  more  carefully  cultivated  than  that  of  any  other  nort  on  r' 
Barbary  Besides  the  productions  common  to  auLtZCTZ^ 
copper  lead,  sxlver,  and  mercury  are  found.  Salt  is  obtained  from 
Lake  Lowdeah  {low-de'ah).  "^"^ 

3  The  population  of  Tunis  is  about  2,800,000,  consisting  of  Moors 
Arabs  Jews  Chnstians,  and  negroes.  The  people  are  mo^e  civ^li  d 
than  those  of  other  parts  of  Barbary.  ^»vuizea 

4.  Tunis  the  capital,  is  on  Lake  Tunis,  which  opens  to  the  Modi- 
terranean  by  a  narrow  passage  defended  by  a  fortress.  On  the  on- 
posite  side  of  the  lake,  ten  miles  distant,  are  the  ruins  of  Car  ha«e 
the  most  renowned  city  of  ancient  Africa.  At  Tunis  Louis  IX  of 
France,  was  killed  and  his  army  defeated  in  1270,  while  ent'.ed 
m  an  im.sion  for  the  suppression  of  piracy.  Kairwan  ikirZlw) 
the  next  town  after  Tunis  in  size,  is  large  and  flourishing.  ^' 

5.  The  government  of  Tunis  is  called  a  Beylik;  the  ruler,  a  Boy 
Bey  means  prince  or  governor.)    Tunis  has  a  constitution  by  whidi 
liberty  of  speech  and  of  religion  is  guaranteed  to  the  people. 

thP^^fM^r  ~^'  '^v  P''"'  \^^'^^'y  State,  nominally  dependent  on 
the  Turkish  Empire,  lies  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  southeast  of  Tunis 
On  the  east  and  south  it  is  bounded  by  the  Sahara.  Its  length  i.' 
about  700  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  about  150  miles.  Barca, 
on  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  Fezzan,  an  oasis  in  the  Sahara,  aro 
dependencies  of  this  State.  Area  of  Tripoli  and  Barca,  150,000 
square  miles,-nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  States  of  Georgia,  Floridv 
and  Alabama.     Population,  with  that  of  Barca,  1,500,000 

A  .  I'^'t  ^.^^  ""  ^''"*^'''  '^"^y  '^^^'  ^^^*^*"t«  o*'"^^rs  and  springs. 
A  few  fertile  districts  occur  along  the  coast.  The  climate  is  subject 
to  daily  extremes,— hot  by  day  and  cold  by  night. 

3.  Tripoli,  the  capital,  is  a  small,  well-built  city,  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Mesurata  {mes-oo-rah'tah)  lies  on  the  coast.  It  has  a  cara- 
van trade  with  Fezzan,  and  is  noted  for  its  manufacture  of  carpets. 


THE   SAHARA,   OE  THE   GREAT   DESERT.  395 

Onii  Sf  ■  Vh?Lth?  "f  ''"'"'"'  "  "P''™""'  <■■•»■»  it  by  the 
are  governerby  .hoil  own^L'^r."?"''^  """""""^  ^""'^  -"o 
contain,  the  ruin,  of  anZt     ^     '  J"  S^''  '"""'"'  ">  T"P»"-     't 

THE  BBLBD-EL-JBHID  _7     Tl,»  u  i  j    ,  , 
«<«')  is  a  distriet  of  BaT^r..         ?    ^eled-el-Jerid  [b^kd'-el-je. 

2    Tf  .     ^  f '  ?         ^^'^  =  **^®y  number  about  900  000 

2.  It  ,8  a  dry  and  almost  desert  country  •  but  bv  thr.      .      .- 

of  numerous  artesian  wells  th^  F...  k  u  ^   ^  construction 

euUure  that  t.ibe.  butlat;  IZt  ht;  IVT^ll  fl*  "«"- 

and  ave  atrongly  attached  to^hetETpeaJX       '  ''"''**""'' 

4   I'agho„at(W:X  'dVXt"!^^:  rehieTt''''''-"'''^"'^- 
Gadames  (aa/i-ofaA^w^^WaL         "fs""  are  the  chief  towns.    From 

Ti^bncJ^  "t-nTa  itrb;rotL':f:t;:"^r  ^""-"^  "■"• 

by  a  wall.  ^        "*'"""  *"^'^-  ^h"  are  separated 


THE  SAHARA,  OR  THE  GREAT  DESERT. 
Questions  on  Map  No    4n    ti,«  o  t. 
Africa  is  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Desm?  ^"""f--!"  ^hat  part  „f 
two  ranges  of  mountains  In  hSahT.    ^»™'' .'h'  Sahara.     What 
what  part  is  the  Libyan  Desert  fWhJ    ^^ ^  "'"^n  Peak  ?    In 
Bitoah.     Tibesty/  FetT  ^T^r  "^  SilTf  1  ""T    ^'^  ' 

R  n.?.^"^^-:How  separated  fT^i^^I^^Z^{rri^^r^^:r~r  ,  .,     .    .     ^ 
th  "n  T;,''°/°t  ^^**"  ^    ^^'^0  captured  i*  v    Thp  tTpt  vr."  ""V'"'^'^"'"^  •''     ^"'"s  ? 
ho  Beled-el-Jerid  ?     2.  Artesian  wel  3   ProJi?f''f "'"'"— ^-  What  of 

towns?     OfGadames?  ^-Products?    Animals?     4.  Chief 


396 


AFRICA. 


route  over  the  Sahara  from  north  to  sonfh      r»    i. 

ton's.     What  is  the  capital  of  Fezl;  '''"'^"  ^"^^  ^^^PP- 


GATE  TO  THE  SAHARA. 


Atlantic  Ocean  to  iheyalZ  J  fhl^-fl.  »  »'«»<=l'es  from  the 
«nd  from  about  Usth  to  L  ,nl  .  "'  "  ''"'*™°  "f  30«»  "-iles, 
tanee  of  1000  m He,  Ar  a  2  7M  oV"^'"  "'  """■*  '''*""^'''  "  <<■'- 
.KirW  that  of  EuroplXr:  ^00:0^ ■*^^'-''""'  "^  '- 

from  the  Atlan  ,c  00^,^ T         2    "''""''"'  ''''S'"''  «'>"'=1'  rtrolche, 
Uantchoorta  9^0  miles  "  ''""''  """  ^"'  '^  '"^  -"«-  «f 

o».™ei,htt„r;::r;::!zrarr"'^- ^ 

slL  ^  "-^^^^^^^^^l^^!?!!!^!!!!^^         ««.-facc  wholly 

ari!s?"wha,^™t'£''';S;''«!:y   length  and  breadth?  Ar™»  1  E«„-d 
4.  What  of  the  jurfaoe  ?    Mountain,,  4o.  ?      ''"°"  °''"^^'"  "'  ""'  «eion  ? 


5.  or  the 
in  the  Sahar 
Hii>  Arabs  Cii 
inhabitants  • 


SAHARA,  OR  THE   GREAT   DESERT.  397 

quaru,  overgrown  tM^T„l™''''''''"'P"'«<'  "^  «™"»  »i>'<'<i  with 

food  for  .he'camolTI.e'artwV''""^''-^  "'■'«'•  ''°-'"»'« 
elevation,  ranging  (romel  Z      T  -"""tam-chain,  of  moderate 

from  the  coarse  grasses  around  the  few  springs  ^      '""'""" 

found  on  fhe  route     ThTweir   ^  !"  P™""™'-  ^  -one  are 

ten  days'  journey '•  and  in  H     T"'  "'  *'"""=^'  "^  ""»"'  ^ght  or 
and  the^rivelierdierof   Mrst^  TmrT'  ^'""%T  "^''^  ""• 

a»d  2000  .  i, ,  ,„,  perishedt;„Mr;:r  ^^""  "^-^'^ 

the  deserf-a  st'I  Tit  o^  t  tr-.rdl'V:^'';  • ""»  ^™''-''» 
«yled  "the  shipof  thedeserT"    Th.        .  "  "PPropriately 

cruel,  and  attack  all  trl!n  ^^^"'"'^^"^e  tribes  are  fierce  and 

powerful  chief  "  ^'"'  '"'™  °<"  '""^  P™'«««»-  "f  some 

ca';y!!;Ta"nfiveT''d''"r'  '"^"^  "''™™°^  ""^  "--lly, 
the  Mediterranear  Th„      .'  ^°  '""  ^'""^'"'  """  "■«  «°""'"-  on 

.hipwreekedrrsan?:„:Lttrcr::;''  "'''  «"-'  '"""^- 

^'<>'°'^Z^J''m^^^^^^^^  7.0f,r»ve,H„, 

cn«  , .,  abs  u;ih  mo  desert  Y     What  of  the  tribes  ?     0~  n>Tu  "^  •'      "  ^"^^  ^" 

mhabitants  on  the  coast  ?    10.  Of  the  oasoi  ?    r.,-  r .     the  caravans  ?     Of  the 
Animals,  Ac?     Exports?    '"' "' ^'^^  »^*«'«  ?    Chief  towns?    U.  What  mines? 

3t 


life 


^98 


AFRICA. 


12.  The  inhabitants  are  of  four  tvnpq  — M,^n..     a     u     m 

'iTneT  b,  some  infudon  of  „e«.o  blood,  and  S  J  ^Oo; 
U.  The  fuancks  and  Tibboos  occupy  nrinciDallv  tb.  „„ 
he  central  parte.     Some  .peak  dialect/^f  The  Zbfe  a„d  orhir"; 
the  Berber  tongue.     They  are  nomiually  Mohammedau' 

■„  !;/^^n '^•f '  "",  "'^  '"  **  '^'''"'™'  "'=»  «»"th  of  Tripoli   .,r^ 
7-  7"y  dependent  on  it.    Its  boundaries  are  not  wel  'defined 

2    The  climate  is  very  hot  in  summer,  and  cold  in  winter     In  ,1,„ 
north  the  country  is  mountainous.     Dates  are  the  chilf  fold      « 


in: 


THE  REGIOiN  OP  THE  NILE. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  40,  Region  of  the  wn.     wi.  . 

tries  does  the  Region  of  the  Nile  include  ?  An^  ^  .'^r,  7"' 
^inia,  KorSofan,  and  D.rfur.  What  sea  noth^  ISt  ^  WM  ^,t 
nver  flows  north  through  this  region  and  en- .<;...  .,t  Ae  Med  e 
raneanj  Where  is  the  I^hmus  of  Suez.  The  Nubian  DeS'" 
MarS  roJ  f  I"  ^"a^ ^  ''''■  *'>•  '^'>««'  ■»  Lake  Karoon  ? 
m^  of  sL.?  WH  *.    «      "■■  ''''^'    """'  '''''°  '■'  'he  Isth- 

c"Ia  '     Whe  J      7f     '  f""'  ^''™'-     '^''™  -"  -hat  is  the 

wC     -e^P    "-^r;'™'     ''"■''"^^     '^■""i^""?     Suez? 
W ...'.. ,  -e  tlio  Pyramids  ?     Ruins  of  Thebes  ?    Luxor  ? 

ahatandZuela?     Of  Sockna"?        ^"°^°'     i'upulation?    3.  Of  the  capital  ? 


',  Tuarick.s 
J  from  the 
er  300,000. 
oases  near 
i  others  of 


REGION   OP   THE   NILE 
What  la  the  cap"      C»-"^y«3t?    West?    AVhat  mountains ? 

«..o»t.in,e.ai;tH:irx2r:;trra^':er<'-^-^ 

EGYPT. 


TOWER    OF    PHAROS. 


I 


400 


AFRICA. 


i 


2.  Natiual  Paatures.-There  are  no  mountains  in  F.,   . 
r..ge  of  hills  lies  between  the  Red  Sea  and    he  rL  |^^^^^^^ 
surface  is  generally  low  and  lovel.     Ecypt  was  ca  Id  h    /. 
cienta  the  "Gift  of  ^h,^  MHa -^  i  ^  *^^  ^-^  ^^'^  »«- 

river  give,  foSu;  ,„1he^oU  "  ""^  "■"""  "'""^  "^  "'« 

of  silk,  cotton,  and  linen  goods  surr  tbJ.^ '''"''" "^'^'^^ 
and  silver  liligree-work.  ^    '  ''  ^^*'''  «'"-tl'«"ware, 

6.  Populatlon.-The  population  consists  of  Turks  Conts  Foil  i 
-e  eetod  the  teacher,,  ,ecro.aHo,,  „„„  „iw,  llZTrC^^Z  Z 

latioa  i»  oafumtcl  at  r,.;;ir,,0()0.  "'-"'""»«•     H'"  entire  p„|,„- 


Bedouins?'  Nurnbor?'    "^""^"P^«?  f«Il«*l»sl'   Of  FolUhH  and' Arabs? 


REGION   OF   THE   NILE. 

by  the  Saracens  a  d  980  .^n,)  ITT   T        ""'•    ■"  ™^  ''""■"'ed 
Africa.    Its  mosques  aaVothorpwfe  br'n""  """'  ""'^'^  "^"^  ■" 
pearar.ce  at  a  distance.    The  Great  0-!n.l^."^'  ®'™  "  "  «"^  "P 
the  Nile  over  the  eitv     ThZuT  <'"""butes  the  waters  ol 

8.  Aloxan,lria  lioron  the  e       '  "'  "T"'  "•""•""'•  <"">  ^'"y- 
branch  of  the  Nile     It  wt  f       , '.T''  *"  ""'"■*  "^  ">"  'Western 

a.-o  said  to  have  dZ^       :„t  f  "^  ri',  ""'t.'"^  «— 
m  ancient  times,  on  the  ishnd  of  PI,  ^'"""dria  there  was, 

"hose  site  now  stands  l^fl^uJ^'Ztul  '"'T  ''TT'  "" 
extensive  con,merce  with  Great  Britain  adTurko""^  ""=  "" 

9.  Dannetta  and  Rosetta   on  ihn  m;i  . 

latter  is  famous  for  fine  frnlt-'ardLs        '  ""  """  '""P"*'     '""> 

battle  "'tfortt' n;';b:'"'?;^  r'-"  '"'  '"«  ''-'  --I 
«-  -  -atter,  undcr^itr  tttjir"  ^uftttj: 


*r_t 


PYRAMID  OF  CHCOP.S,  AND  SPHINX. 


*-— •'^-. 


liil 


7.  Of  Tain.  ?     Ily  wh„tn  foun<ii«(l  ? 


iraiy 


The  (Jroixt  Cimnl?     8. 


.ino„.s  liKhthous.,?     U.  Of  Damietta  n.,,1 


Of  A] 


Ab.ajkirl'     Uf  iNai.uloou  I.  ? 


oxnndriii? 


KoHutta?     10.  Hay  of 


84* 


402 


AFRICA. 


11 , 


time  Napoleon  I.  inflicted  upon  the  Mamelukes  a  terrible  defeat  in 
the  battle  of  the  Pyramids,  near  Cairo. 

i8  li'thlT  IrTV  ^°^  ^'l^"  ^^''''^•^''^'^  ^''  important  towns.    Suez 
8  on  the  Gulf  of  Suez :  a  ship-canal,  100  miles  in  length,  connects 
It  with  Port  Said,  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

12.  Antiquities-The  early  civilization  of  Egypt,  and  its  pro- 
minent connection  with  Scripture  history,  give  a  twofold  interest  to 
the  remains  of  antiquity  there  found  by  the  traveller. 

13.  On  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile  are  the  pyramids,  G9  in  number 
1  hey  are  disposed  in  groups,  and  extend  along  the  Nile  fur  a  distance 
ot  00  miles  above  Cairo.  Four  are  particularly  noteworthy  The 
base  of  the  largest  (the  pyramid  of  Cheops)  {ke'ops)  is  740  feet 
square,— equal  to  13  acres,— and  about  480  feet  high. 

14.  The  pyramids  were  built  more  than  three  thousand  vears 
ago,  and  are  supposed  to  be  the  tombs  of  the  Egyptian  kin...  It 
xs  said  that  100,000  men  were  employed  for  20  yeaTin  constrtting 

onenT"".  f     i  "^"     '^"°  ''  *'^  P""^^P^^  P^^-^^^  ^-ve  been 
opened,  and  found  to  contain  sarcophagi. 

15.  Not  far  from  the  largest  pyramid  is  the  Sphinx,  a  reclining 
figure,  with  the  body  of  a  lion,  and  the  mutilated  head,  bust   J 

lan  half  buried  in  the  sand:  Belzoni,  an  Italian  savant,  had  the 
s»u^^d  cleared  away,  and  found  a  small  temple  between  the  logs  of  tl. 
Sp  nnx,  and  another  in  one  of  its  paws.     On  the  paws,  se '  ral  in- 
scr.pt.ons  were  traced.     It  is  supposed  to  have  been  erected  1440 
years  b.c,  in  the  reign  of  Thotmes  III 

standin?'"'  "''  TT' '^''"^'^'  "•  P"">^^«^  '^P''-^'" ^'^^^  f--  -'J-. 

mno  >f  T  P"'^;*^^«' ««^'«^«^  -'th  hieroglyphics.  Thoy  are  ^-hiefi; 

m,nol    hs  (formed  of  a  single  stone).    Of  these  the  most  noted  are  the 
two  called  Cleopatra's  Needles,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Alexandria. 
One  18  standing  erect  amid  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  city;   the 

B  uarel  rr*'  '^".'   ''^^'  '"^'^'-     ''^'""^  "^   '^^-^  -«»'t  feet 
square  at  the  base,  and  sixty-five  feet  high. 

17.  Pompey's^ar  is  a  granite  monoliih,  ninety  foet  high,  nine 

principal?     16.  Of  tho  ^X  ?     nr  nT     v''^r.  ^"^  ^'^'■"''^'      ^f  tho  two 
Of  l.„n^ »;.,_ T'"''^  ^     Two  rao.st  nt.to.l  ?     WImt  furHior  nf  tlwy,  y     1 7 


REGION 

feet    square    at 

the    base,     and 

eight  at  the  top. 

It  stands  among     =r^^ 

the  buried  ruins    -f^^^S 

of   palaces   and 

temples. 

18.  At  Thebes 
and    Den^derah 
are   remarkable 
ruins  of  ancient 
temples,         the 
walls  of  which 
are  covered  with 
sculptures     and 
bas-reliefs,    and 
with    numerous 
hieroglyphics. 
The      hierogly- 
phics were  lono- 
a  mystery;   but 
through  the  la- 
bors  of   Cham- 
pollion   and  of 

other     scholars  pompey's  pillar. 

they  have  been  partially  deciphered. 

10.  Thebo^  was  one  of  the  most  famous  cities  of  ancient  times.  It 
was  at  the  height  of  its  splendor  about  3500  years  ago.  Its  ruins 
con.pnse  va.st  temples,  with  colossal  statues  and  colonnades.  Thev 
are  near  the  small  villages  of  Karnak  and  Luxor 

20.  One  of  the  obelisks,  which  mlorned  the  entrance  to  the  temple 
.it  Luxor,  a  sol.d  shaft  of  syenite,  was  conveyed  to  Paris  in  1834  and 
ro-erected  there  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde  (;,/«/,..  HHah  kOng-kOrd^) 
^1.  Commeroe.-Oairo  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  inland  com- 
morco;  caravans  travel  hence  to  Nubia,  Abyssinia,  Darfur,  and 
rezzan.     Ihere  is  also  considerable  commerce  by  the  Kod  Sea. 

18.  What  is  unid  of  Tho!>o«  and 
lU'iioNf'     rSour  wh 
21.  Of  coiumorco? 


.)i,  1 . 


>-.     .  "~    ■    "■     ^iiviiv    mill     r)niiili>ruli  ?       f\f    ).:„_ i j.  • 

T!u.i.„.r     Xonrwhat?      20.  What  i«  «aid  «f  one  .('  tlui'obdS       ' 


19.  Of 
B  Hour  Luxor  7* 


404 


AFRICA. 


-.  The  Nile  has  several  mouths,  all  of  which,  except  those  ot 
Kosetta  and  Damietta,  are  obstructed  with  sand.  A  railroad  extends 
from  Alexandria  to  Suez  through  Cairo,  and  also  from  Cairo  to 
Benisouef  [ben-e-swef).  ^ 

23.  Government.-After  having  undergone  many,  changes  of 
government,  Egynt  was  wrested  from  the  power  of  France  by  the 
British  in  1801,  and  became  a  part  of  the  Turkish  Empi-e  In  1811 
Mehemet  Ali  [may-han^et  ah^e),  a  Turkish  soldier  of  fortune  ren' 
dered  himself  independent  of  Turkey.  His  government  was'  able 
and  judicious;  he  made  extensive  conquests,  and  caused  his  author- 
ity to  be  respected.  He  also  did  much  to  civilize  Egypt  by  the 
introduction  of  improvements  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  and  by  the 
establishment  of  a  good  system  of  schools.  In  1841,  Egypt  again 
became  tributary  to  Turkey. 

24.  Religion  -Since  the  conquest  ot  Egypt  by  the  Saracens,  Mo- 
hammedanism  has  been  the  prevailing  creed.  The  Copts  are  nomi- 
«ally  Christians;  they  are  few  in  number.  AH  religions  are  tolerated 


'-^-j- 


nvERf  LOW  OF  THt   NILE-SUEZ  RAILHOAD. 


.f  Mows:;;';'" ",.;'.''i!':n^;,',:';  "•"""•^"^  ^'»-  »>  "-«-cr„„e„t?  wta. 


I 


1. 


REGION  OF  THE   NILE. 


NUBIA. 
e!:t™  !°.?.^.!!!°*-''"'^'»>/':-^'--^  -g-  lying 


Aiea  ozCOOO  square  miles,-a  little  exceeding  that  of  Norway  and 
Sweden.     It  has  belonged  to  Egypt  since  1821. 

2.  Natural  reature8.-7^*>er,  d:^c.-The  Nile  flows  through  its 
entire  length.  A  large  portion  of  the  surface  is  de.ert.  The  area 
under  cultivation  is  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  and  is  about  two  miles 
wide       The  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  twelve  in  number,  are  chiefly 

::£' of  nI:  ^'^"^'  ^'^  ""'^^'"^  *'^^"^^  "^-^^  '^^  -^«i' 

of  E.vn/'  Z^  ^i'-«^--The  soil  and  products  are  like  those 
ot  J^gypt.     The  climate,  from  January  to  April,  is  extren.ely  hot 
llie  ramy  season  lasts  from  June  to  December. 
4.  Population.-The  people  are  handsome,  bold,  and  frank,  and 

f  ^rnLnT^'T  *^^°  *^'''  ^^  **^"  •'^^J''^^^"^  countries.     They  num- 
ber oOO  000,  and  are  chiefly  Mohammedans.     The  Nubians  import 
slaves  from  the  interior  of  Africa,  and  sell  them  to  the  Egyptians 
Khar  W  and  Shcn%,  on  the  Nile,  are  the  principal  slave-markets' 
P      Chief  Towns.-Dongola  (dong^go-lah)  was  formerly  the  capital 
ot  a  Christian  kingdom.     Suakcm  {soo-aVkem),  on  the  Red  Sea  is 
the  seaport  of  Nubia.     Pilgrims  from  the  interior  sail  from  this 
port  to  Arabia.     Khartoom  is  an  Egyptian  military  post,  as  well  as 
an  important  city;  its  trade  is  extensive,  and  several  European  mer- 
chants reside  there. 

The  remains  of  the  ancient  temples  at  Ebsambul  [eh-sam-hooV] 
are  grand  and  imposing.  Tlio  statues  of  the  Egyptian  kings,  if  in  a 
standing  position,  would  bo  from  GO  to  70  feet  high. 

ABYSSINIA. 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Abyssinia  lies  south  of  Nubia.    Area, 
about  280,000  square  miles,— a  little  exceeding  that  of  Austria. 

itl^ohmirVKirv'nrn''^  Length  nn.lbmHlth  ?  ArcaJ  To  whom  does 
,  ''?'"">?  ^  ,  2.  River?  Of  the  cullivato.l  part  ?  Of  tlio  cataracts  of  the  Nile  ? 
;!..No,l  amlcbmatc?     4.   Of  the  people?     Number?      Religion?     Of!!ii;'!» 

^unssiNiA. — 1.  Where  le  Abyssinia?    Arou? 


406 


AFRICA. 


2    Natural   Features.-The    surface   is   an   elevated  plateau 
w  th  many  fertile  valleys,  drained  by  numerous  rivers,  of  whi  tthe 
Blue  N.le  and  Atbara  are  the  principal.     In  the  southwes    thesur 

fJll.'^'n''''^  C^^ma^e.-The  soil,  especially  in  the  valleys,  is 
fertile  Owmg  to  the  elevation  of.  Abyssinia,  it  has  a  cooler  Ind 
more  healthy  climate  than  either  Nubia  or  Egypt. 

4.  Products—Wheat,  barley,  corn,  millet;  and  tefr(a  small  fari- 
naceous  gram)  are  produced.     Coffee   and  cotton  are  indigenou 
Rock  salt  as  abundant;  some  gold  is  found.     Tanned  skins,  common 
pottery  and  coarse  cloths  are  manufactured.     In  Shoa,  cakes  oflu 
are  used  as  money.  ^" 

.  "^^  5.  Animals— The  principal 

wild  animals  are  the  lion,  ele- 
phant, hippopotamus,  buffalo,  two- 
horned  rhinoceros,  hyena,  leopard, 
and  antelope.  The  boa  sometimes 
grows  to  the  length  of  20  feet. 
Crocodiles  infest  the  rivers.  The 
ravages  of  the  locust  are  terrible. 
Domestic  animals  abound. 

6.  Population.  — The  popula- 
tion, consisting  of  a  mixed  race, 
number  3,000,000.  They  are  of 
a  nut-brown  complexion,  with 
regular  features,  and  have  some 
claims  to  civilization,  but  are  bar- 
barous and  licentious.  Thebrinde 
feast— said  to  be  still  of  frequent 
occurrence  — consists    in    cuttin" 

7    rhior  T^  rn,  .  ^  ^^'^™  ^''^'^^  y^^  quivering. 

7.  Chief  Towns.-The  capital  is  Gondar.     It  was  once  a  nonu 
bus  cty,  but  ha^^tly^leclined.__An^ab^ 

f„„o»9     ^   ,>;■  V.      .  '*'„•      :>•  I  opiilaMon  ?     What  of  tho  nnnnln  !»     nr  ♦»,„  1.^^-1-- 
»-«»v.     ..viv.unuarr     Aiaaio  nnd  Axuni  ?     Seaport  ?'"" ' 


WESTERN   AFRICA. 


407 


Biderable  towns.     Massuah,  the  chief  seannrf   >.« 

With  Arabia  and  Eg,„t.    U  be.„„g.t  reTl'"  ""''  """"^'''' 

™o„a"r:"r;„-t^x'^  brb':;!'""^  r-"  .^■'  ""-'"'• 

invasion  of  the  Galla  trib.,    in?      {  ^f**  '""'""'™°"""1  the 
..ate,  governed  b^tde^'ireb.Vs'""'  '""'•'  "''  "'"  ^ 

..ndsitr:;eTb?e:v:drs:bL;i7^'''^ 

yupper  are  administered.     There  are  ako'  Mb"        .""'^  ""^  ^''■•'''» 

inere  are  also  Mohammedans  and  Jews. 

KORDOFAN   AND   DARFUR 

««ptft:rb^:n\tror/::frr;''---»f'^"'''-  ^'"'^"- 

by  the  Pasha  of  Egypr  to  whl  I t-  nT  ™'  "'""'>™'^'»  '"  J821 
dofan,  400,000,  of^arf^riS  000  ^'-    I""?"'-'™"  "f  Kor- 

4i:td  ar„T;.ii:,ir  ■  ''"^  -"•» »-  ^-  »^ 
w  "r'n^rtrri^^dTtiTnt'tor  ^'""-^  ™^-"-^  '- 

3.  Tendelty  is  the  capital  of  Darfur.    Cob^be  is  a  dpnnf  fn     i 

t  ;tetror  ot:  r ?-"^^^^^^^^^^ 

plorer  Dr.  Krapf  "^        ^'^  ^""""^^  ^^  ^^^^  distinguished  ex- 


WESTERx\  AFRICA. 


Questions  on  Mao  No  4n  ncr^^*. 

-  western  A_,™^.^;.:;rrs™c:^-rrr 

l;;:^*^~^  "^=:jTSfi:«^-- w..,r, 

the  Galla  and  Onna  tribes  ^^  iiS'^^  v    !i  co^^  ?  ''  ""'  ''""'''     '^  ^' 


408 


AIRICA. 


Liberm,  and  Upper  and  Lower   Guinea.      Senegambta     B„„  ^ 
Senegambia.     What  cape  on  the  coast?     What  fh  "e  rf^rf  fl 
through  it  int^  the  Atlantic  Ocean?    Where  i,  Ti„booT  BlIrtT 

settlement?  Portuguese  settlement?  Sierra  Laone.-Bound  S ie    a 
Leone.     What  town  in  Sierra  Leone ?    What  colony' 

Bav  W*'~?T''  ^"'™''-     (*«^<'J'A'"-'t2.)     Where  is  Liberia 
Bay?    Cape  Palmas?    Cape  Mesurado?    What  two  rivers  rise   „ 
Kong  Mts.  and  flow  into  the  Atlantic?    Where  and  what  T  th! 
oap,ta.?    Where  is  Harper?    New  Georgia?    Buchanal?    Gre fn 
ville?    Ba^aCove?    ITpper  Guinea  (Jfap  JS'„.  40)._Bound  Dpper 

cr,'Tr  r^^n  "'""'  °"  ""=  """"  '    ^''^-  '^  «'™"  Coast  ?    Ivor; 
Coas  ?    Gold  Coast?    Cape  Coast  Castle?     Slave  Coast?    Ca  aZr 

Coas?B,ght  of  Benin?    Gulf  of  Guinea?   What  mountains  nth 
What  nvers  flow  into  the  Atlantic?    Where  is  the  State  of  Z 
an  ee?    Capital?    State  of  Dahomey?    Capital?    Stafeo  ylt: 
Where  18  Abeokuta ?     Benin?  ^iuruua. 

of  Bi.IT?''r?.^fT*^  ^'''''  ^"^"^^-  ^here  is  the  Bight 
tain^elsu  wh  /l^'  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^-*?  What  range  of  moun- 
tains east?    What  river  between  Upper  and  Lower  Guinea'?    On 

few?     What  other  rivers  in  Lower  Guinea  flow  into  the  Atlantic^ 
Where  IS  the  State  of  Biafra?    OfPongo?   Town  of  Gaboon  ?  Ml 

Capital?   StateofBenguela?  Capital?  Where  is  the  Gorilla  country?    jj 

L  Western  Africa  comprises  the  territory  on  the  west  coast  extend- 
ing from  the  Great  Desert  to  Nourse  [noors)  River,  nearly  4000  miles. 
2.  Its  principal  divisions  are  Senegambia,  Sierra  Leone  (le-o^ne) 
Liberia,  and  Upper  and  Lower  Guinea.  ^ 


SENEGAMBIA. 

1  Position  and  Extent.- Senegambia  lies  on  the  west  coat 
of  Africa,  south  of  Sahara.  It  is  about  850  miles  in  length,  an.l 
500  in  breadth.     Area,  380,000  square  miles,-noarly  equal  to  that 

Sm^rAlZ^^Twr^' ^"^^"^^^^^^  2.  Divisions' 

itr«lme?  ^^  "  Senegambia  ?     Length  and  breadth  ?    Area  ?     Of 


WESTERN   AFRICA. 


409 


,    ^  wnicn  gum  feenegal  is  noted.     Gold  nnrl 

pafaro  "CSf  "'"«  "  T*",  '"""•''^"'  P^''^  ''"*»-  the  prinei- 
pal  are  too  ta  Jallon',  Bambouk,  Handing,  and  Sooliniana     Th. 

people  comprise  Fou>ahs,  Mandingoes,  anf '  Jaloffr  The  L,f  h 
have  h,gh  and  marked  featnrea,  and  are  of  an  olive  complex  on 

groes.  they  excel  .n  horsemanship  and  in  the  use  of  arms-  some 

.-■'inlri'or  ''Trr-::'"^''""  ""'  ''™''°''''  '"'  «"'  "•'-f  towns  in 
t..o  interior.     The  latter  has  considerable  trade. 

ofthfch  '';%''"''?  f'he  Senegal  are  various  French  settlements, 
of  which  St  Louis  IS  the  principal.    Bathurst,  near  the  mouth  of  the 

-.bia,  IS  the  chief  British  settlement.    On  the  Kio  Grande  th 

■tiguese  have  several  trading  factories 

,  Jovernment  and  Religlon.-The  governments  are  desnotic 
monarchies,  except  in  Handing;   there  the  people  of  tl'e  ™riou 
towns  choose  their  own  rulers.     The  people  are  chiefly  pagans     bu 
there  are  many  Mohammedans.  .rpfcans,  uut 

J.st^!^^,t  ^''°''l"  \^''""''  ^■'"""^  "P™  the  Atlantic 
oast     outh  of  Senegambm.    Area,  44,500  square  miles.     It  was 

founded  in  1,87  by  British  philanthropists,  and  was  designed  " 
."ppress  the  dave^rade^d^UsoJ^^ron^he  eivili.afi™  oT 

»..d  Jaloir,  ?  NuXt  5.  Chief  lownaT's  ll  J'"  ^."".'"'L'  '  u  M-Ji-K"" 
•n  the  Rio  Grande?  7  GovernmZ?  "°!'l.™™"?  Bathur.t?  Wl„,t 
Whi.ro   i,  a;. T.L.,      .    """l?-"!"      Religion?      Siebha    Lcn»i.- _i 

Uowlnhabiled?"  "'"'"''     """"     *'"•'"  ^""•"^^i'  "'■<'  ("'  what  "purpo,.'; 


410 


AFRICA. 


tubes'    ^*  ''  ^°^^^^*^^  V  negroes  of  more  than  a  hundred  different 

2.  The  climate  is  unhealthy  for  Europeans.     Sugar,  coffee,  corn 
nee,  dates,  pepper,  indigo,  ground-nuts,  lemons,  oranges,  and  oth"; 

1X1      ^'^'  '"  '"'""'•     ^^-^^-^^«  quantities 'of  palm  oil 

3.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  G0,000,  consisting  of  liberated 
Afncans  taken   from  captured  slave-ships,  and  natifes  who  hlv 
never  been  enslaved.    There  are  only  about  a  hundred  whites,  chtfly 
government  officers  and  merchants.  ' 

4.  The  capital  Freetown,  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sierra  Leone 
K,veP  s,z  m.les  from  the  sea,  and  has  some  fine  public  bnildinr 

to  the  British  government.  ^ 

5.  Many  of  the  negroes  are  pagans;  but  the  whites  and  those 
natives  taught  in  the  schools  are  Protestants. 

1.  LIBERIA,  an  independent  republic,  was  established  in  1821 
by  the  Amencan  Colonization  Society,  as  e  colony  for  free  negroes  and 
emancipated  slaves  from  the  United  States.  The  population  ha 
been  largely  increased  by  accessions  from  neighboring  tribes  who 
have  sought  the  protection  of  the  Liberian  government  The  toH- 
tory  extends  along  the  coast  from  the  Gallinas  (gahl-le^nas)  Kiver 
o  the  San  Pedro  420  miles,  and  from  40  to  50  miles  inland.  ^  A 
oU,UUO  square  miles. 

Ja  ^n'  f ""?.  '\^^"  *^"*  '^  ^''''^  ^^°"«-  The  country  rises 
gradually  from  the  shore  to  the  interior.  Coffee  is  cultivatedf  The 
soil  IS  well  suited  to  the  growth  of  cotton  and  sugar-cane;  the  other 
products  are  like  those  of  Sierra  Leone. 

JlJ!"' tT!T'' •'''''"'"'"  '^  '"^""^  ^^'^^^  ««^«"J«t«  ^"d  00,000 
natives.     The  tribes  m  the  interior,  with  whom  the  government  hu. 

entered  into  treaty,  and  whom  to  some  extent  it  contro.^  include  a 
population  of  not  less  than  200,000. 

4.  Mon-ovia  is  the  capital.    It  has  a  good  harbor  and  considerable 
commerce.     There  are  a  court-house,  public  library,  and  several 

ccfkTrf  kpuS"^^Aow  go^^S"^"/  R^,v^'n  T  '""^  p^p"^^^'"" 

of  Liberia?    Where  is  if  ?     A  £!?     on,-    ^  ^ehg,.,n  ?     Liberia.— 1.  Wh.it 


WESTERN   AFRICA. 


411 


churches  and  schools.  Harper,  New  Georgia,  Buchanan.  Greenville 
and  Bassa  Cove  kre  small  towns,  chiefly  on  the  coast. 

Jo^  Vu  7.'^^  *^'  '"''''""*  ^*'  *^^  Colonization  Society,  Liberia 
to  1  f  Tr  i"  '"^^P^^^-*  -P^Wic,  with  a  constitutio;  sZua. 
to  that  of  the  Umted  States.     Since  then  she  has  maintained  her 

prt>l  p'ower^'^'"'^"^^  ''  ^^'^^^^  ''  -^--^^^^^^  ^^  the 

testJf^pM-'^'  natives  are  idolaters;  but  the  colonists  are  Pro- 
testant Chnstmns,  and  the  surrounding  tribes  are  fast  bein^Ym- 
proved  by  the  power  of  Christianity.  " 


GUINEA. 

prises  the  extens  ve  eoast-reg.on  extending  along  the  Atlantic  from 

3000  m.le  ,  with  an  average  breadth  of  200  miles.    Area,  500  000 
square  miles.     Population,  10,000,000.  ^w.mu 

^\T^^  '^^^'^^  '"''■"des  the  territory  along  the  Atlantic 
coast  from  Senegambia  to  Biafra.    It  comprises  the^^  „  W 
Gold,  and  Sla,^  Coasts;  also  the  kingdoms  of  Ashantee',  MonZ; 
(daHo'»„j,  ,  Yoru'ba,  Benin  (fe„W),  and  others  of  leL  note     "^ 

2   The  soil  IS  m  general  fertile.    The  chief  products  are  tropical 
fruits,  cotton,  indigo,  palm-oil,  yams,  rice,  and  Indian  corn.    Cy 

wlitfs      ""  ''''""'^'    ^'''  """"'"'  "'""S  """  "°''^'  ''  "nhealthyZ 

the  Gulf  of  Guinea.     The  country  rises  gradually  throughout  its 
whole  extent  to  the  Kong  Mountains,  on  the  north 

een^„?aTs:rCrrorLLrr  '"^  "'"^''  '"''  '-""-  ">» 
paf  arutl'lf^Lt"'  ''''""'  *°'"  '""  ""'''■    ^™?  «  *«  P"-"" 


ITnvor  "mH--  4-  1    5    o    "     _  population  (<      Uppeu  Guixra l    Wl,..t    .1,.^, 

auinca?     Surface?     1.  Grain  Coa/r 5.  W^^  3.  Of  the  Gulf  of 


412 


AFRICA. 


6.  The  Gold  Coast  extends  from  the  eastern  boundary  of  th« 
Ivory  Coast,  east,  300  miles.    Gold  is  found  Jn  largo  qua^Iitie^  t 

and.     There  are  several  European  forts  and  factories!  foudd  Z 
the   purpose  of  trading  with  the  natives.     Of  these    Cape  Co' 
Castile  ,s  the  principal   British   factory;   Elmina  belongs'  to  I^ 

7.  The  Slave  Coast  occupies  the  remainder  of  Upper  Guinea  as 
far  as  Yoruba.      It  extends  along  the  Gulf  of  Gui^aea  220  miles 
Here  the  slave-trade  has  been  more  largely  carried  on  than  elsewhere.' 

8.   ASHANTEE  is  the  largest 

kingdom  in  Guinea.     It  lies  between 

the  Kong  Mountains  and  the  sea-coast. 

The  manufactures  comprise  gold  orna- 

^  ments,  earthenware,  cotton  goods,  and 

i^  ivory. 

9.  The  inhabitants  are  negroes. 
They  have  some  knowledge  of  the 
arts,  but  are  cruel  and  barbarous.  On 
great  public  occasions,  thousands  of 
slaves  are  put  to  death  in  the  most  in- 
human manner.  Nowhere  else,  ex- 
cept in  Dahomey,  is  human  life  so 
little  valued  as  in  Ashantee.  Popu- 
lation, about  3,000,000.  Coomas^sie  is 
the  capital. 

10.  The  government  of  Ashantee  is 
despotic:  the  people  are  pagans,  with 
ASHANTEE  a  fcw  Mohammcdans  in  the  capital. 

11  DAHOMEY  lies  east  of  Ashantee.  The  climate  is  more 
salubrious  than  that  of  other  parts  of  Upper  Guinea.  The  scenery 
IS  picturesque.  v^ucij 

12  The  people  are  ferocious  and  warlike,  and  as  cruel  as  the 
Ashantees  They  number  about  200,000.  Upon  the  death  of  the 
king,  or  of  any  ofJh^royaUamily,  thousands  of  human  beings  are 

9.  oAhc  ':ZLVrV,::iJ;^r^^        ^^^^^-^--^ 

Government  and  relig  onT  DAnoMFv      UoL  ^>."P"'"*r"  "o  i^*^'"*^'  '^     ^^• 
What  i.  «aid  to  occu?on  grcatTcSnT^'c^U^fr'^^'    ''•  ^^ ^''^P^P^^^ 


WESTERN   AFRICA.  4^3 

pagan.     A  portion  of  the  armv  of  T)l  ^'.    ^^  ""^^'^lon  is 

the  n„„W  ^„f  6000  „.  SO^oTZ;?;::^;! e^C  "'  ^'™^"'  '" 

Gulf  of  Guinpn      TK.-D-  i,x      -r^  iMger  flows  into  the 

15.   Abeokuta  (ahb-e^koo'tah),  the  chief  town  nf  v      .,      •      . 
recent  foundation,  and  i,  .ni,l  d\   lu   T  Yo™ba,  is  of 

world.    America,^  and  BriH  h  •     "    "■'«'"'  ""=«"•  *°™  '»  "-o 

the  capital  omnl  --"nanes  reside  there.     Benin  is 

nuLorXst!^:i^t;;:I?:Lerke'tt' of  h^^r'T 

god  of  his  people,  and  an  object  of  serl  worship.'  "'  "  '"' 

LOWER  GUINEA. 

tains.     The  sea-coast  is  mU^^  k  •  '-^^JStal  and  Mocambe  Moun- 

2    Tha  ,  . .  .  .  ^^  navigators  -  The  Coast." 

an.  called  Conlo.     i^;Z^S;J^^Z:^r^Ztt 

^ucts?     uiunate?    4.  Governments,  Ac  ?""       "^  """"" '^''°^^'®''«*^?     3.  Pro- 

35* 


414 


AFRICA. 


,ri 


5. 


p  \  ^u^^^^  '"  ''' '™'''"  '^^^g^on^'  extending  from  the  Bight  of  Bii- 
fra  to  the  Crystal  Mountains.    Hardly  any  thing  in  kno.n'lutt 

Th!"  p^^^^^.^^*«"^«  «°  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Biafra  to  Loango 
The  Gaboon  River  passes  through  it.  Gaboon,  a  small  French  se" 
tlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  was  established  in  1845 

3    Between  the  years  1856  and  1859,  M.  du  Chaillu  ascended  the 
Gaboon  Ru^r,  and  explored  the  interior  for  some  distance      11 
tl  e  gon  la,  the  largest  of  the  ape  species,  abounds.     The  Fans  and 

^::^r'' '"'  ^^"""^-  ''-^ '-'  -  ^-^^'^  ^^  «^M 

4.  LOANGO  lies  south  of  Pongo.     Its  capital  is  Loango  on  the 
Bay  of  Loango.     The  inhabitants,  called  Bramas,  are  negr!  ^  of 
darkest  color ;  they  are  very  superstitious.  ^ 

CONGO.  ANGOLA,  and  BENGUELA   extend  800  miles 

along  the  coast,  from  Congo 
River  to  the  Nourse.  The 
Mocambe  Mountains,  about 
500  miles  from  the  coast, 
form  the  eastern  boundary. 
Population  unknown. 

0.    The    Congo    is    the 
largest  river;  other  rivers 
are   the   Ambriz   and  Co- 
anza.     Inland   the    coun- 
try is  almost  entirely  cov- 
ered by  a  vast  forest.    The 
elephant,  rhinoceros,  lion, 
and   other   aninjals    roam 
7    Tu        J.      •      .  through  the  interior 

7^  Ihese  to,T.tor,o,  (ConKc  A„k„I„.  „„,1  li,.„s„,.|„)  |,„ve  l,olo„.c,l 
..■Portugal  «,„ce  tho  <.l„,oof  ,l,„  ««„„„„,  e„„,,„y.'  riJtZ.t 
.    t  pr,„por„u,  ,„„|  „„„,,,v  „ll  ,ho  native,  Woa,,,^  Chns,  „",    ,, 
"-  I-valenco  oUh,,  .lHve....a..,.^  „^,„e  „„„„,„„„„,  „";■,„;,■;;: 

I.  Binf,-,,?    2.  I>or.Ko?    3.  What  „f  D„  (JI,„iM„  ?    .,    i , 

'  "n;;ti,    .llli-iil.i.  fliiii    Ki.iiiri...I,.  /       11      u: ^       .....        : ■^^^■^ 


AHUCAN   LION. 


What 


H'-iiU  ami  HfiiKucia?     «.  lUvers? 


iM  Buiii  of  the.s()  k'rrit 


orios  ? 


.,  Wh:it  of 

^l  the  lutorior?     Aiiimala?     7. 


SOUTHERN   AFRICA.  4^5 

condition  is  unknown  ^nnaDitants.      Its  present 

nf  \h„  ^    ri";  °^  ""'"'  "°'°"'™  "'•''  "«»"y  »"  -egroes.    They  are 
of  the  darkest  hue,  and  are  regarded  a,,  the  J,t  indolenfand 

CoT;'ef  '""'  "^-    ^'""'''  *"  ^'--  ^™™  "-  -gion  arTcared 

12.  These  colonies  are  the  remains  of  the  vast  Pvfpnf  ^p         .  j- 
covered  i„  the  year  1487,  a,..l  eiaiu.ed  bv  tl  Ir      "l  exT    -     " 
from  the  Great  Desert  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Ilcpe      '        '  ^"' 


SOUTHERN   AFRICA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  40,  Southern  AMca.-Name  the  eoun- 
tries  ,„c  uded  ■„  Southern  Africa.  An..  Co„nfr,  «f  m,  XlZ" 
«,;,.«,,^V,  Caffn,ri..  Nalal,  Oran.j.  lliver  Free  Lc,  r™  T  ti 
Ue,„M,cC.,,n,r^^'  Mo  Zool,,,.  ,„^  a.e  region  „U;M,;  to  9  ZZi 
7  i"""f-^  Whore  is  the  country  „f  ,h„  H„t,ont„ti^  wZ'Z 
the  hlate  ol  Cape  Ceh.ny?  What  eapes  south?  WIuto  is  Tah , 
Bay?    StlWcnaBay?  What  river  in  the  nur.h?  What     o    „! 

Whcreis  the  district  of  CalTrariaf     N'„(al?    (Van,.,.  Kiver  Free 

mT    ,   r:  rn  ""'^"''''"'    ='"■""  '■""■"^V?    Be,.hr,„na       „[ 
""■"'"I"'    "" 'M    »ah,nda?  Where  is  Lake  NV,„„i,    v  .1  ".l 

U.  Of  th«  people?     12.  Of  tlu.Hc  iN.r.nLluo.JcoIi.nL?     ^'"'^'  '^^  Ren^jneln? 


416 


AFRICA. 


iiliiiBtt 


Where  is  the  Zambezi  River?     Zouga  River?     Congo  River?     The 
Kalihari  Desert? 

1.  Southern  Africa  includes  the  Hottentot  country,  Cape  Colony, 
CafFraria,  Natal  {nah-tahV),  the  Orange  River  Free  State,  the  Trans 
Vaal  (vah'l)  Republic,  and  the  country  of  the  Zoolus;  also  the  ex- 
tensive region  in  the  interior  explored  by  Dr.  Livingstone,  as  far 
north  as  9  degrees  south  latitude. 

This  latter  division  includes  the  countries  of  the  Bechuanas,  Mako- 
lolos,  Balondas,  and  other  tribes.     Area,   1,850,000  square  miles 
P()[Milation,  10,000,000. 

1.  The  HOTTENTOT  COUNTRY,  on  the  west  coast  of  South- 
em  Africa,  is  inhabited  by  the  Damaras,  Namaquas,  Corannas,  and 
Griquas  {gre^kviaz). 

2.  They  are  a  low  and  brutish  race,  generally  inoffensive,  but 
filthy  in  person  and  habits.  Protestant  missionaries  reside  amoni- 
these  tribes,  and  have  in  a  measure  improved  them. 

3.  The  Bushmen,  or  wild  Hottentots,  are  found  near  the  Orange 
River.  They  go  almost  naked,  and  take  refuge  in  caves  or  holes  in 
the  ground.  In  war  and  the  chase  they  use  poisoned  arrows.  In 
order  to  approach  and  destroy  the  ostrich,  they  disguise  themselves 
in  imitation  of  that  bird. 

4.  The  Griquas  are  a  half-breed  race,  being  the  offspring  of  Dutch 
men  and  Hottentot  women. 

5.  The  Hottentots  live  in  villages  called  kraals,  arranged  in  the 
form  of  a  semicircle.  The  huts  are  shaped  like  bee-hives.  Tiiose 
who  live  in  the  colony  are  employed  as  servants,  and  are  honest 
and  faithful.  Their  speech  is  a  jargon,  of  which  Dutch  is  tho  chief 
clement. 

1.  CAPE  COLONY  is  an  oxtensivo  territory,  belonging  titdrmt 
Britain,  forming  the  southern  extremity  of  Africa.  Its  greatest 
length  is  about  000  miles,  ami  its  greatest  breadth  400  miles.  Area, 
liOO.OOO  s(juare  miles,— equal  to  that  of  Franco.  It  was  colonized 
by  the  Dutch  in  1050,  and  conipicred  by  tho  British  in  180G. 

2.  The  Snow  Mountains  tniverso  tiio  territory  from  west  to  oast; 

S()iTiti;nN  Afuica.— I.  Wluit  doi-s  it  include?     Hottkntot  CorNTnv t. 

Ot'tlio  llottcni  it  eonntry?    L'.  Of  tlie  people?    ;?.  Tho  Uii.«limen?     I.  (Iriiiiins  ? 

" '■■  '*"  "    "    '"    -^    '-  "         °       "  •    ■■         "m-V:   <'«?(>NV. 1.   Ti,  Wliniii  dovT 

Aren?     Wlirn 
llivors  ? 


.1.  y 


f).  How  do  (ho  Hottentots  Itvo? 

Onj.o  Colony  holonK?     Wiiere  is  it'?      Length  iind  Imixllli? 

ooloniaod,  Ao.  ?     2.  Mountains?     Surface?     Table  Mountiiin  ? 


Di 


, 


SOUTHERN   AFRICA. 


417 


he,r  loftiest  peak,  arc  10,000  feet  high.    Tho  country  rise,  in  ter- 
races  or  rlateaus  from  the  coast  to  the  base  of  the  Snow  MoUtait 

th    sea     Tt'o""  """1''''""'  °"  *'=  "'"'"'  ™-  3«0«  f-Tlve 
porlant  ™"°"  "  ""  P^'^'P"'  "™^'  *'-  ""-s  are  uni^! 

.niAr?" /'"""*"  '"  ""■P"''"*''  '""'  '"^"'*y'  t»'  "«  changes  are 
udden;  there  aro  occasionally  great  dronghts.     The  soil  is  fer.iir 

want  o^  Z:  ""'  '■"'"■^""^  "^'''-y^'  'y  '"^  --'-ed  heat  ^J 

4.  Enropean  grains  and  fruits  areproduced.  A  sweetwine  called 
Constants,  ,s  ,„ado  upon  two  farms  near  Table  M„„n  „T  It  ",„ 
a^Z  "t1     "  ,«'":?■"'•-%'■"■  the  imported  Merino  1  Led 

;:ndZrti.  '"^^z^z^t-'  -^  -"^^ '-  '"^^^  '-^^  -^ 

tent;""  ^:';""'''"^  "^^  "'""^-  ^-S'-^".  C»ff-»  (W-^).  Hot, 

Malays;   they 

number  about 

200,000.    The 

farmers     or 

Boers   (Dutch 

for  farmers) 
are  called,  ac- 
cord ing  to 
their  particu- 
lar occupa- 
tion, Cattle, 
(irain.orWi:  e 
Boers. 

(>'  Cape 
Town,  t  h  e  -X' 
capital,  is  on 
Table  Bay, 
ntid  is  strong- 
ly fortified.  It 
in  an  important  ntopping-place  for  vessels  sailing  to  and  from  India. 


Cape  town-table  mountain. 


fif    u'f'f"**?f*?r   ^"''^    -i- i'rodiictH?  Win 


What  called  ?     fl.  Of 


Capo  Town  ? 


0?    Of^heop?    5.  Ofthoinliahitant^ 


418 


AFRICA. 


7.  The  religion  is  chiefly  Protestant.  There  are  a  few  Roman 
Catholics.  The  Malays,  who  were  formerly  slaves,  are  Moham- 
medans. 

8.  CAFFRARIA,  the  original  seat  of  the  Caffres,  was  once  a 
large  territory.  It  is  now  limited  to  a  small  district  east  of  Cape 
Colony,  and  extends  about  100  miles  along  the  coast. 

9.  The  inhabitants,  called  Caffres,  are  an  athletic,  vigorous  people, 
of  a  deep  brown  color,  and  with  frizzled  but  not  woolly  hair.  The 
men  engage  in  war  and  hunting,  while  the  women  till  the  soil  and 
build  huts. 

10.  NATAL,  a  British  colony,  on  the  southeast  coast,  was  settled 
in  1845,  and  is  a  dependency  of  the  Cape  Colony  Government.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  Boers  from  the  Cape.  They  are  sober, 
industrious,  and  hospitable. 

11.  ORANGE  RIVER  FREE  STATE  lies  between  the  two 
head  branches  of  the  Orange  River,  and  west  of  Natal  and  Caff-raria, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Draakberg  Mountains.  The  «ieo- 
ple,  who  are  principally  Bechuanas  and  Dutch  Boers,  declared  their 
independence  of  Cape  Colony  in  1854. 

12.  TRANS  VAAL  REPUBLIC  lies  narth  of  Orange  Rivor 
Free  State  and  west  of  the  Zoolu  country.  Like  Natal,  it  is  inhabited 
chiefly  by  Boers.  Their  independence  has  lately  been  acknowledged 
by  Great  Britain. 

13.  ZOOLU  COUNTRY  lies  n,)rth  of  Natal,  and  is  a  part  of 
the  old  tiuTitory  of  Caffraria.  The  Zoolus  are  the  independent  Caf- 
fres.    They  are,  according  to  Dr.  Livingstone,  honest  and  peaceable. 

14.  BECHUANA  {hef-cJwo-ah'nah)  COUNTRY  lies  west  of 
Orange  River  Free  State  and  Trans  Vaal  Republic.  In  the  western 
part  18  the  desert  of  Kalihari.  The  people  are  similar  in  appear 
ance  and  customs  to  the  Caffres,  but  more  civilized.  Many  live  in 
towns,  and  cultivate  the  earth. 

Lake  Nga^mi,  in  the  central  part,  is  a  fresh-water  lake,  about 

i/n?'^\'"'""  ^  ,;^  '^^'J*  "*"  ^'•^"'■•''"a?  J».  Of  tho  inhabitants?  10.  Of  Natnl? 
11.  Of  OmnKo  Hivor  I  roo  St.itc?  12.  01  Trans  Vaal  lUpul.lio?  i:J.  Zoolu 
^. .     i„   .«  .,j.:; -.vatiiTj  ;     Ui  tsiu  jjcopio  r     ui  Lake  Isgiuui  r 


EASTERN   AFRICA. 


419 


z "  tT„t:™r  '""'^ ""''"  '"^'  '■■^" ' '"  '"^  -»"'-''- 

15.  North  of  Bechuana  country  lies  the  extensive  region  reachinr- 
to  about  9  degrees  south  latitude,  whieh  has  been  broufht  i'no  ntief 
by  Dr^L,v„,gstone.    It  includes  the  countries  of  the  Makololo  bT 

cLnel     lI'Jn    "".'f  "'""'''•  '■>">  Mozambique  («,o-e™.LjI-.) 
l-nannei.    Lake  Nyassi,  discovered  bv  Livinastone  in  ISW  i.  i„  .j 
northeastern  part  of  this  territory.     '  ^  ' " '" "" 


EASTERN  AFRICA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  40,  Eastern  Africa.-Namo  the  coun 
tnes  included  ,n  Ka.,tern  Africa.     An,.  6-„„„.y  of  tte^V  ,,<,,"" 
^a,y,utaraud  Mo,aM!,ue.     Where  is  the  country  of    he  So' 
..mu hcs?    AVhat  gulf  north  ?    Ocean  east  ?    Countries  le"  ?    Sti  a  t" 
north      Ca,,es  east?    In  what  part  is  the  district  of  Adel?    A^n 
Magadoxo !    Name  the  towns  on  the  coast.     Where  is  Hur rurf 

Where  ,s  the  State  of  Zanguebar?    What  mountains  west      Wl,..t 
h  CO  islands  near  thecoast?  What  river,  flow  into  the  Indian  Ocean 
What  and  where  is  the  capital?     What  are  the  people  cal"l  w  o 
hve  near  the  coast?    Ans.  &,™;„7fe.    Bound  Mozambique    wl^ 

r     '^'■•'r!;M"-»W<l-  "nd  Madagascar  Island?     W  hat  Tan 
onthecoast?VV   at  rivers  flow  through  Mozambique  intoM.zTm- 
b.que  Channel?    What  „n,l  where  is  the  capital?    Name  three  toZ 
Jn  the  coast.    AVherc  is  Sena ?     Tete?  i- tniee  towns 

tlie'li!nro./'T'  ^"'r'™^"'"  "•S"'"  I.vinK  "long  the  coast  „t 
oliul  an  Ocean  from  Abyssinia  to  the  Zoolu  country,  extemli,,. 

..m  miles  in  length,  and  inland  to  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  ^ 
It  includes  the  country  of  the  Somaulies,  Zanguebar  and  Mo. 

liambiqne.     Area  .WO.OOO  square  miles. 

«„^'7'"'i"'i'r''''"""'.".","'''"''™"™'"'»''''"^   the  S,.maulies,  Arabs 
«»<1  Siiwahill.es  are  Mohammedans;  the  Portuguese  of  Mozanibiq,,; 

n   lift     .     _     '     ."•      '•  "  "ti'  uoo.i  j'iiisti'rn  Atrma /•nmiirioo  v      vv>- -■'  -         •   ■ 
2.  naat  or  the  inhabitunts?     Populution?    "'      ""^P^—      >^  "^t  couiuriesr 


420 


AFRICA. 


are  Christians ;  the  negroes  and  Gallas  of  the  interior  are  pas-ins. 
Ihe  population  is  estimated  at  oOO,000.  f  ^    =. 

3    The  soil  in  the  river-valleys  is  fertile;  the  climate  is  hot,  and 
unhealthy  for  whites.      The  chief  articles  produced,  and,  to  some 
extent,  exported,  are   myrrh,  frankincense,    various   gums    coffee 
ostrich-feathers,  gold-dust,  and  ivory. 

4.  The    COUNTRV  THE    SOMAULIES    comprises 
various  districts,  of  whic-       .e  is  known.     A  portion  of  the  inte- 
rior IS  occupied  by  the  Gallas.     The  Somaulies  are  a  mixed  race 
with  bright  olive  complexion,  oval  features,  and  straight  hair 

5.  Adel  is  the  northernmost  district.     It  is  a  marshy  countrv 
abounding  in   cattle.     The  commerce  is  chiefly  with  Arabia  and 
India.     Zeyla  (zai/^lah),  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  is  a  small  town   be- 
longing to  the  Pacha  of  Egypt.     Bei-bera  is  a  depot  for  caravins 
Ajan  IS  known  to  us  only  by  report,  and  has  no  g(,od  har])or 

6    Hurrur  is  in  the  interior,  200  miles  from  the  coast.     The  peonle 
ot  this  district  have  a  metallic  currency  of  rude  coinage.     Its  chief 
town  ,s  llurrur.     Magadoxo  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Haines  River 
and  IS  subject  to  Zanzibar.     Magadoxo,  the  chief  town,  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  one  of  which  consists  of  tombs. 

7.  ZANGUEBAR  lios  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  extends  from 
the  coast  to  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon. 

8.  The  rivers  are  numerous,  but  of  moderate  length.  The  moun- 
tain-peaks  of  Kenia  and  Kilimanjan/  have  been  recently  discovered 
Ihey  are  about  20,000  feet  high,  and  their  summits  are  perpetuallv 
snow-capped.  The  interior  is  little  known.  The  population  consist; 
of  negroes,  divided  into  various  tribes,  who  are  frequently  at  war 
with  each  otiier.  *^ 

9.  The  inhabitants  of  the  coast  districts  are  Arabs  and  Suwa- 
h.Ilies.  The  latter  are  similar  to  the  Somaulies,  but  are  of  darker 
complexion  The  Arabs  are  the  principal  traders.  Both  races  are 
Moliainmcdans. 

10.  The  coast  districts  once  belonged  to  Portugal,  but  are  now 
governed  by  thc^tan  of  Zanzibar,  an  Arab  prince,  who  became 

of  tiicmv^  5^0f  Ad/l /'^'^T'f  p-  ?^*\^  Somaul^^^'hat  ..  .aid  further 
lo^^'^ZlA^S     ''"""'^'"^-     ^^^'^-"teriorv    9.  ,„,,Sitant..' 


a^re  pagans. 

is  hot,  ana 
id,  to  some 
ms,   coffee, 


comprises 
'f  the  inte- 
lixed  race, 
lair. 

y  country, 
rabia  and 

town,  be- 

caravans, 
or. 
'ho  people 

Its  chief 
les  River, 
is  divided 

nds  from 

he  monn- 
scovered. 
i'I)etualiy 
1  consistf" 
y  at  war 

id  Suwa- 
•f  darker 
•aces  are 


arc  n(tw 

K- 

became* 

m 

id  fiiifliur 

m 

agaduxo.'' 
abituntt^ ." 

W 

1 

EASTERN  AFRICA.  ^gl 

Cape  Delgado.  The  chief  wt  of  th,  \  "  2"^"  ^'^''"'  "> 
Melinda,  Mo.bas.  and  QuiW  T  .t  /J LTJ  IT'  '^"'°"' 
important,  •'  small,  but  were  onco 

11.  Zanzibar,  on  Zanzibar  Island,  i,  the  eanital      It  t 
eiderable  commerce  with  A, Ion   M     '    V    ,     P      '     "  has  con- 
England,  and  France  '  ""•  ^""""'^'  '''^  ^"^^  State,. 

islaf d  ^tCr^'lt'erV'-^T'^'''-  ^''»-.  oppose  the 
.laves,  go,d,  mfnn:a„dt;ratVprr°"^«°">"-    ^vor,. 

0.  a%"r"';^w:?:nti'""?";",  ""-■^  »*  '^^  -'-- 

01  decay.    The  other  prfip^rsctHcl??'     Vl  """  '"  "  ^""« 
W»'),  Sofala,  and  QuiHn  aTe  Lt     T''  T"  '"'"""'"'™  («'»-<"«• 

(.«.w„  and  Tete^.,":7itt:"::srcr"^^'-"''  «^- 


CITY  OF  MOZAMBIQUE. 


11.  Towns  on  the  coast?    Zan7ilinrV    lo  r».- n, 

36 


..,  oe^tjgjyj^jj^g     j 


I 

I 


422 


AFRICA. 


14.  Mozambique  is  a  Portuguese  colony;  but  beyond  the  imme- 
diate settlements  on  the  coast  the  Portuguese  possess  little  authority. 
It  is  all  that  is  left  to  Portugal  of  the  vast  territory  she  once  pos- 
sessed, stretching  from  Cape  Guardafui  {gwar-dah-fwe'')  to  the  Qaj^e 
of  Good  Hope,  more  than  4000  miles  in  extent.  The  negroes  are 
pagans,  except  in  and  around  the  towns,  where  some  have  become 
Roman  Catholics. 


! 


CENTRAL   AFRICA. 

Questions  on  Map  No.  40,  Central  Africa. — Name  the  coun- 
tries included  in  Central  Africa.  Ans.  Soudan  and  Ethiopia. 
Soudan. — Bound  Soudan.  What  great  river  in  the  west  and  cen- 
tral part?  Rivers  in  the  east  ?  What  mountains  in  Soudan  ?  Has 
Soudan  any  sea-coast?  What  three  lakes?  Where  in  Soudan  is 
the  State  of  Kaarta?  Its  capital?  State  of  Bambarra?  Its  capital? 
Timbuctoo?  Its  capital?  Kong?  Borgoo?  Houssa?  Its  capital? 
Bornou?  Its  capital?   Begharmi?  Its  capital?  Waday?   Its  capital? 

Ethiopia. — Bound  Ethiopia.  What  mountains  west?  East? 
What  peaks  in  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon?  Where  is  Lake  Victoria 
Nyanza?  Who  discovered  it,  and  when  ?  Where  is  Lake  Tangan- 
yika? Who  discovered  it,  and  when?  Where  is  Lake  Albert 
Nyanza  ?  Lake  Baringa  ?  Describe  Burton  and  Speke's  route  from 
Zanzibar  to  Tanganyika.  Speke's  route  to  Victoria  Nyanza.  What 
point  south  did  Petherick  reach  ? 

1.  Central  Africa  comprises  the  interior  countries  south  of  the 
Sahara,  and  north  of  the  region  explored  by  Dr.  Livingstone.  The 
chief  divisions  are  Soudan  and  Ethiopia.  Area,  2,900,000  square 
miles.    Population,  12,600,000. 

2.  SOUDAN  [soo-dahn^)  sometimes  called  Nigritia  {n€-gris¥- 
yah),  is  an  extensive  region  of  Central  Africa,  bounded  north  by  the 
Sahara,  east  by  Darfur  and  the  White  Nile,  south  l)y  Ethiopia  and 
Guinea,  and  west  by  Senegambia.     Area,  1,400,000  square  miles. 

3.  The  river  Niger  flows  through  a  considerable  portion  of  the 


14.  What  further  of  Mozambique ?    Religion?    Centiial  Africa. — 1.  What 
does  Central  Africa  comprise?    Chief  divisions?    Soudan. — 2.  Where  la  Sou- 

don  9  Q       f\f     ^\%ck    ^\\TgMit    lSJi<rat*9 


CENTRAL   AFRICA. 


423 


territory  into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea.  Lake  Tchad  {chaM)  is  a  large 
lake  an  boudan  Other  lakes  are  Fittre  {fiVtray),  eastward  of  the 
Ichad,  and  Debo,  an  expansion  of  the  Niger  River. 

4.  The  region  along  the  Niger  was  explored  first  in  1795  and 
again  m  1805  by  Mungo  Park,  and  the  lower  portion  in  1830  by  the 
brothers  Lander.  ^ 

5  Between  the  years  1822  and  1826,  Denham  and  Clapperton.  two 
Brush  travellers,  crossed  the  Sahara  from  Tripoli  to  Soudan,  and 
explored  the  kingdoms  of  Bornou  and  Houssa  {how^sah).  They 
were  the  discoverers  of  Lake  Tchad 

6.  From  1849  to  1856,  l)r.  Barth,'  and  Messrs.  Richardson,  Over- 
weg.  and  Vogel,  crossed  the  desert  through  Fezzan  and  Air,  tra- 
velled eastward  to  Lake  Tchad,  and,  like  their  predecessors,  explored 
the  kingdoms  of  Houssa  and  Bornou.  Dr.  Barth  visited  Timbuctoo 
on  the  west,  Begharmi  on  the  east,  and  Adamaua  on  the  south. 

rru  In  ^^?^^  ""^  ^°"'^^''  ^°'''^'*  of  negroes,  Fellatahs,  and  Shouas. 
Ihe  Fellatahs  are  similar  to  the  Foulahs  of  Senegambia.  They 
commenced  their  conquests  on  the  Niger  about  the  year  1800. 
Iheir  dominions  extend  from  the  Sahara  southward  to  the  river 
Tsadda  and  from  Timbuctoo  to  Bornou.  They  are  Mohammedans, 
and  active  m  the  propagation  of  their  faith.  The  Shouas  of  Bornou 
are  of  a  light  olive  complexion,  and  chiefly  of  Arab  origin. 

8.  Soudan  consists  of  numerous  kingdoms,  of  which  little  is 
known.  The  soil  varies  in  fertility.  Indian  corn,  cotton,  and  indigo 
seem  to  be  everywhere  cultivated.  The  climate  is  hot,  and  unhealthy 
lor  whites.  The  principal  countries  are  Kaarta  {kar'tah),  Barn- 
bar  ra,  Timbuc^too,  Kong,  Borgoo^  Houssa,  Bornou  {hor-noo')  Beg- 
harmi [hay-gar^mel  and  Bergoo  or  Waday.  There  are  also  various 
petty  states.    The  population  is  estimated  at  10,000,000. 

9.  KAARTA   lies  at  the  extreme  northwest.    Kemmoo  is  its 
capital.    Gold  is  found  in  small  quantities. 

10.  BAMBARRA  lies  southeast  of  Kaarta.     Sego,  the  capital 
on  the  Niger,  is  a  large  walled  town,  and  has  considerable  trade! 

«  nr^Tl"'**^^  ^^?  yu^'"1  ''^""^  *^''  ^•S^'"^    ^-  Of  Denham  and  Clapperton? 
Reunion    £  T\^'^rrl  J-J\  V'«  r  "P^*'  '^  ^^«"<^'^"  ?     Of  their  dominions 
9   0?r„'„i%     8- What  of  tho  kingdoms?    Sol!,  Ac?     Principal  countries  ? 
9.  Of  Kaarta?    Capital,  Ac?    10.  Bambarra?     Capital?     Other  town,? 


[ 


i' 


424 


AFRICA. 


Jenne  and  Silla  are  important  towns.    Bambarra  is  noted  iov  the 
production  of  shea,  or  vegetable  butter. 

11.  TIMBUCTOO  lies  northeast  of  Bambarra,  and  south  of  the 
Sahara.  The  Niger  flows  through  it ;  but,  except  on  the  borders  of 
the  river,  the  country  is  dry  and  sterile.  Timbuctoo  is  the  capital;  it 
was  once  a  large  and  flourishing  town,  and  has  still  considerable  trade. 

12.  KONG,  north  of  the  Kong  Mountains,  lies  between  Bambarra 
and  Ashantee.     It  is  known  to  us  only  by  native  report. 

13.  BORGOO  lies  east  of  Kong.  Boussa,  Youri,  and  Rabba,  on 
the  Niger,  are  the  chief  towns.  Mungo  Park  w^as  murdered  at  Boussa 
in  the  year  1805.    The  circumstances  of  his  death  are  not  well  known. 

14.  HOUSSA  lies  east  of  the  Niger.  The  inhabitants,  chiefly 
Fellatahs,  are  more  civilized  than  the  surrounding  population ;  they 
pay  great  attention  to  agriculture  and  manufactures. 

15.  Sackatoo,  the  capital  of  Houssa,  is  on  an  affluent  of  the  Niger. 
The  British  traveller  Clapperton  died  in  its  vicinity  in  1827.  Kano  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures  of  cotton,  gold,  iron,  and  leather.  Kashna 
withstood  a  siege  of  seven  years  from  the  Fellatahs.  Zaria  is  the 
largest  town  in  iloussa. 

16.  Houssa  carries  on  some  commerce  with  Guinea  on  the  south, 
and  across  the  desert,  through  Air  and  Fezzan,  with  Tripoli  and 
other  Barbary  States. 

17.  BORNOU  iir-  east  of  Iloussa,  and  is  an  extensive  plain;  in 
the  eastern  part  is  Lake  Tchad,  200  miles  long  by  GO  or  70  wide. 
During  the  rainy  season  the  lake  overflows  its  borders,  and  lor  t..! 
a  large  pori.on  of  the  territory  very  fertile.  The  people  'of  the  islands 
in  Lake  Tch^d  are  independent;  they  are  called  Biddoomahs. 

18.  The  j.'iople  of  Bornou  are  excellent  horsemen.  In  common 
with  the  people  of  Begharmi,  Wr.day,  and  Darfur,  they  wear  iron 
armor  in  war.  They  rurry  on  some  trade  with  Tripoli  in  slaves, 
ivory,  and  ostrich-feathers.  Kouka  is  tlie  capital.  New  Birnie  i^^ 
the  residence  of  the  Sultan. 


11  Timbuctoo?  Biver?  Capital?  12.  Kon;??  13,  Borgoo?  Chieftowns? 
Of  Mungo  Park?  14  Houssa?  15.  Of  the  capital?  Of  Clapperton  ?  Kano? 
Kashna?  Zar.a?  10  Of  commerce?  17.  Bornou?  What  of  Lake  Tchad? 
Of  islands  m  Lake  Tchad?     18.  Of  the  people?     Trade?    New  Birnie? 


if 


THE   ISLANDS    OP   AFRICA. 


425 


19.  BEGHARMI  lies  southeast  of  Lake  Tchad.  Its  inhabitants 
are  similar  to  those  of  Bornou,  with  whom  they  are  frequently  at 
war.    The  capital  is  Masena.  4       "jf  at 

20.  WADAY,  or  BLRGOO,  is  an  extensive  territory,  north  of  Be. 
gharia.    It  18  known  only  by  native  report.    Wara  is  the  capital. 

ETHIOPIA. 

21.  Ethiopia  was  the  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  the  region  south 
of  Egypt.  A3  discoveries  have  been  made,  the  territory  has  become 
more  and  more  restricted.  At  present  the  name  is  applied  to  the 
unexplored  region  of  Central  Africa  on  both  sides  of  the  equator. 
Area,  1,500,000  square  miles.    Population  estimated  at  2,500,000. 

22.  It  is  the  field  of  the  explorations  of  Beke,  Petheric'k  and 
others,  who  entered  it  from  the  north.  Petherick  explored  the  coun- 
try to  Mundo,  near  the  equator,  and  made  important  discoveries 

23.  Between  the  years  1857  and  1859,  Captains  Burton  and  Speke 
of  the  British  East  India  army,  travelled  inland  from  Zanzibar  Island 
until  they  reached  Uniamesi,  or  the  Land  of  the  Moon. 

24.  Here,  in  1859,  Burton  discovered  Lake  Tanganyika,  600  miles 
from  the  coast,  and  due  west  from  Zanzibar.  To  the  northeast,  200 
miles  distant,  Speke,  the  same  year,  discovered  Lake  Victoria  Ny- 
an^za.     These  are  both  fresh-water  lakes  of  considerable  size. 

25.  It  was  claimed  by  Speke  that  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza  is  the 
source  of  the  Nile.  Further  explorations,  by  Sir  Samuel  Baker, 
have  proved  that  the  Nile  flows  from  Victoria  Nyanza  and  Albert 
Nyanza,  the  latter  a  lake  lying  160  miles  northwest  of  the  former. 

26.  Except  the  Gallas,  in  th«  northeast,  the  inhabitants  of  Ethiopia 
are  negroes:  they  are  ignorant,  cruel,  debased,  and  superstitious. 
The  Niam-Niams,  lately  visited  by  Mr.  Petherick,  are  cannibals. 


THE   ISLANDS   OF  AFRICA. 

1.  Most  cf  the  islands  lying  around  and  near  Africa  belong  to 
European  powers. 

19.  Bcgharmi?    Capital?    20.  Waday,  or  Bergoo?    Capital?    OfDrVotrel? 
Ethiopia      21.  What  of  Ethiopia?     22.  Of  explorations  ?     23.  What  ^clufrec 
Snoir  Ip^nT^t  l»';??,.  24.  Of  Burton  and  Spoke?  25.  What  wa.  claimed  by 
.fAeJ-J,    ^   ^^"^  inliabitants  ?   Inlands  of  Afkica.-1.  What  cf  the  islands 

S6« 


426 


THE   ISLANDS   OF  AFRICA. 


2    The  Az^orea,  or  Western  Islands,  near  the  northwestern 
coast,  belong  to  Portugal,  and  comprise  four  principal  isCr  Thp 
chmate  is  delightful,  and  the  soil  fertile.     oLngerand    emons  ar 
largely  exported.     Population,  214,000. 

nrit  f^'.^^'^^''^.^^^''*^''  ^''^'''"  '^'  ^^«^^«  ^"d  the  coast,  com- 
pr   e  the  two  principal  islands  of  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo,  and  t^e 
three  islets  called  the  Desertas.     They  belong  to  Portugal.     The    h 
mate  is  particularly  beneficial  for  invalids. 
mtJ^^'!"^'"''^  of  Madeira  is  volcanic  and  mountainous,  and  has 


FUNCHAL,  MADEIRA  ISLAND. 

Jh  whltf '  'T  ^^"^^^^-^1^  for  the  fine  wines,  bearing  their  name, 
with  which  for  a  long  time  they  supplied  the  world.  At  length  tlie 
vines  became  diseased,  and  in  1852  they  were  rooted  up ;  since  that 
time,  however  the  disease  has  disappeared,  and  the  vbe  is  again 
flourishing.     The  population  of  tjie  islands  is  about  110,000. 

2.  The  Azores?     How  many?     Whnt  fuHhcr  of  the  Acres'     q    Th<,  HT^ 


THE   ISLANDS   OF   AFRICA. 


427 


5.  The  Canary  Islands,  south  of  the  Madeiras,  comprise  seven 
principal  islands,  and  belong  to  Spain. 

island  of  lenenffe  {teu-er-ir),  called  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe      It  is 


PEAK  OF  TENERIFFE,  CANARIES. 

12,000  feet  high,  and  is  \..5ible  for  a  long  distance  at  sea.  The  cli- 
mate  is  variable,  and  at  some  seasons  unhealthy.  Canary-birds 
abound.  Sugar  and  cochineal  are  the  chief  products.  Povulation, 
260,000.     Santa  Cruz,  on  Teneriffe,  is  the  principal  town. 

7.  The  Cape  Verd  Islands,  south  of  the  Azores,  are  a  group  of 
ton  islands,  belonging  to  Portugal.  The  soil  is  adapted  for  pas- 
turage. The  climate  is  very  hot,  and  rains  are  not  frequent.  Amber 
is  found  on  the  coasts.  Population,  90,000.  St.  Jago  is  the  principal 
island.     The  island  of  Fogo  contains  an  active  volcano. 

8.  Fernando  Po,  Prince's,  St.  Thomas',  and  Annobon  are 
small  islands,  near  the  nortliern  coast  of  Lower  Guinea.  The  first 
belongs  to  Spain ;  the  others  to  Portugal. 

5.  The  Canaries?  To  whom  do  they  belong ?  6.  Natural  features?  Climate, 
Ac. /  Population  ?  Principal  town?  7.  CapcYcrds?  Population?  OfSt.Jaffo' 
VI  1'  ogo  ?     8.  ^V  hat  of  Fernando  Po,  Prince's,  St.  Thomas',  and  Annobon  ? 


i    i. 


428 


THE   ISLANDS   OF   AFRICA. 


9.  Ascension  is  a  small  island  in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean 
It  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

10.  St.  Helena  lies  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south  of  Uppor  Guinea. 
It  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  noted  as  the  place  of  exile  of  Njv 
poleon  I.  after  his  defeat  at  Waterloo  in  1815.  He  died  here  in 
1821.  Rising  abruptly  from  the  ocean,  St.  Helena  presents  to  the 
eye  of  the  mariner  the  appearance  of  a  dark-gray  pyramidal  mass. 
with  no  signs  of  vegetation.     Population,  5000. 

11.  The  Ethiopian  Archipelago  includes  Madagascar  and  sevo- 
ral  groups  of  islands  on  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  south  of  the  equator. 

12.  Madagascar  is  separated  from  continental  Africa  by  tho 
Mozambique  Channel.  It  is  about  1000  miles  long,  with  an  avera-e 
breadth  of  250  miles.     Area,  240,000  square  miles.  '^ 

13.  A  lofty  mountain-range  traverses  the  island  from  north  to 
south.     The  climate  on  the  coast  is  hot  and  unhealthy;  in  the  iute- 


CITY  OF  TANANARIVOU,  MAOAGASCAfi. 


THE   ISLANDS   OF   AFRICA.- 


429 


mr  ,t  18  cooler.     Several  unsuccessful  attempts  have  been  made 
by  the  French  to  settle  the  coast.     The  people  are  very  cruel 

14.  The  inhabitants  of  Madagascar  excel  in  manufactures  of 
.ron  and  carpets.  The  late  king,  Radama.  protected  Europeans. 
Tanananvou   near  the  centre  of  the  island,  is  the  capital,  and  con 

tTOO.OOo"""        '^  ^^""''''"  '^"''^''-     P^^P^l'-^ti^"  «f  Madagascar, 

15.  The  Mascarenha  [mahs-M-ren^yah)  Islands,  east  of  Mada- 
gascar, comprise  Bourbon,  Mauritius  [maw-rish^yru.)  or  the  Isle  of 
France,  and  others.  They  are  fertile  and  flourishing.  In  Bourbon 
are  several  volcanic  peaks,  of  which  the  highest  rises  10,000  foet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  One  of  the  volcanoes  in  constant  eruption 
serves  as  a  lighthouse.  St.  Denis  is  the  capital  of  Bourbon  Island. 
1  opulation,  about  110,000.  Mauritius,  or  the  Isle  of  Franco  is 
smiiar  in  character  to  Bourbon.  It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  the 
touching  story  of  "  Paul  and  Virginia."  It  belongs  to  Great  Britain 
having  been  capturo<l  from  France  in  1810.     Population,  170,000     ' 

16.  The  Seychelles  [say-shcen  form  a  group  in  the  In.lian 
Ucean.  They  consist  of  thirty  small  islands,  all  dependencies  of 
Mauritius.     Cotton  and  the  double  cocoanut  are  produced. 

17.  The  Com^oro  Islands  lie  off  the  coast  of  Mozambique      The 
people  are  Arabs  and  negroes.     Each  island  is  governed  by  its  own 
Sultan,  except  Mayotta,  which   was   annexed   to  Franco   in   1841 
Population,  80,000. 

18.  Soc^otra,  near  Cape  Guardafui,  is  a  rocky  island,  noted  for  its 
trade  in  aloes.     It  belongs  to  ZanzilMir. 

19.  Pemba,  Zanzibar^  and  Monfia  {mon-fe'aJ,)  lie  near  the 
coast  of  Zanguobar.  They  are  all  subject  to  Zan/.ibar.  Zan/.ibar 
produces  sugar,  cinnamon,  cloves,  and  nutmegs.  The  city  of  Zanzi- 
bar  is  the  capital  of  the  Zanzibar  d.miinions.  It  has  an  extensive 
commerce,  and  a  population  of  bl.OOO. 


M.  Mnmifnotnros?     Of  Kinpr  Rndama?     ranital  ?     Pnpnlation?     u,    t».„ 
Ma.s(.ar..«l,a.?      Of   llo„rh,>„    l.sl,.,,.!?     Pt.  De  lisv      P , 'K  '  '?     O.   mT 

n.  Tho.S..vcl.ell,..?     17.  Thorom..ro.?    Of  fh.  , pl„  v     (Jmoru    «'       .to' 

l'o|)i.lnti..n  ?    IS.  Soootra?    ID.  l't,,..hu.  Zui.,il.....  ....,i  m....«:  I    ,v'"        •       •■ 


1 


City  of  Zanzibar  <* 


im 


OCEANICA. 


OCEANICA. 


CORAL   ISLAND. 

Which  „f  ,l,„  ,l,re"f„™    „f^o  ™  •'"  ^"",'™'""»?     P'-'y-'iar 

i»  the  h,r«,«t  inland  in  0™I„    ,  ,     w  ,at      T    .    T  ""f'    '''"'"' 
An».  ^  ™«(,-„ra<.  " '""  '"  Australia  often  called  ? 

Malavala Wli:,.t.  :_  *»,-  .._      _ 

Which  i;  the  inovrnorthornTT/"''*"^  *"  Muiaynia?     Tho  next? 
•""■  t  northorn ?     Where  i«  Java?     Celebes?    Whore 


— 1 


OCEANICA. 


431 


*re  the  Spice  Islands?  The  Philippines?  What  strait  between 
Sumatra  and  Mahxcca  ?  Sumatra  and  Java  ?  Borneo  and  Celebes  ? 
What  fi  a  west  of  Borneo  and  the  Philippines  ? 

Australasia.—Which  is  the  largest  island  in  Australasia?  The 
next?  Where  is  Tasmania?  New  Zealand?  Norfolk?  New  Cale- 
donia?  New  Hebrides?  Solomon's  Archipelago?  New  Georgia? 
New  Britain?  New  Ireland?  What  strait  between  Australia  and 
Papua?  Between  Australia  and  Tasmania?  Where  is  the  Coral 
Sea?  Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria?  Cape  York?  Sandy 
Cape?  Cape  Chatham?  Northwest  Cape?  Cape  Bougainville? 
How  many  divisions  or  colonies  in  Australia  ?    Name  them. 

Where  is  Melbourne?  Sidney?  Brisbane?  Adelaide?  Perth? 
Hobart  Town?  Vhat  tropic  passes  through  Australia?  What  cape 
north  of  New  Zealand?  (MapNo.44.)  Where  is  the  Bay  of  Plenty  ? 
What  strait  between  the  two  large  islands  of  New  Zealand?  Where 
is  Auckland?     New  Plymouth?    Wellington?    Christ  Church? 

Polynesia.— Which  is  the  largest  island  in  Polynesia?  Which  is 
the  farthest  north ?  Farthest  east?  Farthest  south ?  Farthest  west ? 
Where  is  Maf:ellan's  Archipelago?  Anson's  Archipelago?  Central 
Archipelago:  Mendana's  Archipelago?  Where  are  the  Ladrone 
Islands?  Caroline  Islands?  Friendly  Islands?  Navigator.' Islands? 
Cook's  Islands?  Society  Islands ?  Austral  Islands?  Pearl  Islands? 
Whore  is  Georgian  Island?  Pitcairn?  Gambler?  Easter?  St. 
Paul's?  America?  Christmas?  Philadelphia?  Where  are  the 
Sandwich  Islands?  Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Sandwich  group? 
Name  other  islands  of  this  group.  What  is  the  capital  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands?    Ana.  Honolulu.    On  what  island  is  it  situated? 

1.  OcEANicA  is-  the  name  of  that  division  of  the  earth  which  in- 
cludes all  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  between  Asia,  the  Indian 
Ocean,  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  and  America. 

2.  It  is  divided  into  Malaysia,  Australasia,  and  Polynesia.  Ma 
laysia  is  so  called  because  it  is  chiefly  inhnbitod  by  the  Malay  race; 
Australasia,  because  it  is  south  of  Asia;  and  Polynesia,  because  it 
consists  of  many  islands.      Tl'o  area  of  the  land-surface  is  about 

4.i')00.()0t)  NllllRrn   in!1i>H  Tlin   nufimnfa/l   r......,1..<.:,v.>   :„   OK   ^U^^   f\i\n 


I 


OiBANicA.— 1.  Whftt  is  saidofOoeanioa?    2.  How  divided  ?    Why  Ib  Ma- 
lo>'3ia»o  called?     Australia?     Polynesia?     Area?     Population? 


432 


OCEANICA. 


MALAYSIA. 

3.  Position  and  Extent.-Malay.ia  includes  the  islands  of 
B  r;neo,  Sun.atra,  and  Java  (known  as  the  Sunda  Islands)  the 
Phihppmes   Celebes,  Banca,  and  the  Moluccas  (known  as  the  Sp  ce 

isianas,  /0U,000  square  miles. 

2.  Natural  Peatures.-l'hese  islands  lie  principally  nnder  or 
near    he  equator,  and  are  very  similar  i„  many  particuta"     Thl 
clnnate  ,s  hot,  but  is  tempered  by  sea-breezes,l'd  by    ho  moun 
tarns,  ,vhich  abound  in  all  the  prineipal  islands. 

3.  The  vege- 
tation is  luxu- 
riant,  and  the 
products  are 
valuable. 
Beasts  of  prey 
and    venomous 
reptiles 
abound.       The 
elephant  of  Su- 
matra is  largo 
and  fierce.   Tho 
orang-outang  ia 
found    in    this 
island    and    in 
Borneo;    the 
tiger  and  wild 
peacock,  in  tho 
forests  of  Java. 
4.  Products. 
— Tropical 
fruits  and  vege- 
tation of  nearly 
every      variety 
are     found    in 


GATHERING    miiM  ,     BIRDS'-NESTS    IN   JAVA. 


MAI.AYSfA, — 1    What  doe-  \f-Ia-'      '      j    j     a      - 

vegetation?     Reacts  r'.rto'rin/   4   p"'f'f  ,^-  ^"t"'"'^!  fenlures?    3.  Of 


MALAYSIA. 


433 


singular  product  «  so  much  prized  as  a  delicacy  by  the  Chinese  that 
ino  specmens  sell  for  their  weight  in  silver.    cLL.  nu.m  ~e 
5  "^"  P;°^-'-™  «P'-'ed  fr„„>  the  Spice  or  Molucca  fs'lanr 

•  L  !  o  "  ^'""'^'  e°"  *■"'  diamonds  are  found  Gold 
.s  obtained  .n  Sumatra  and  the  Philippines,  and  tin  in  Banca  sZ 
ot  the  islands  abound  in  coal. 

6.  Population.-There  are  two  native  races,  the  Malay  or  yellow 
and  the  Papuan  or  black  race ;  'the  latter  are  so  called  Lnf  b    :. 

a  few  Chinese  and  European  settlers,  Dutch,  Spaniards,  British  and 
Portuguese.    The  population  of  Malaysia  is  cstLated  ^t  23  1^00,000 

roLTl''''^^''^'~'^t'''  "''  ^'^"^''^^  governments  in  all  the  Eui 
ropean  colonies;  but  the  natives  are  divided  into  numerous  inde- 
pendent tribes,  each  ruled  by  its  own  chief. 

8.  Rell^on.-In  many  of  the  islands,  Mohammedanism  is  pro- 
fessed  ;  but  it  is  mmgled  with  debasing  rites  and  superstitions. 

BORNEO.-9  Borneo,  next  to  Australia,  is  the  largest  island  in 
he  world  ;  it  is  2400  milos  in  circumference,  and  lies  onl.oth  sides  of 
the  equator.  Area,  300,000  square  miles.  The  Dutch  own  the  southern 
and  western  portions,  the  British  the  northwest,  and  the  Sultan  of 
Soo loo  the  northeast.  The  Dyaks,  a  barbarous  people,  who  reside 
mostly  in  the  interior,  preserve  and  keep  as  trophies  the  heads  of  the 
enemies  whom  they  kill  in  battle.     Topulation,  3,000  000 

10.  Chief  Towns-The  Dutch  settlements  on  Borneo  are  Sam- 
bas and  Pont.anak'  on  the  west  coast,  and  Banjarmassin  (ban-var. 
mas-sm^  on  the  south.  The  chief  British  scttlmnent  is  Sarawak' 
Bruna,  ( Wm-)  is  the  capital  of  a  native  State  attached  to  Great 
Bnta.n.  Labuan  (?«A-W«A//),  an  island  on  the  northwest  coast 
belongs  also  to  Great  Britain,  and  aboui.ds  in  coal.  Victoria  is  the 
chief  town  of  Labuan. 

ST7MATRA.-11.  Sumatra,  next  to  Borneo,  is  the  Inrge-^of  the 
bunda  Islands,  andjs^ore  than  a  thousand  miles  in  length.     Area, 


Bfc  A.     nr    lninarn1o9        a      f\P    iX. - 


Rel 


-  i">p«inri(in  ?     N 
Kion?     a.  Of  Borneo?     A.ea?     Of  th 


umber?     7.  Govern 


I  ■'"".'',   ,'"•  *'"'"''  sottloinentH?     British  settl 
Island?   11.  Of  Sumatra?  Of  mountains? 

8? 


o  Dutch  ?     Of  tho  DyakH  ?     I 


inont  ?     8. 
pu 


iincnts  ?    Capital  ?    Of  Labua» 


434 


OCEANICA. 


150,000  square  miles.  A  chain  of  volcanic  mountains  extends,  chieflv 
along  the  west  coast,  from  one  extremity  to  the  other ;  the  loftiest  peak 
IS  15,000  feet  high.    Dense  forests  cover  a  large  portion  of  the  island. 

12.  About  one-half  of  Sumatra  is  subject  to  the  Dutch.     Among 
the  interior  tribeg  the  Battas  possess  the  art  of  writing,  but  are  so 
barbarous  that  they  eat  at  their  feasts  the  bodies  of  persons  con- 
victed  of  crimes,  and  of  enemies  captured  in  war.    This  practice  is 
however,  declining  ul  '.er  the  civilizing  influence  of  the  Dutch. 

13.  The  principal  settlements  of  the  Dutoh  are  at  Padang  and 
f  alembang.  Acheen  is  the  capital  of  a  small  native  State,  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  north.      Population  of  Sumatra,  4,500,000. 

JAVA.— 14.  Java  lies  southeast  of  Sumatra,  and  is  separated  from 
It  by  the  Strait  of  Srnda.     It  is  about  680  miles  in  length      Area 
60,000  square  miles.     It  belongs  to  the  Dutch.     A  range  of  mounl 
tarns  extends  throughout  the  island;  in  which  are  eight  active  vol- 
canoes, the  highest  being  12,300  feet. 

15.  A  small  valley  in  the  interior,  called  the  "Poison  Vallev  '  is 
covered  with  the  bones  of  men  and  animals  that  have  incautiously 
entered  it  and  have  been  destroyed  by  the  carbonic  acid  gas  with 
which  It  IS  filled.     Population  of  Java,  9,500,000. 

16  Batavia  is  the  capital  of  Java ;  it  is  also  the  metropolis  of  the 
Dutch  possessions  in  the  East. 

BALLY,  LOMBOC.  SUMBAWA,  JEENDANA,  FLORIS 
and  TIMOR.-i7.  The  islanos  of  Bally,  Lomboc.  Sumbawa,  Jeen^ 
dana,  and  l.mor  he  east  of  Java.  They  belong  to  the  Dutch,  ex- 
cept  the  eastern  half  of  Timor,  which  belongs  to  Portugal.  Timor 
IS  a  fertile  island,  with  about  200,(K)0  inhabitants.  The  islands  of 
Flons  and  Solor  belong  to  Portugal.  Sumbawa  contains  the  vol- 
cano of  Tomboro,  next  to  Cotopaxi  the  nu.st  terrific  in  the  world 
The  no.se  of  the  eruption  in  1815  is  said  to  have  been  heard  at  the 
distance  of  840  miles.  12,000  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  island  were 
destroyed. 

CBLEBES.-18.  Eastward  <.f  B,»rneo,  and  on  the  equator,  Vwh 
tclobcs,  an  irr.,gular-shapcd  islan.l,  consisting  of  four  peninsular. 

J,.l..T.?  "".'V'"].!"  f'«'"!^tTa  subject?    Tntorior  trihoH?   U.  P„teh  sofM,.monf«V 


"1 


AUSTRALASIA. 


435 


Area,  70,000  square  miles.  The  badeau-tree,  which  produces  the 
well-known  Macassar  oil,  is  found  in  the  forests.  Here  Europeans 
jnjoy  better  health  and  live  to  a  greater  age  than  in  any  of  the  adja- 
cent islands.  Macas^sar,  a  Dutch  settlement,  is  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  island.     Population  of  Celebes,  2,000,000. 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS.— 19.  The  Philippine  Islands  belong 
partly  to  Spain ;  they  lie  northeast  of  Borneo,  and  consist  of  two 
large  and  more  than  a  thousand  small  islands.  They  are  moun- 
tainous and  volcanic,  and  are  subject  to  the  ravages  of  violent  and 
devastating  typhoons,  or  hurricanes.  The  soil  is  prolific,  and  yields 
the  choicest  products  of  the  torrid  zone.    Area,  120,000  square  miles. 

20.  Manilla,  the  capital  of  the  Philippines,  is  noted  for  its  trade  ia 
hemp,  tobacco,  and  cigars.     Population  of  the  Philippines,  3,000,000. 

NETHERLANDS   INDIA,    or  DUTCH   INDIA.— 21.   The 

group  of  islands  in  Malaysia  owned  by  the  Dutch,  including  the 
greater  portion  of  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Java,  Celebes,  Banca,  the  Spice 
or  Molucca  Islands,  the  western  half  of  New  Guinea,  and  some 
smaller  islands,  are  called  Netherlands  India,  or  Dutch  India,  and 
are  the  most  populous  and  wealthy  of  the  Oceanic  islands.  The 
population  is  estimated  at  17,500,000. 


AUSTRALASIA. 


Australasia  includes  the  islands  of  Australia,  Tasmania,  Now 
Zealand,  Papua  or  New  Guinea,  and  various  smaller  islands.  (For 
limits,  see  map  No.  43.) 

AUSTRALIA.— 1.  Position  and  Extent.— This  is  the  largest 
island  in  the  world,  and  is  sometimes  called  a  continent.  It  extends 
2520  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  19G0  from  north  to  south.  Area, 
3,120,000  square  miles,— equal  to  five-sixths  that  of  Europe. 

2.  Australia  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  divi<led  into  six 
colonies,— Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  North  Australia, 


19.  Of  the  Philippine  Islands?  Natural  features  ?  20.  Capital?  21.  Nether- 
laiiils  Ifuli.a,  or  Duich  ir.uiar  Popuiatioii?  Aisiualasia.— What  does  Aus- 
tralasia include  ?  AiisTKAMA.— 1.  Whatof  Anatralia?  Length  and  breadth' 
Ana?  2.  How  divided?  Ly  whom  discovered?  What  occurred  in  18.:6? 
Of  Tasinauia? 


436 


OCEANICA. 


feoutn  Australia,  and  West  Australia.    It  was  discovered  by  the 
Dutch  in  1605.  and  by  them  called  New  Holland.     In  the  year  1835 
the  name  was  changed,  by  act  of  the  British  Parliament,  to  Australia 
lasmania  ranks  also  as  an  Australian  colony. 

3.  Natural  Features.-^o,u.^a*M.9.-There  are  three  ranges 
of  mountains ;  the  Blue  is  the  principal.  On  the  eastern  and 
southeastern  coasts  the  land  is  fertile  and  the  climate  healthy  The 
interior  has  of  late  been  partially  explored.  It  is  reported  to  be 
lor  the  most  part  flat  and  sterile,  with  occasional  patches  of  fertile 
soil,  and  with  little  water. 

4  There  are  few  rivers  of  note;  the  Murray,  including  the  Dar- 
ling,  18  navigable  1500  miles  for  small-sized  steamers 

5.  Products.--Only  a  small  portion  of  Australia  is  yet  settled, 
and  agriculture  is  on  a  limited  scale.  The  chief  employment  is 
sheep-farming.  Cattle  and  horses  abound.  The  most  useful  grains 
and  products  of  the  temperate  zones  are  cultivated. 

6.  Minerals.-Australia  is  one  of  the  richest  gold-countries  in 

the  world.   The 
most    valuable 
ipines  lie  west 
of  Sydney,    in 
New  South 
Wales,  and 
north  of    Mel- 
bourne, in  Vic- 
toria.   Copper, 
iron,   and   coal 
are    found    in 
various     quar. 
ters. 

7.  The  princi- 
pal animals  are 
the  kangaroo, 
of  several  dif- 
ferent species, 
and  the  platy- 


CITY  OF  SYDNEY. 


3.  Mountains?     Of  the  An af 


prti      n-nft 


Hivers?    5.  Products? -C.Mi;^rai;rrAni^Ur''^     intc^'or,  Ac.  ?     4. 


AUSTRALIA. 


437 


pus,  or  duck-bill  animal.    The  wild  dog,  or  dingo,  is  fierce,  and 
destructive  to  sheep  and  cattle. 

8.  The  peculiarities  of  Australia  are  remarkable.  The  native 
flowers  have  no  fragrance ;  the  birds  do  not  sing.  There  are  black 
swans,  white  eagles,  pears  with  the  stem  at  the  larger  end  trees 
that  shed  bark  instead  of  leaves,  and  bees  that  do  not  sting.  In 
nearly  every  thing  it  is  different  from  other  countries. 

9.  Population.— The  aborigines  belong  to  the  Papuan  negro 
race,  and  are  supposed  to  number  50,000.  The  total  population 
amounts  to  1,505,000. 

10.  Chief  Towns.— The  capital  of  the  province  of  Victoria  is 
Melbourne  {menurn)-,  it  is  the  largest  city  in  Australia,  and  is  the 
chief  depot  of  the  gold  region.  In  1858,  upwards  of  sixty  millions 
of  gold  was 
expo  r ted, 
principally 
to  England. 
Sydney,  the 
next  city  in 
population, 
is  the  capital 
of  the  pro- 
vince of  New 
SouthWales; 
Brisbane,  of 
the  province 
of  Queens- 
land ;  .de- 
laidc,ofSouth 
Australia; 
and  Perth,  of 
West  Aus- 
tralia. 

11.       Gee-  CITY  OF  MELBOURNE. 

long  {ghe-loiKf),  Sandhurst,  Ballarat,   Paramatta,   Windsor,  Glad- 
stone,  Albany,  and  Freemantle  are  the  other  principal  towns. 
12.  Qovernment.— Each  of  the  Australian  colonies  has  a  gov- 


8.  Of  the  peculiarities  of  Australia?     9.  Population?     10.  Of  Melbourne? 
Sydney?  Brisbane?   Adelaide?    Perth?    11.  Other  towns?   12.  Government? 

87 


438 


OCEANICA. 


ernor  appointed  by  the  crown,  with  a  Council  and  House  of  Ilepre. 
sentatives.  New  South  Wales  was  until  1841  a  penal  settlement,  to 
which  convicts  were  sent  from  the  motlier-country. 

13.  Religion.—All  the  religious  sects  found  in  Great  Britain  are 
represented  here.     There  is  no  established  religion. 

TASMANIA.— 1.  Tasmania  lies  south  of  Australia,  and  h 
separated  from  it  by  Bass  Strait,  KO  miles  wide.  It  was  first 
settled  as  a  convict  <  r  penal  colony  in  the  year  1803,  and  was  used 
for  that  purpose  until  1854.     Ai  ea,  28,000  square  miles. 

The  inhabitants,  among  whom  are  many  convicts  and  the-r  de- 
scendants,  number  100,000 ;  they  are  principally  employed  in  sheep^ 
farming.     Hobart  Town  is  the  capital. 

NEW  ZEALAND.— 2.  New  Zealand  consists  of  the  large  islands 
of  N  ew  Ulster  and  New  Munster,  and  the  smaller  one  of  New  Leinster 
Area,  95,000  square  miles.     In  soil  and  climate  these  islands  re- 
semble Australia.    Auckland,  in  New  Ulsl;er,  is  the  capital.     The 


AUCKLAND,    NEW   ZEALAND. 


,..S/nf  r.";  ;..'i::;r;;^;;';^rV.^''T  '^  Tasmania,  *«.?  First  settled  as 
A  """'■;  c".\  ■■  .  """^'^'ftt«i=  •■  «KW  Zealand.— 2.  VVliat  of  New  Zenlnnd? 
Arc-a?  Soil  and  climate?  Capital?  Thief  settlements  in  New  uttrrVInNeJ 
Munster?     Population?     What  are  the  natives  called,  Ac.  ?     Railroad? 


AUSTRALASIA. 


439 


other  chief  settlemgnts  are  New  Plymouth,  Nsipier,  and  AVellingtou. 
in  New  Ulster,  and  Nelson,  Littleton,  und  Picton,  in  New  Munster. 
The  population  numbers  265,000.  The  natives  are  called  Maories ; 
they  tattoo  their  bodies  in  a  fanciful  manner. 

A  railroad  has  lately  been  built  in  New  Zealand,  and  is  in  succes* 
ful  operation. 

3.  New  Zealand  is  antipodal  to  England:  day  and  night  in  the 
two  countries,  therefore,  are  opposite  to  each  other,  noon  in  Lon- 
don being  midnight  in  New  Zealand.  The  seasons  are  also  re- 
versed, the  summer  months  being  December,  January,  and  February. 

PAPUA,  or  NEWGUINEA.— 1.  Papua,  or  New  Guinea,  ranks 
next  in  size  to  Borneo.  It  extends  1200  miles  from  east  to  west. 
Area,  200,000  square  miles.  The  western  half  of  this  island  belongs 
to  the  Dutch. 

The  inhabitants  are  chocolate-colored,  frizzly-headed  negroes.  The 
Malay  word  Papua  means  "frizzly"  or  "  cri-sp-haired." 

Papua  has  been  very  little  explored.  It  is  said  to  yield  gold.  The 
bird  of  paradise,  so  noted  for  its  fine  plumage,  is  found  here. 

NEW  BRITAIN,  AND  OTHERS.  — 2.  New  Britain,  New 
Ireland,  New  Georgia,  Solomon's  Archipelago,  Louisiade  {loo-e-ze- 
ad')  Archipelago,  the  islands  of  New  Hebrides  and  New  Caledonia, 
extend  from  near  the  equator  to  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  in  a  line 
2000  miles  long  from  northwest  to  southeast.  They  are  imperfectly 
known,  but  are  believed  to  be  mostly  fertile  and  well  inhabited. 
The  people  belong  to  the  Papuan  race. 

3.  On  New  Caledonia  there  is  a  recent  French  settlement,  and 
the  island  is  now  attached  to  Franco.  There  are  numerous  detached 
islands  in  Australasia,  of  which  little  is  known.  The  most  easterly  is 
Chatham  Island,  and  the  most  sou^Iiorly  Antipodes  Island,  so  named 
because  H  is,  like  New  Zealanu,  antipodal  to  England.  (See  map  No. 
43,  Oceanica.) 

3.  What  further  is  said  of  New  Zealand?  Paptta,  or  New  Guinea.— 1.  What 
ofPapuii?  Extent?  Area?  To  whom  does  the  western  half  belon"-?  Of  the 
inhabitants?  What  further  of  Papua?  What  bird?  2.  New  Biutain  and 
Otheus.— New  Britain,  New  Ireland,  New  Georgia,  an  J  others  ?  How  known? 
Race?  3.  Of  New  Caledonia?  Detacheil  islands?  Most  caster! v ?  Southerly' 
Of  Antipodes  Island  ?  *  ^' 


440 


OCEANICA. 


POLYNESIA.  ^ 

1.  Position  and  Extent.— Polynesia,  the  most  extensive  division 
of  Oceanica,  includes  the  largest  number  of  islands  and'island-groups 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Area  of  land-surface,  150,000  square  miles. 

2.  The  principal  island-groups  of  Polynesia  are  the  Sandwich, 
Mendana,  Friendly,  Feejee,  Society,  and  adjacent  islands,  Carolinu! 
and  Ladrone. 

3.  Products.— The  chief  products  are  cocoanuts,  yams,  the  bread- 
fruit, and  other  tropical  fruits. 

SANDWICH  ISLANDS.— 4.  The  Sandwich  Islands  were  dis- 
covered by  Captain  Cook,  in  1778.  They  are  mountainous,  and  contain 
several  active  volcanoes,  of  which  Mauna  Loa  {mow'nah  lo'ah),  on 
Hawaii  {hah-ioi'ee),  is  the  highest  peak,  being  14,000  feet  high. 
Kirauea  {ke-row-m/ah),  on  the  same  island,  is  a  low,  flat  crater,  filled 
with  ponds  of  liquid  lava. 

5.  These  islands  comprise  the  kingdom  of  Hawaii.  Honolulu,  on 
the  island  of  Oahu  {wah'hoo),  is  the  capital.  The  government  is  a 
limited  monarchy,  with  a  native  king.  By  means  of  missionaries, 
chiefly  from  the  United  States,  the  inhabitants  of  all  these  islands 
have  been  converted  to  Christianity.  Population  in  1823,  140,000; 
in  1853,  73,000.  There  is  a  constant  decrease  in  the  number  of  the 
people. 

MENDANA  ARCHIPELAGO. -6.  The  Marquesas  {mar^ 
Kaj/sas)  and  Washington  Islands  lie  south  of  the  equator,  and  form 
the  Mendana  Archipelago ;  they  are  high  and  mountainous,  with  a 
rich,  productive  soil.  The  inhabitants  are  a  handsome,  robust  race- 
but  savage  and  warlike.     The  Marquesas  Islands  belong  to  France. 

FRIENDLY  ISLANDS.-7.  The  Friendly  Islands  comprise 
several  groups.  They  were  called  Friendly  from  the  apparent 
kindness  of  the  natives  to  Captain  Cook;  but  they  afterwards 
proved  treacherous. 


PoLYNESiA.-l  What  IS  sa.d  of  Polynesia?  2.  Principal  island-groups?  :; 
Products?  4.  Sand w.ch  Islands?  Volcanoes?  5.  What  do  the  Sandwich  ij: 
l^ands  comprise?  Capital?  Government?  Religion?  Population?  6.  Of  the 
^i.:;.iana  iircnipeiago?  Of  tlu,  people?  To  whom  do  the  Marquesas  belong? 
7.  Ot  the  Friendly  Islands?    Why  so  called?  ** 


POLYNESIA. 


441 


l-EEJEB  ISLANDS.— 8.  The  Feejee  Islands  are  a  volcanic 
gitup,  154  in  number.  They  are  very  fertile  in  tropical  products, 
rh?  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  about  107,000;  some  are  savage 
and  warlike,  and  some  have  been  converted  by  the  missionaries. 

SOCIETY  ISLANDS.-9.  The  Society  Islands  are  a  lofty 
volcanic  gn,up.  Tahiti  {tah-he'te\  orOtaheite  [o-tah-he'te),  the  "gem 
of  the  Pacific,"  is  the  largest.  It  is  the  most  fertile  and  beautiful 
of  all  the  Polynesian  islands.  The  population  is  about  10,000,  and 
is  decreasing.    It  belongs  to  France. 

CAROLINE  ISLANDS.-10.  The  Caroline  Islands  comprise 
a  number  of  small  islands  that  extend  2000  miles  from  a  point  about 
600  miles  eastward  of  the  Philippines.  They  are  claimed  by  Spain ; 
but  that  power  has  no  settlement  on  any  of  them.  The  climate  is 
mild  and  agreeable.  The  inhabitants  are  of  Malay  origin,  and  are 
mostly  fishermen. 

LADRONE  ISLANDS.-ll.  The  Ladrone  Islands  belong  to 
Spain.     They  are  a  group  of  £0  small  islands,  5  of  which  are  inha- 
bited.    They  extend  600  miles  north  of  the  Carolines.     These  islands 
are  of  volcanic  origin,  and  are  fertile  and  well  wooded.    On  Guahan 
the  southernmost  island,  is  a  small  fortified  town.  ' 

12.  Of  the  other  groups  little  of  importance  is  known.  In  some 
the  natives  are  very  barbarous;  in  others  they  have  been  more  or 
less  improved  by  the  missionaries. 

13.  There  are  numerous  detached  islands,  of  which  but  little 
is  known ;  they  are  Pitcairn,  St.  Paul,  Christmas,  Massachusetts, 
Philadelphia,  Buckle,  and  others.  Easter  is  the  farthest  east  and 
Mellish  the  farthest  north  of  the  Polynesian  Islands. 

8.  Of  the  Fecjea  Islands?  Population?  Of  the  people?  To  whom  ceded  ? 
9.  Of  the  Society  Islands?  Largest?  What  of  Otaheite?  Population  ■>  To 
whom  does  it  belong?  10.  Of  Cnroline  Islands?  By  whom  claimed  ?  Climate? 
Of  the  inhabitants?  11.  Of  the  Ladrone  Islands?  Of  Guahan?  12.  Other 
groups?     13.  Of  detached  islands ?    Farthest  east ?     Farthest  north? 


4-A2 


ANTARCTICA. 


ANTARCTICA. 
1.  ANTARTICA,  or  THE  ANTARCTIC  CONTINENT.— 

Since  the  year  181'J,  various  portions  of  land,  lying  on  or  near  the 
Antarctic  Polar  Circle,  have  been  discovered  by  American,  British, 
French,  and  Russian  navigators.  They  are  supposed  to  be  the 
advanced  northern  points  of  a  mass  of  land  lying  around  the  south- 
ern pole.  They  are  cold,  frozen  regions,  constantly  covered  with 
ice  and  snow,  entirely  void  of  vegetation,  and  without  inhabitants. 

2.  The  largest  known  portion  of  land  lies  about  2000  miles  south 
of  Australia ;  it  was  discovered  by  the  American  Exploring  Expedi- 
tion  in  the  year  1840.  In  extent  it  is  about  1700  miles  from  east  to 
west.  ^  Victoria  Land,  South  Shetland,  Graham's  Land,  and  En- 
derby's  Land  are  the  next  largest  portions. 

3.  On  Victoria  Land,  discovered  in  1841  by  Captain  J.  C.  Ross,  a 
British  navigator,  is  an  active  volcano,  Mount  Erebus,  12,400  feet 
high.  This  is  the  most  southern  point  yet  reached,  being  about  840 
miles  distant  from  the  pole. 

ANTAiu-ricA.-l  What  is  said  ..f  Antarctica?  Wh^rc  tho8o  discoveries 
8upp...«ed  to  bo?  Wha  IS  sai.l  of  those  regions?  2.  What  of  the  largest,  l<n..wh 
portion?  By  wliom  discovered?  How  long?  What  other  lands  ?  \3.  Of  Vic- 
toria Lund  ?     How  far  from  the  south  pole? 


POPULATION    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL    CITIES    IN    THE 

WORLD,    FROM    THE    LATEST    AUTHORITIES 

IN    EVEN    THOUSANDS. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

British  Americai 

Montreal,  Queb xoa.ocxj 

Quebec,  Queb 62,000 

loronto,  Out 45,000 

»t.  John,  N.B ^7  000 

Halifax,  N.S aS.'ooo 

Hamilton,  Ont 20,000 

Ottawa,  Ont 15,000 

Kingston,  Ont i4,'ooo 

United  States. 

New  York,  N.  Y 943,cxx> 

riiila<lelphiii.  Pa 674,000 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 396,000 

at.  Louis,  Mo. 311,000 

Chicago,  III 299,000 

Baltimore,  Md 267,000 

HoHton,  Mass 251  000 

Cincinnati,  O- 216*000 

N.tw  Orleans,  La i9i,txxj 

isati  Francisco,  Cal....  140.000 

Hiiffalo,  N.  Y ii8;ooo 

Washington,  D.  C 109,000 

Newark,  N.J 105,000 

Louisville,  Ky 101,000 

Clevoland.0 93000 

Pittsburgh,  Pa ie'.ooo 

Jersey  City,  N.  J 83,000 

Detroit,  Mich 80,000 

Albany  N.Y 77,000 

Milwaukee,  Wii4 71000 

Providence,  R.I 69*000 

Uochester,  N.  Y 62,<xx} 

Alleghany,  Pa 53,000 

Kinhmond,  Va 51,000 

New  Haven,  Conn 51I000 

Charleston,  S.  C ^g,cxK> 

Indianapolis,  Ind 48000 

T'-y.  N.Y 46,,>x, 

Syracuse,  N.  V 43,000 

Worcester,  Mass 41,000 

Lowell,  Mass 41,000 

Memphis,  Tonn 4o*txK> 

Cumbridge  Mass  4o,o(x> 

Hartford,  Conn 37,000 

Scranton,  Pa 35,000 


«"•"»"».  «'.i 34:000 

Patorson.  N  J 34,000 

Kansas  (Jity,  Mo ja^ooo 


Toledo,  0 

Portland,  Me  ..  .. 

•  'ohinibus,  O 

Wilmington,  Del. 
Hay  ton,  O 


33,000 
33,000 
31,000 
31 1000 

31,000 
3","o<> 


U''«VN.  1 29,000 

Charlestow-    Mass....  28,000 

Savannah,  lia 28,000 

Lynn,  Mass 28,000 

fall  River,  Mass 27,000 

Springfield,  Mass 27,000 

Nashville,  Tenn 26,000 

Covington,  Ky 25,000 

Salem,  Mass 24  000 

Quincy,Ill 24;ooo 

M  nchester,  N.  II 34  000 

llarrisburg,  Pa 2:,,'ooo 

irenton,  N.  '   23,000 

Peoria,  III 23,'ooo 

Atlanta.  Qa. 22,000 

Evansville,  Ind 22000 

New  Bedford,  Mass...  21*00, 

OHwego,  N.  Y 21,000 

LlizalK'ih,  N.J 21,000 

N  th  Providence  R.  I.  20,000 

Hoboken,  N.  J 20,000 

Lancaster,  Pa 20,000 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y...  20,000 

Camden,  N.J ao.ooo 

Davenport,  la ao,ooo 

St.  Paul,  Minn. 20,000 

KrieCity.Pa ao.ooo 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 20,000 

VV heeling,  W.  Va 19,000 

Norfolk,  Va ,9,0^x3 

Bridgeport,  Conn 19,000 

Petersburg,  Va 19,000 

launton.  Mass ig,'x>j 

Chelsea,  Mass 19000 

fjiibuqne.la ,8,ock> 

IJangor,  Me 18,000 

Loavenwouh,  Kan....  i8,(k)o 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind 18,000 

Springfield,  HI ,7,000 

Auburn,  N.  Y 17,000 

Neubnrg,  N.Y ,7,,kk. 

Norwich,  Conn ,7,cxxj 

Orand  Rapids,  Mich.,    i/.ikjo 
Sacramento  City.  Cal.  16, 

Terre  Haute,  Ind i6,u. 

Omaha.  Neb ,6,0 

Williamsport,  Pa   ....  16000 

Klmira,  N.  Y ,6  cxx> 

New  Allmny,  Ind 15,000 

(Houcester,  Mass 15  otx) 

Augusta,  (iu 15*000 


San  Luis  Potosi 34  000 

^"'•"'1^ 31,000 

Morelia 35^000 

Central  America. 
NewOuatenmla 40000 

^"«n--7 35,000 

NinJosfi 30000 

St.  Salvador i8,'ooo 

Managua ,0,000 

West  Indies. 

'^•■*\ana 206,000 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba 96,000 

Puerto  Principe 45000 

Matanzi.s 45*000 


V"*''"*"" 36,000 

Port-au-Prince 21000 

Bridgetown,     Baiba-       ' 
does ,0  000 

St.  Johns,  P.  R 1^;^ 

St.  Domingo 15^00 

Inuidad ,3,000 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

United  States  of  Colombia. 

S"K«"' 45,000 

Popayan.... 

Panama 

Carthagena 

Socorro 

Monipox 


000 

>XiO 


littwruuce,  MaM 39,000 


Mexico. 

Mexico .    .... 

Puebla 

•  iuiidalaxara  . 70,000 

<luanaxuato Sjotx) 

M""»'<'"i'-<. 48,'ooo 


205,000 
75,oi« 


Matanioraa. 


41.000 


20,000 

20,000 

17,000 

12,000 

.    .  -    ,.       •  10,000 

Aspinwall 6,000 

Veneanela. 

f^aro^'fts 47,000 

♦;''''"i'l'i 25,000 

Maracaybo 35,000 

Barcelona ,5  000 

Cumana. lo'ooo 

Ecuador. 
,^"'t" •• 76,000 

Guayaquil 25,000 

Cuenua ao.ooo 

Guiana. 

(leorgetown 36,000 

Paramaribo aoooo 

Cayenno g'ooo 

Fern. 
/'*">"      iai,ooo 

<.'"="■" •    •••  46,000 

Ar«quiptt 35,000 

HuaniHiigR as.ooo 

""«"»» 95.000 

Callao 

443 


9,000 


444 


POPULATION    OF   THE 


Bolivia. 

I^aPaz 76,000 

Cochabamba 41,000 

Sucre 24,000 

Potoel 23,000 

Oruro 8,000 

Chili. 

Santiago 115,000 

Valparaiso 70,000 

Taica 18,000 

ConcepcioD 14,000 

Braiil. 

Rio  Janeiro 420,000 

Bahia 180,000 

Pernambiico 60,000 

Maranham 30,000 

Sao  Paulo 35,000 

Villa  Beiia 20,000 

Pari 20,000 

Natol 10,000 

Sautaieiii 10,000 

Argentine  Confederation. 

Buenos  Ajros 200,000 

Cordova 29,000 

Tucunian 17,000 

Salta 12,000 

Corriontos 11,000 

Parana 10,000 

Santa  Fe 10,000 

Paraguay. 

Concepcion 16,000 

Aduucion 15,000 

Uruguay. 
Montevideo 126,000 


EUROPE. 


ChriRtlnnia. 67,000 

fltTKt'n 30,000 

Prontlicini 21.000 

StavanKur 17,000 

Draninion 15,000 

Christiansand 11,000 

Vrederikshald 8,000 

Sweden. 

Stockholm 138,000 

Oottenburg 57,ooo 

Malniit a6,ooo 

Norrkjiiping 25,000 

Cariscrona 16,000 

Geflo 15,000 

Upsal ia,ooo 

Luud 11,000 

Busaia, 

Ft.  Pt-tcfsburg 667,000 

Moscow 368,000 

Warsaw .255,000 

Odessa 119,000 

R'SCa I03,UO0 

JUcUueff 9S«<>(X> 


Saratov 86,000 

Wllna 79,000 

Kazan 72,000 

Kiev 71,000 

Nicolaieff. 64,000 

Kharkov 60,000 

Tula 56,000 

Berditchev 55,ooo 

Cronstadt 48,000 

Astrakhan 47,ooo 

Kherson 44,000 

Orel 43,000 

Taganrog 42,000 

Voron^ 42,000 

N^ni  Novgorod 40,000 

RostofF. 39,000 

Samara ...  39,000 

Kalouga 38,000 

Moghilev 38,000 

Zhitomeer 35,ooo 

I-^tlz 34,000 

Kowno 33,000 

Minsk 32,000 

Pultowa 32,000 

Vitebsk 31,000 

Akerman 30,000 

Jeletz 30,000 

Denmark. 

Oopenhagea 180,000 

Odense 14,000 

Aarhuus 11,000 

Aalborg... 10,000 

Bavaria. 

Munich 169,000 

Niirenilierg.." 8a,ooo 

Augsburg 51,000 

Wurzburg 40,000 

Kiitisbou 20,000 

lianibcrg 26,000 

Kurth 25,000 

Ingolstadt 20,000 

Baireuth 19,000 

Kaiserslautern i4|Ooo 

Spire 14,000 

Paasau 13,000 

Saxony. 

Dresden 177,000 

Loipsic 106,000 

Chemnitz 68,000 

Zwickau 37,000 

Plauen ^3,000 

Frcyborg 22,000 

(ilauchau 22,000 

Wurtemberg. 

Stuttgard 91,000 

I'll" 26,000 

Ilnilbronn 17,000 

Ksslingen 16,0  lo 

Reutliugun i4,»x> 

Baacn. 

Manhntm "9,000 

Carlsruhe 37,000 

Freyburg 95,000 

Heidelberg..... ao.ooo 

Pfonheim 16,000 


Free  Oitiea. 

Hamburg 240,000 

Bremen 83,000 

Lubeck 40,000 

Switzerland. 

Geneva 49,000 

Basle 38,000 

"erne 20^000 

Lausanne 21  000 

Zurich 2o|ooo 

St.  Gall 15,000 

Lucerne 12000 

Fribourg ,o|ooo 

Neufchatel 10000 

Anfaalt. 

Dessau 17,000 

Bernbmg 12)000 

Brunswick. 
Brunswick 58,000 

HesRe-Darmstadt. 

Mentz 54,000 

Darmstadt 40)000 

Oftenbach ,   23,000 

Worms i2,(x» 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

Rostock 31,000 

Schwerin 27,000 

Wismar 13,000 


Oldenburg 


Oldenburg. 


14,000 


Beuss-Oreiti. 


Qera.... 
Grei  z. 


' 16,000 

11,000 

Saze-Altenburg. 

Altenburg 20,000 

Saxe-Ooburg-aad-Gotha. 

Gotha 21,000 

Cobuig ii,ooo 

Saxe-Weimar. 

Weimar 15,000 

Eisenach 13,000 

Holland. 

Amsterdam 282,000 

Rottet'dani iaj,o(>> 

The  Hague 93,oo<j 

Utrecht 61,000 

Leyden..... 40,000 

Groningen 38,o('i) 

Arnhcm j3,<-^> 

Hiuirlem ^j.ckio 

Rliiestricht ao,oiM 

Leu  warden 26,000 

B()|s-l(»-l)uc a5,ocxj 

iKirdrccht a5,o<xj 

N.vHiwcgen 23,(xx> 

Delft 33,000 

/wolle ai,oo<^* 

Tllburg aa,oou 

Devonter i8,oo(.< 

Ueldvr 17,000 


PRINCIPAL   CITIES   IN   THE   WORLD. 


445 


24o,cxy} 

83,000 

40,000 

.nd. 

49-00O 

38,000 

' 29,000 

3I,000 

....  20,000 

15,000 

12,000 

XOjOOO 

xo,ooa 

I 

17,000 

' 13,000 

58,000 

stadt. 

54.000 

40,000 

....  23,000 

X3,CXX> 

cbwerin. 

31,000 

27,000 

13,000 

?' 

•  ■••  14,000 

iti. 

16,000 

....  11,000 


ai.ooo 
11.000 


.  15,000 
..  13,000 

.a8a,ooo 

,ia3,o(K» 
,.  p,ooo 
.  61,000 
.  4o,o<xj 
.  38,o(H) 

•  iS.oo' 

•  3a  .""O 
.  ao,oiH> 

.  a6,oou 

.  25,000 

.  25,000 

.  23,000 

.  23,000 

.  ai,oou 

.  aa,ooo 

.  18,001.^ 

17,000 


Schiedam 17,000 

Middelburg 16,000 

Belgium. ' 

Brussels _ 314,000 

Antwerp 127,000 

Ghent 121,000 

Liege .* 106,000 

Bruges 48,000 

Mechlin 36,000 

Verviers 34,ooo 

Louvain 32,000 

Tournay 31,000 

Mens u7,ooo 

Namur' 27,000 

St.  Nicolas 24,000 

Courtray 24,000 

Alost 20,000 

England. 

liondon 3,883,000 

Liverpool 493,000 

Manchester 356,000 

Birmingham 344,000 

Leeds 259,000 

Sheffield 240,000 

Bristol  183,000 

Bradford 146,000 

Stoke-upon-Trent 131,000 

Newcastle 128,000 

Salford 125,000 

Hull 123,000 

Portsmouth 113,000 

Sunderland 98,000 

Merthyr-Tydvil 

(Wales) 97,000 

Leicester 95,ooo 

Brighton 90,000 

Nottingham §7,000 

Preston 85,000 

Bolton 83,000 

OUIIiam 83,000 

Norwich 8c,ooo 

Blackburn 76,000 

Plymouth. 69,000 

Wolverhampton 68,000 

Birkenhead 66,000 

Halifax 65,000 

Southampton 54,000 

Stockport 53,000 


Bath 


••«••••#••«) 


53,000 


Swansea 52,000 

Devonport 50,000 

D«rby 50,000 

Scotland. 

Olasgow 477,000 

I-^linburgh IQ7/XX) 

Dundee ito.ooo 

Aberdeen 88,000 

Oreenock. 57,000 

Pftiiley 48,000 

Leith 44.000 

Perth aejooo 

Kilmarnock 113,000 

Ayr 18,000 

Ireland. 
DnbllD 246,000 


Belfast 174,000 

Cork 79,000 

Limerick 40,000 

Waterford 23,000 

Londonderry.. 20,000 

France. 

Paris 1,825,000 

Lyons 324,000 

Marseilk's 300,000 

Bordeaux 194,000 

Lille 155,000 

Toulouse 127,000 

Nantes 112,000 

Uouen 101,000 

St.  Etieiiue 97,000 

Brest 80,000 

Toulon 77,000 

Havre 75,ooo 

lloubaix 65,000 

Amiens 61,000 

Rlieims 61,000 

Nisnies 60,000 

Montpellier 56,000 

Angers 55.ooo 

Limoges  53,ooo 

Nice 50,000 

Nancy 50,000 

Kennes 49,ooo 

Spain. 

Madrid 317,000 

Barcelona 252,000 

Seville 152,000 

Valencia 146,000 

Malaga 113,000 

Murcia 110,000 

Oranada 101,000 

Saragossa 83,000 

Cadiz 72,000 

Carthagena 54,ooo 

Pulma 53,000 

Rous 37,000 

Portugal. 

Lisbon 325,000 

Oporto 8g,ooo 

Braga ao,ooo 

Coimbra 18,000 

Soti'bal  (St.  Ubcs) 13,000 

Evora ia,ooo 

Klvas 11,000 

Austria. 

Vienna 835,000 

Pt'sth 203,000 

I'rague 157,000 

Trieste 130,000 

Loniherg 87,000 

<Jrlitz  8o,otxj 

Hrilnn 73,000 

S/,('gedin 69,000 

Buda 55,000 

(Cracow 50,000 

Presburg 47,000 

Debretziu 44,oou 

Ketskemct 43,000 

CzeruuvitK 34|Ooo 


Temesvar 33,000 

Arad 33,000 

Lintz 31,000 

Prussia. 

Berlin 825,000 

Breslau 208,000 

Cologne 129,000 

Kcinigsberg 112,000 

Hanover 104,000 

Fninkf't-on-thu-Main  91,000 

Dantzic 89,x>j 

Magdeburg 84,ojj 

Stettin 76,000 

Aix-la-Chapelle 74,000 

Altona 74,000 

Bfinnun 74,000 

Elberf(«ld 71,00a 

Dusseldorf 69,000 

Crefeld  57,ooo 

Posen 53,000 

Hallo 53,000 

Kssen 53,000 

Ciissel 46,000 

Potsdam 44,000 

Krfurth 44,000 

Dortmund , 44,000 

Frankf't-tni-the  Oder  43,000 

Giirlitz 42,000 

Wiesbaden 35,ooo 

Coblentz 33,000 

Kiel 33,030 

Duisburg 31,000 

Klbiug 31,000 

Bromberg 28,000 

Bimn 26,000 

Brandenburg 26,000 

Gladbaeh 26,xx> 

Elsaas-Lothringen. 

Stnusburg 86,000 

Mulliausen  <.  53,000 

Metz 51,000 

Italy. 

Naples 419,000 

Home 340,000 

Milan 196,000 

Turin 181,000 

Palermo 168,000 

Genoa 128,000 

Venice 1 14,000 

Florence 114,000 

Bologna oo.otxj 

Leghorn 84,000 

Catania 65,000 

MeHHina.. 62,000 

Verona 56,000 

Padua ,  53,000 

Pnruia 47,oou 

BroNcia 40,000 

-  — -• -s. .*...  rT. ..*..,    jyj*--' 

Vicenza 35,000 

Pisa 34,000 

Karl  33,000 

Foggia 33,000 

MoiJen« 3a,03o 

AnooM 39|Oge 


446    POPULATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  IN  THE  WORLD. 


Cremona 31,000 

Andria 30,000 

Mantua 30,000 


Pavia . 


Ferrara 28,000 

CagUari 28,000 

Greeoe. 

Athens 48,000 

Patraa 26,000 

Corfu 24,000 

Syra 21,000 

Ziiute 20,000 

Turkey. 

r'<)nstantino|)lL' 1,075,000 

Bucharest 142,000 

Adriunople loo'ooo 

Salonica 100,000 

Jiwsy 90,000 

ilosna  Serai..... 60,000 

Scrujevo 50,000 

Gallipoii 50,000 

Scutari 40,000 

Rodosto 40,000 

Phiiippopolis 40,000 

Rustchuk 30,000 

Sophia 30)000 

ASIA. 

Bussia  in  Asia. 

Tiflls  (Georgia) 71,000 

Taeliltcnd 64,000 

Irlioutsk 28,000 

Tomslc ni.ooo 

Onislc 20,000 

Tobolsk 17,000 

Barnaul 13,000 

Turkey  in  Asia. 

Smyrna 750,000 

DainaF<ciis 120,000 

Aleppo 1  0,000 

Beiront 100,000 

Brusa 100,000 

Erzeroum xoo.ooo 

Bassorah 6o,tx)o 

Bagdi'd 40,000 

8<;»tHri 40,000 

Mohul 40,000 

Dlarbokir 35,000 

Trebisond 30,000 

Jerusalem 25,000 

Arabia. 

M«!C« 60,000 

Muscat so.ixx) 

Aden 50,000 

S*"* 40,000 

Median ,8,000 

Fcnia. 

TftbrME 110,000 

Teheran 85,000 

MeeUid ^,000 


Reshd 60,000 

Ispahan 60,000 


Yezd., 

29,000     Kermanshah 30)000 

Kerman 30,000 

Shiraz 28,000 

A%hani8taD. 

Candahar 100,000 

Herat 60,000 

Cabul 60,000 

Peshawur 50,000 

BeloocliiBtan. 

Kelat 15,000 

Gundava 6,oco 

Choubar 3,000 

Turkestan. 

Bokhara 100,000 

Khokan 60,000 

KUiva.  xa^ooo 

India. 

Bombay 817,000 

Calcutta 616,000 

Madras 428,000 

Lucknow 300,000 

I'atna 284,000 

Odeypore 275,000 

Arracan 250,000 

Benares 200,000 

Hyderabad 200,000 

Dacca aoo,ooo 

Cashmere aoo.ooo 

D'-'lhi 152,000 

Joudpore 150,000 

Tonquin 150,000 

Moorshedabad 147,000 

Baroda 140,000 

Bangalore 140,000 


I  Sinpan 300,000 

I  ^'""i';-; 250,000 

40,000  I  Shungliai aoo,ooo 

Yarkand 100,000 

JigaGuugar 100., 


3,000 


Surat. 


•135,000 


Ahmcdabad 130,000 

Agra 125,000 

Umritsir 115,000 

Bareilly 111,000 

Nagpore 111,00c 

Kesho 110,000 

Cawnpore 109,000 

Saigon 100,000 

I'oonah 100,000 

Oojein 100,000 

Bangkok 100,000 

Singapore 70,000 

Chinese  Empire. 

PekJn 1,800,000 

Canton 1,000, 

C»mngrhul\i i,ooo,( 


Yedo... 
Miaco. 
Osaca. 


Japan. 


•  2,000,000 

•  •••500,000 
••..150,000 


AFRICA. 

Barbary  States. 


TientHJn , 


,000 
000 


.  700,000 


Nanchang 700,000 

.'^oo-Chow 700,000 

lUng-Chow 500,000 

**"»'kir. yxj,iMK> 

Foo-C^how 500,000 

Kienklang 400,000 

^"•'tiiig 400,000 

Kuuchang 360,000 


T»\ni8 130,000 

„''•••.• 100,000 

Moquinez 60,000 

53>ooo 
50,000 


•Algiers 
Morocco 

Constantina 35000 

Oran i^'onn 

Tripoli 25^000 

Egypt. 

9*^*™ 282,000 

Alexandria 181  000 

Dumietta 57)000 

Guinea,  Southern  Africa, 
&c. 

Abeokuta 100,000 

Cooniassie .100,000 

Cit|)eTown 25,000 

Abomey 24,000 

"en*"; 15.000 

FreeTown 15,000 

St.  Salvador 8000 

Monrovia 4,000 

African  Islands. 

Port  Tx)uis,  Mauritius  26,000 

Funchal,  Madeira 17,000 

Zanzibar,  Zanziliar...  15,000 
PontaDelgada.Azores  13,000 
St.  Denis,  Kourlion..,.  la.ooo 
Orotttvn,  Canary 8,000 

OCEANICA. 

Melbonrne.Australia.104,000 
Manilla.  Phillpplnes..,4o,ooo 

Sydney,  Aiistnilla 135,000 

Djolijokarta,  Java....  9^000 
Ballarat,  Australia...  74,000 
Hatavia,  Java 70,000 


60 


,000 


tJuraiiitya,  Java    

Sanmrang,  Java $o'^on 

Sandhurst.Australla.  34,000 

Aeheen,  Sunnitra 30,000 

Paleml»ang,  Sumatra  2<;.ooo 


A(ieiai<ie,  Aiistraiia... 
Geelong,  AuNfralia.. 

Burnets  Borneo 

Honolulu,    Sandwich 
laUtuda 


23,000 
23.000 
20,000 

14,000 


WHAT    THE    PEOPLE   OF    THE    PRINCIPAL   COUNTRIES 
IN  THE   WORLD  ARE  CALLED,  AND  THE   LAN- 
GUAGES THEY   SEVERALLY   SPEAK. 


Iceland Icelaiulcrs Icelandic. 

Greenland Orceiilun.krs Danish  and  Esquimaux. 

Canada (aniidians English  and  French. 

United  States Americans English. 

Mexico Mexicans Simniwh. 

West  Indies West  Indians Spanisli. 

Colombia  (U.  S.  of) Colombians Spanish. 

Aenezuela.....^ Venezuelans Spanish. 

I't'ru Peruvians Spanish. 

Braail Brazilians Portuguese. 

IJolivia Bolivians Spanish. 

Paraguay Paraguayans Spanish. 

Cliili Chilians Spanisli. 

England Kiiglish English. 

^^«les Welsh English  and  M'elsh. 

Scotland Scotch English  and  (Jaelic. 

Ireland Irish English  and  Irish. 

Hussia Russians Uussian. 

Poland ...Poles i'i>lisli. 

Norway Norwegians Danish. 

Sweden Swedes Swedi.sh. 

Prussia Prussians (Serman. 

Denmark Danes Dajiish. 

(iermany (Jermans (ierninn. 

Holland Dutch Dutch. 

Belgium Belgians Flemish  and  French. 

France French French. 

S|)ain Spaniards Spanish. 

Portugal Portuguese Portuguese. 

Switzerland Swis-i German,  French,  and  Italian. 

Italy Itiiiians Italian. 

Austria Austrians I  "t'™*"' .  Hungarian,     and 

(     Slavonic. 

Turkey Turks Turkish. 

Greece (Sreeks. Greek. 

Siberia Siberians Hussian  (chiefly). 

Arabia Aral>s,  Arabians Arabic. 

Persia Persians Persian. 

Afghanistan Afghans Persian  and  Ilindoostaneo. 

Belooehist'.n Beloochees I'eloochee  and  Ilindoostaneo. 

Ilindoostan Hindoos Hindoostanee  and  others. 

East  Indies Bist  Indians i  Hindoostanee,  Bengalee,  Sl- 

(     amese,  Malay,  &c. 

Siani Siamese, Siamese. 

China Chinese Chinese. 

Japan Japanese lapaneso. 

Algeria Algerines Chiefly  Arabic. 

Kwpt Egyptians Chiefly  Arabic  and  Italian. 

Abyssini'i Al>yssinian8 Aliyssivsiu!! 

(  butch    N.il  English.     Yari- 

Aubtrulaaia AuBtralasiuns ....;-<     ous  iiative  languuges  uiv 

t     Hpukuu. 

44) 


EXPLANATION  AND  MEANING  OF  GEO- 
GRAPHICAL WORDS. 


Aalboro,  eel-town. 

Aar,  the  river. 

AiiBEViLLE,  abbot's  town, 

Abeokl'ta,  under  the  stono, 

Aberdeen,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dee. 

Abingdon,  abbey  hill. 

Abyssinia,  mixed  people. 

Accomack,  land  beyond. 

AciiiLL,  eagle. 

Acton,  oak  town. 

Adelsbero,  noble's  hill. 

Aden,  paradi  c. 

Adirondack,  he  eats  bark. 

Adrianople,  city  of  Adrian. 

Adriatic,  sea  of  Adrian. 

Afoiianistan,  country  of  the  Afghans. 

Agua  Nueva,  new  water. 

AouAs  Calientes,  warm  springs. 

Agi'Lhas,  needles. 

AiCHSTADT,  oak  town. 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  waters  of  the  chapel. 

Akerman,  white  town. 

Akhaf,  the  waves  of  sand. 

Ak-IIissar,  whita  ca.s*lo. 

Alagoas,  abounding  in  lakes. 

Alameda,  a  row  of  poplar-trees. 

Alamo,  a  poplar-tree. 

Aland,  land  of  rivers. 

Albania,  mountain  region. 

Albion,  white  island. 

Albuquerque,  white  oak. 

Alcala  de  IIenaiies,  castle  of  the  river. 

Alcantara,  the  bridge. 

Alemtejo,  beyond  the  TagU8(from  Lisbon). 

Aleutian,  a  bald  nak. 

Aloaiive,  land  lying  to  the  west. 

Algiers,  the  island. 

Alhambra,  the  red  (castio). 

Allahabad,  vity  of  God. 

Almaden, the  mine 

Almirante,  admiral. 
Alnwick,  town  upon  the  Alno. 


Alost,  to  the  east. 

Alps,  hills  white  with  scow. 

Altai,  golden. 

Altamaha,  place  of  the  village. 

Altenburo,  old  castle. 

Altenkirchen,  old  churchea. 

Altorf,  old  village. 

Amarapoora,  city  of  immortality. 

Amazon,  boat-destroyer. 

Amuovna,  dewy. 

Amsterdam,  the  dam  or  dike  on  the  Amstcl. 

Anatolia,  the  east  (from  Constantinople) 

Ancona,  an  elbow,  or  angle. 

^.^NDALusiA,  a  corruption  of  "  Vandalnsia," 

the  Vandals  having  settled  it. 
Andes,  copper. 

Anglesey,  Englishman's  island. 
Angostura,  the  strait, 
Anguilla,  little  smike. 
Annapolis,  city  of  Anne. 
ANSPAcr.,  on  the  brook. 
.\ntioua,  ancient. 
Antiparos,  opposite  Paros. 
Antwerp,  at  the  wharf. 
Appenzell,  abbot's  cell. 
Arabia,   land  of  sunset,  or  land  of  wan- 
derers. 
Aral,  island  (sea). 
Aranjuez,  altar  of  .Tnpifor. 
Ararat,  pliiins  of  the  Aryans. 
AituYLE,  west  Gael  counlry. 
Arizona,  sand  hills. 
Armagh,  the  high  field. 
Aroostook,  good  river. 
AscuTNEY,  fire  mountain. 
As  (A,  the  east. 
AspRopoTAMO,  v.httn  rlrer. 
Astrakhan,  die !<  •.  v  of  a  khan. 
AsTURiAS,  roc!x>^  and  river-mouths 
ATCHAtAi.Av«.  lost  water. 
Athaba?.!,  ^^* ;inipy. 
Athens,  tUy  of  Minerva. 
Athlone,  f;r'^  „f  the  moon- 


MEANING  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORDS. 


449 


Athol,  pleasant  land. 

Auburn,  old  brook. 

Auckland,  oak  land. 

AuosBURO,  town  of  Augustus. 

AuRARiA,  gold  town. 

AuRUNOABAD,  tliionc  town. 

Au  Sable,  sandy. 

.Australia,  southern  land. 

AvA,  a  flsh-pond. 

Avon,  a  river. 

Azerbaijan,  country  of  fire. 

Azores,  hawks. 

Baalbec,  city  of  the  sun. 

Bab-el-Manped,  gato    of  tears  (from  the 

numerous  shipwrecks  there). 
Babylon,  court  of  Bclus. 
Badajoz,  land  of  health. 
Baden,  baths. 

Baohistan,  country  of  gardens. 
Bahia  Honda,  deep  bay. 
Bahr-Bela-Ma,  the  waterless  sea. 
Baiir-ei.-Abiad,  the  white  river. 
Bahr-el-Azrak,  the  blue  river. 
Baikal,  rich  lake. 
Balaklava,  fair  haven. 
Balfrush,  mart  of  burdens. 
Balize,  a  corruption  of  the  name  of  Wallace, 

its  discoverer. 
Bally,  a  Celtic  prefix  signifying  "  town." 
Baltic,  abounding  in  straits. 
Banoor,  high  choir. 
Banjarmassin,  salt  water. 
Basseterre,  low  land. 
Bassorah,  a  margin. 
Batavia,  I  Mv  plain. 
Baton  Rouo'  red  staff. 
Bayonne,  a  port. 
Bayou,  a  creek,  an  outlet. 
Bedford,  town  of  the  ford. 
Bedouins,  dwellers  in  the  desert. 
BF.ER8n«'BA,  well  of  the  oath. 
BELED-ELnTERin,  laiid  of  dutes. 
Belorade,  white  city. 
Bellefontaine,  fine  fountain. 
Belleisle,  beautiful  island. 
Ben  LoMONn,  beacon  mountain. 
Ben  More,  big  mountain. 
Ben  Nevis,  cloud-capped  mountain. 
BEKKetlNA,  biiih  (river). 
Beroen,  nuiuntaiuH  (from  its  situation). 
BERMiinAS,  named   from  Bermudez,   their 

discovurur. 


Berne,  country  of  bears. 

Bethany,  boat-house. 

Beverley,  lake  of  beavers. 

Bideford,  by  the  ford. 

Bijou,  jewel. 

Bilbao,  fine  fort. 

Birmingham,  broom-place  dwelling. 

Blanco,  white. 

Boavista,  fine  view. 

Bio\,  nioulh. 

BoHMERWALD,  the  Bohemian  forest. 

Bois  Blanc,  white  wood. 

Bois-le-Duc,  the  duke's  forest. 

BojADon,  round  cape. 

Bokhara,  treasury  of  sciences. 

Bombay,  good  harbor. 

BoN  HoMME,  good  man. 

Bordeaux,  border  of  the  water. 

BoRONE,  blind  of  one  eye. 

Borneo,  land. 

BosNA  Serai,  the  Bosnian  palace. 

BOSPHORUS  ford  of  tht  heifer. 

Boston,  (St.)  Botolph's  town. 

Bothnia,  deep  sea. 

Bradford,  broad  ford. 

Brahmapootra,  offspring  of  Brahma. 

Bras  d'Or,  golden  arm. 

Br.«:tnfels,  brown  rock. 

Brazos,  urnis. 

Brest,  great  port. 

Bristol,  place  of  the  bridge. 

Bruck,  bridge. 

Bruges,  bridges. 

BrOnn,  ford. 

Bucharest,  city  of  enjoyment. 

BUDWEis,  white  dwelling. 

BUENA  ESPERANZA,  gOOd  1;  jpo. 

BUENA  Vista,  fine  view. 

Buenos  Ayres,  good  airs. 

BusHiRE  (Anu-yiiEHR),  father  of  cities. 

Cache,  a  place  of  concealment. 

Cache  A  Poudre,  povder  "cache." 

Cachoeira,  a  waterfall. 

Cader  Idris,  chair  of  Idris  (a  fabled  Welsh 

giant). 
Cadiz,  enclosed. 
Caermarthen,  Merlin's  fort. 
Caernarvon,  fort  opposite  Mon  (Anglosca). 
Caihngohm,  iilue  stone-heap. 
Cairo,  the  victorious. 

Calcutta,  temple  of  Kali  (goildess  of  Time). 
Camuridue,  bridge  of  the  Cum  (river). 


ns* 


450 


MEANING    OF   GEOGRAPHICAL    WORDS. 


Cameroons,  from  the  Portuguese  word  for  a 

"  shrimp." 
Campo  Basso,  low  field. 
Canada,  a  collection  of  huts. 
Canajoharie,  a  kettle-shaped  hole  in  the 

rock. 
Canandaioua,  a  chosen  spot. 
Canary,  from  Latin  cams,  a  "dog." 
Canaveral,  cane-plantation. 
Canterbury,  city  of  Kent. 
Jantire  (Kintyre),  a  headland. 
Jaudiff,  fort  of  the  Taff. 
Carlsbad,  Charles's  bath. 
Carlshamn,  Charles's  harbor. 
Carlsruhe,  Charles's  rest. 
Carmel,  vineyard  of  God. 
Carrick FERGUS,  rock  of  Fergus. 
Carthage,  new  town. 
Casas  Grandes,  large  houses. 
Casco,  crane. 
Cassel,  castle. 

Castellamare,  castle  by  the  sea. 
Catskill,  cat's  creek. 
Caucasus,  white  mountains. 
Cawnpore,  city  of  a  khan. 
Caxamarca,  a  place  of  frost. 
Cayuga,  long  lake. 
Cerro,  a  mountain-peak. 
Cerro  Gordo,  a  mountain-pass. 
Cevero  (or  Severo)  Vostochnoi,  northeast 

(cape). 
Ceylon,  island  of  the  lions. 
Chaleurs,  heats. 
Chamouni,  fortified  plain. 
Chateauroux,  red  castle. 
Chatham,  village  of  cottages. 
Chattahoochee,  painted  stone. 
CiiAUDiilRE,  a  boiler. 
Chautauqua,  a  foggy  placu. 
Chemung,  big  horn. 
Cherbourg,  Caesar's  town. 
Chesapeake,  great  waters, 
Chkster,  a  camp. 
Chesuncook,  great  goose  lake. 
Chili,  land  of  snow. 
Chimiiorazo,  a  chimney. 
Chuuuisaca,  bridge  of  gold. 
Cimarron,  wild,  unruly. 
CiRCASsiA,  country  of  those  who  cut  off 

liPiidg. 
CiUDAD  Real,  royal  city. 
CiviTA  Vbcchia,  old  town. 


Clarendon,  treeless  hill. 
Clermont,  clear  mountain. 
Cleveland,  clilf  land. 
Clonmel,  vale  of  honey. 
CoBi,  desert. 
Coblentz,  confluence. 
CocHECO,  very  rapid. 
Cohasset,  place  of  pines. 
CoLERAiNE,  corner  of  the  ferns. 
Cologne,  a  colony. 
Colorado,  red,  colored. 
Connecticut,  upon  the  long  river. 
CoNNEMARA,  the  bays  of  the  ocean. 
Constantinople,  city  of  Constantin* 
Coos,  place  of  pines. 
Copenhagen,  merchants'  haven. 
Copiah,  a  screech  owl. 
CoRAZox,  heart. 
Cork,  a  marsh. 

Corpus  Christi,  body  of  Christ. 
CoRRiENTES,  currents. 
Costa  Rica,  rich  coast. 
Cot£  d'Or,  golden  slope. 
CoTEAu  DES  Prairies,  upland  of  the  prnirica 
Coventry,  convent  town. 
Cronstadt,  crown  town. 
Croydon,  chalk  hill. 
'  Cruces,  crosses. 
CUENCA,  a  shell. 
Cumbfhland,  land  of  hollows. 
CUTTACK,  royal  residence. 
Cuzco,  navel. 

Cycladls,  circling  (isLjnds). 
Daghestan,  country  oi  mountains. 
Dahlonega,  phico  of  gold. 
Dakota,  allied. 
Dal  Elf,  Dal  river. 

Dalles,  flngstones ;  (secondarily),  a  trough 
Dantzic,  village  of  the  Danes. 
Danube,  low  meadow. 
Darfur,  country  of  the  Foorians. 
DErcAN,  the  south. 
Delft,  a  canal. 

Deloada,  or  Delgado,  delicate,  sharp. 
Delhi,  a  (juicksand. 
Denmark,  low  country. 
Deptford,  deep  ford. 
Derbend,  the  shut-up  gates, 
Derby,  deer's  dwelling. 
Derry,  an  oak. 
Desaguadeho,  an  outlet. 
Descabezado,  headless. 


f 


MEANING   OF   GEOGRAPHICAL   WORDS. 


45] 


Dbbconocida,  unknown. 

Des  Moines,  of  the  mounds. 

Despoblado,  uninhabited. 

D'EspoiR,  of  hope. 

Detroit,  a  strait. 

Deutsch  Krone,  German  crown. 

Dhawalaghiri,  white  mountain. 

Dieppe,  deep. 

Dnieper,  the  upper  river. 

Dniester,  the  lower  river. 

Dominica,  Sunday. 

Doobaunt,  turljid  water. 

Douglas,  bhick-gray. 

Dover,  a  ferry. 

DovREFiELn,  mountain-range  of  Dovro 
village  on  its  side). 

DowNPATRiCK,  mount  of  Patrick. 

Draciienfels,  dragon's  rock. 

Drooheda,  bridge  of  the  ford. 

Drontheim,  home  of  the  throne. 

Dublin,  black  pool. 

Duloe,  sweet. 

Dunkirk,  church  of  the  downs. 

Durham,  abode  of  wild  beasts. 

DusHTiSTAN,  level  country. 

Dwina,  the  double  river. 

Eau  Claire,  clear  water, 

Fbro,  foaming  river. 

EcuADOH,  the  equator. 

Edinburgh,  castle  of  Edwin. 

Ehrenbreitstein,  broad  stone  of  honor. 

Elbe,  white. 

Elbruz,  peaked  mountains. 

El  Dorado,  land  of  gold. 

El  Llano  Estacado,  the  staked  plain. 

El  Paso  del  Norte,  pass  of  the  north. 
EngaSo,  deception. 
England,  land  of  the  Angles. 
Entre  Rios,  between  the  rivers. 
Erik,  wild  cat. 
Erzekoum,  land  of  Rome. 
Erzgebirge,  ore  mountains. 
Esmeralda,  emerald. 
EspiRiTU  Santo,  Holy  Spirit. 
Esquimaux,  eaters  of  raw  flesh. 
Essex,  east  Saxon  (country). 
Estrella,  a  star. 

Ethiopia,  land  of  bumt-facod  peopla 
Euphrates,  to  make  irlad. 
EUROPK,  the  west  (from  Asia). 
EuxiNE,  hospitable. 
Valaise,  a  precipice. 


VarSe,  sheep  islands.  , 

Payal,  a  beech  tree. 
FicHTELGEBiRGE,  pine  mountain. 
FiNiSTERRE,  land's  end. 
Fiord,  a  bay  or  estuary. 
Florida,  blooming.    (Discovered  by  Ponce 
de  Leon  on  Easter-Sunday,— lii   Spanish 
Pascua  Jiorida). 
Fogo,  fire. 

Fond  du  Lac,  end  of  the  lake. 
Fontainebleau,  fountain  of  beautiful  wat« 
FoNTARABiA,  rapid  stream. 
Formosa,  beautiful. 
Fortaleza,  a  stronghold, 
(a     France,  free  country. 

Frankfort,  ford  of  the  Franks. 

Freiburg,  free  town. 

Friedland,  iand  of  peace. 

Frio,  cold. 

Frisches-IIaff,  fresh-water  sea. 

Fuentes  de  Onoro,  fountains  of  honor. 

FuNEN,  beautiful  country. 

FiJNFKiRCHEN,  five  churches. 

Furruckabad,  happy  residencs. 

Galapagos,  tortoises. 

Call  AS,  invaders. 

Gallipolis,  beautiful  city.   ' 

Oalway,  western  way. 

Ganges,  flowing  through  earth  to  heaven. 

Garigliano,  marshy  river. 

Garonne,  rapid  river. 

Germany,  named    from    the    WehmmnnM 

"war-men,"  one  of  the  prim'tive  tribes. 
Geysers,  boiling  springs. 
Ghaut,  a  gate,  a  mountain-pass. 
Gibraltar,  mountain  of  Tarif  vOiboI-Tarif) 
Glasgow,  green  wood. 
Gloucester,  fair  city. 
GospORT,  God's  port. 
Oracias  a  Digs,  thanks  to  God. 
Gran  Ciiaco,  great  desert. 
Grand  £coRE,  large  bluff. 
Grand  M^RAis,  large  marsh. 
Greenwich,  green  village. 
Grenoble,  city  of  Gratinn. 
Guadalquivir,  the  great  rivor 
Hague,  a  hedge,  a  grove. 
Hainan,  south  of  the  sea, 
IlALi.E,  salt-work. 
Hampstead,  homestead. 
Harwich,  army  town. 
Havana,  the  harbor 


)l 


452 


MEANING  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORDS. 


Havre  de  Grace,  harbor  of  grace. 

Hayti,  high  land. 

Hedjaz,  land  of  pllfmmagp. 

IlEiLBRoxN,  holy   .    I 

Helderbero,  clt'fir  Juoniittun. 

llELiaoLAND,  holy  liiud. 

IlELt  Gate,  a  corruption  of  the  Dutch  ITorll 

Gatt,  "whirlpool  strait." 
Hbniopen,  running  in. 
Hereford,  army  ford 
Hermon,  destruction. 
IIerrnhut,  protection  of  the  Lord. 
HiMALATA,  abodo  of  snow. 
HiNDoosTAN,  land  of  the  blacks. 
HISPAXIOLA,  little  Spain. 
Ho,  a  Chinese  word  signifying  "riyer." 
IToANG-Ho,  yellow  river. 
HonoKEX,  a  tol)acco-pipe. 
HoHENLiNDEX,  high  Hndcns. 
Holland,  hollow  land. 
HOLSTEIN,  the  wood  of  the  Saxons. 
Hoxo-KoNO,  red  harbor;  or,  Hiaxg-Kiaxq, 

fragrant  streams. 
HoRicoN,  lake  of  silver  water, 
Hou-Nan,  south  of  the  lake. 
irou-P£,  north  of  the  lake. 
HousATOMC,  the  river  beyond  the  hills. 
Huerfano,  orphan. 
HuEvos  (island),  eggs. 
Hyderabad,  town  of  the  Hon. 
Hythe,  a  haven. 
Illinois,  river  of  men. 
Indus,  the  sea. 

INNSPRUCK,  bridge  of  the  Inn, 
Interlachen,  between  the  lakes. 
Inverness,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ness, 
Iowa,  the  drowsy  ones. 
Ireland,  the  western  isle. 
Irrawaddy,  the  great  river. 
IZTACCIHUATL,  the  white  lady. 
Jaffa  (Joppa),  beauty. 
Jamaica,  land  of  wood  and  water. 
Japan,  country  of  sunrise. 
Java,  rice. 

Jekil  Irmak,  green  river. 
Jersey,  Caesar's  isle. 
Jerusalem,  vision  of  peace. 
Jordan,  the  river  of  judgment 
JuoGERNAUT,  lord  of  the  world. 
Junufrau,  the  maiden. 
Jutland,  land  of  giants. 
Kafiristan,  land  of  the  unbelioTors. 
Kansas,  Bm<,ky  water. 


Karasu,  black  river. 

Katahdin,  the  highest  place. 

Xearsaroe,  the  high  place, 

Kelat,  a  fort. 

Kenilworth,  mansion  on  the  canal. 

Kennebec  'ong  lake, 

Kentucky,  i.  the  head  of  a  river. 

Key  West,  a  corruption  of  Cayo  Hueao 

"  bone  key.'» 
Khorassan,  regiou  of  the  sun, 
K;r,DARE,  church  of  the  oaks. 
Kilimanjaro,  the  great  mountain. 
Kilkenny,  church  of  (St.)  Kenny. 
Kinderhook,  children's  point. 
KiN-SHA-KiANG,  river  of  golden  santi*. 
KiziL  Ibmak,  red  river. 
KiziL  KooM,  red  sand, 
KoKO-NoR,  blue  sea. 
KoNO,  a  mountain. 
KoNiGSUERO,  the  king's  fortresa. 
Koordistan,  land  of  the  fierce. 
KoosH,  mountain. 
Kordofan,  the  white  land, 
Laaland,  low  land, 
Labhador,  workable  (land). 
Lvc  QUI  Parle,  talking  lake. 
Ladrones,  thieves. 
La  Fourche,  tlie  fork, 
Lago  H.^ggiose,  larger  lake, 
(LAGiOA)  DE  LOS  Patos,  duck  lako. 
Lancaster,  fort  on  the  Lan. 
Langeland,  long  land. 
La  Paz,  peace. 
La  Plata,  silver. 

L.AssA,  land  of  the  divine  intelligence 
Lauterbrunnen,  clear  fountain. 
L"Ea0  qui  Court,  the  running  water. 
Lebanon,  the  white  mountain. 
Leicester,  camp  of  the  legion. 
Leipsic,  homo  of  tlu;  linden*. 
Lemberg,  city  of  the  lion. 
Lena,  a  sluggard. 
Lennox,  Levcn's  field. 
Lenoir,  the  black. 
Levant,  the  rising  (the  east). 
Leven,  sacred  river. 
Liberia,  free  state. 
Lichtenstein,  clear  stone. 
LllMFloRD,  muddy  inlrf. 
Lille,  or  Lisle,  the  island. 
Lincoln,  hill  on  tlie  l,inn. 
Lino,  a  Chinese  word  denotin?'-  a  "nuMi;» 
tain-range" 


MEANING    OP    GEOGRAPHICAL   WORDS. 


453 


Ilui'aq 


oiia 


LiTcnFiELi),  field  of  dead  bodies. 

Louos,  seals. 

LoBos  DE  Afuera,  seaward  Lobos. 

LoBos  DE  TiERRA,  landward  Lobos. 

Los  Angeles,  (city  of)  tlie  angeU. 

LouoH  Derg,  red  lake. 

Lucerne,  a  light-liousHj. 

Luxor,  the  palaces. 

LvoNs,  hill  of  the  raven. 

Macao,  the  entrance  to  the  bay. 

Machado,  a  hatchet. 

Madeira,  timber. 

Madras,  university  town. 

Madre,  mother. 

Maelstrom,  grinding  stream. 

Maestricht,  passage  of  the  Mouse. 

Mahanuddy,  great  river. 

Maimatchin,  place  of  trade. 

Majorca,  greater  (island). 

Malabar,  country  of  mountains. 

Maladetta,  accursed. 

Maldives,  thousand  islands. 

Malheur,  misfortune. 

Mam-  iiONECK,  place  of  rolling  stones. 

Man  (Isle  of),  rocky  (island). 

Manhattan,  the  town  on  the  island. 

Manitoowoc,  river  of  spirits. 

Mamtoulin,  spirit-islands. 

Margarita,  a  pearl. 

Mariazell,  cell  or  shrine  of  Mary. 

Makmora,  marble. 

Mausalia,  port  of  Ood. 

Mas  a  Fuera,  more  outward  (from  the  land). 

Mas  a  Tierra,  more  landward. 

Massachusetts,  about  the  great  hills. 

Matto  Orosso,  great  forest. 

Mauna  Loa,  great  mountain. 

Medina,  the  city. 

Mediterranean,  midland. 

Meinam,  mother  of  waters. 

Melbourne,  mill  stream. 

>Ielrose,  naked  promontory. 

Memphis,  temple  of  the  good  Ood. 

Memphremaooo,  land  of  abundauce. 

Menan  (Grand),  island. 

Merrimac,  swift  water. 

Mersey,  sea  island. 

Mesopotamia,  country  between  the  rivers. 

Mexico,  a  corruption  of  Mexitli,  the  name 

oi  the  Aztec  god  of  war. 
MiACo,  capital. 
Michigan,  a  fish-weir. 
MiLLE  Lacs,  thousand  lakei. 


Milwaukee,  rich  land. 

Minnehaha,  laughing  water. 

Minnesota,  cloudy  water. 

Minorca,  lesser  (islanrl). 

Mississippi,  the  great  water. 

Missouri,  muddy  water. 

Mohawk,  men-eaters. 

Monadnock,  the  spirit's  place. 

Monos,  (island  of)  apes. 

Mont  Blanc,  white  mountain. 

Montenegro,  black  mountain. 

Monterey,  king's  mountain. 

Montevideo,  I  see  a  mountain. 

MoNTPiiLLiER,  mountiun  of  the  young  girla 

MoNTREAL,.royal  mountain. 

Montserrat,  jagged  mountain. 

Munich,  monks. 

Nagpore,  town  of  serpents. 

Nahant,  at  the  point. 

NAK.SHIVAN,  first  place  of  descent  (of  the 
ark). 

Nankin,  southern  capital. 

Nan-J  ■  .0,  southern  mountain-chain. 

Naii.;  1,  new  city. 

Naplouse,  new  city. 

Natal,  ho  named  by  Vasco  daOama  because 
he  discovered  it  on  Christmas  day  (day  of 
the  Nativity). 

Naugatuck,  fork  of  the  rivers. 
Nazareth,  separated. 
Naze,  nose,  cape,  promontory. 
Nebraska,  flat  water. 
Nedsjed,  the  highlands. 
Neoropont,  Wack  bridge. 
Neilgherry,  blue  mountain. 
Nepissino,  at  the  small  lake. 
Neufchatel,  new  castle. 
Neustadt,  new  city. 
Neversink,  high  land  between  waters. 
Nez-Perc£8,  pierced  noses. 
Niagara,  neck  of  water. 
Nicobar,  nine  islands. 
NicoPoLis,  city  of  victory. 
Niger,  black.    (Dr.  Barth,  however,  says  i« 
is  a  contraction  of  one  of  ihe   natirt 
names,  denoting  "  the  rixer."'^ 
Niphon,  fountain  of  light. 
Nizhni  Novgorod,  lower  Novgorod. 
NoMBRE  DE  Dios,  name  of  Ood. 
Norfolk,  northern  people. 
Norwalk,  the  middle  iond. 
Norwich,  north  town. 
Notre  Dame,  Our  Lady  (the  Virgin  Mary). 


454 


MEANING    OF   GEOGRAPHICAL   WORDS. 


NoTTiNonvM,  home  with  caves. 

Nova  Zembla,  new  land. 

Novgorod,  new  town. 

Nubia,  gold  country. 

NuESTRA  SeRora,  Ouf  Lady. 

NvANZA,  the  water. 

NvKttpiNo,  ni!w  mart. 

OcKLEY,  oak  meadow. 

OCMULQEE,  the  rivers. 

Oconee,  wutor-courso. 

Odexse,  Odin's  island. 

Ohio,  the  benutiful  river. 

Ojo  Oaue.nte,  warm  spring. 

Ojo  del  Muerto,  corp.se  spring. 

Oneida,  people  of  the  beacon-stone. 

Onondaga,  place  of  the  hills. 

Oporto,  the  port. 

Oregon,  river  of  the  west. 

Okinoco,  coiled  serpent. 

OttKNEvs,  northern  islands. 

Orleans,  named  from  the  Emperor  Aurclian 

(Aurelianus). 
Osage,  the  strong. 
OssiPEE,  stony  river. 
OswEGATCHiE,  l.lack  watcf. 
Ottawa,  traders. 
OuDE,  invincible. 
OuDENARDE,  old  land. 
OusE,  water. 
Padre,  lather. 

Paisley,  moist  pastiirc-gronnd. 
Palermo,  convenient  harbor. 
Palestine,  land  of  wanderers. 
Palo  Pinto,  painted  stick. 
Pampeluna,  city  of  Pompey. 
Papua,  frizzled  hair. 
Para,  father  of  waters. 
Paraguay,  great  river. 
Parana,  the  sea. 
Pascaooula,  nation  of  bread. 
Pass  a  l'Outre,  outer  i)a.ss. 
Passaic,  valley. 
Patagonia,  land  of  large  feet. 
Patna,  the  town. 
Pawcatuck,  clear  river. 
Pawtucket,  at  tho  falls. 
Pawtuxet,  at  the  httle  falls. 
Pedregal,  a  place  full  of  stones. 
Pei-IIo,  white  river. 
Pekin,  northern  capital. 
Pe-Ling,  northern  mountain-chain. 
Pennsylvania,  Penn's  woods. 
Penobscot,  at  the  rock. 


Perdido,  lost. 

Perekop,  a  cut,  or  canal. 

Pescadores,  (islands  of)  fishermen. 

Peshawur,  the  advanced  post. 

Petit  Bois,  little  forest. 

Philadelphia,  city  of  brotherly  love. 

Piedmont,  foot  of  the  mountain. 

Piedra  Blanca,  white  stone. 

Pintada,  painted,  mottled. 

Piscataqua,  great  deer  river. 

Pisgah,  hill,  height. 

PiTou  DES  Neiges,  siiowy  peak. 

Platten-See,  shallow  sea. 

Point  Coup£e,  point  cut-oC. 

Poland,  flat  land. 

Polynesia,  many  islands. 

POMERANIA,  upon  the  seju 

Pomme-de-Terre,  potato. 

Pondicherry,  near  town. 

Ponte  Corvo,  crooked  bridge. 

Pontefract,  broken  bridge. 

PoNTEVEDRA,  old  bridge. 

Pont  Neuf,  new  bridge. 

Popocatepetl,  hill  that  smokes. 

Port  au  Prince,  prince's  port. 

Porto  Bello,  beautiful  harbor. 

Porto  IIespanhol,  SpiinLsh  port. 

Porto  Praya,  port  on  the  coiwt. 

PouTO  (or  Puerto)  Rico,  rich  port. 

Porto  Santo,  holy  port. 

PonTO  S;:ouro,  safe  port. 

Portugal,  port  of  the  Oitids. 

Potomac,  place  of  the  burning  pine. 

Poughkeepsie,  pleasant  harbor. 

Pr.Wue,  a  threshold. 

Prairie  du  Ciiien,  dog's  meadow. 

Presburg,  priest  town. 

Presidio,  fortress,  garrison. 

Presque  Isle,  peninsula  (almost  an  i8land> 

Preston,  priest's  town. 

Prussia,  country  of  the  Bnrussi;  (according 

to  some  authorities,  "  next  to  Russia.") 
Prutii,  river. 
Pueblo  Nuevo,  now  town. 
Puerto  Principe,  prince's  port. 
Pu.njaub,  country  of  the  five  rivers, 
Qualoe,  whale  island. 
Quano-Se,  western  province. 
QuANo-TuNG,  eastern  p-oviuco. 
Qi:*TRK  Br.aS;  four  arms. 
Quebec,  take  care  of  the  rcjk. 
Quemado,  burned. 
QuiNEBAUO,  long  pond. 


4 

I 
■I 
f 


MEANINO  OP  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORDS. 


455 


0. 


ilan(i> 

irding 
ia.") 


4UINNIPIAC,  the  Hiirroiinding  country. 

Racine,  root. 

Rappahannock,  where  water  ebbs  and  flows. 

P.EiciisTADT,  rich  town. 

Reikiavik,  steam  town. 

Restiqoucu^,  river  which  divides  like  the 

hand. 
Reyes,  kings. 
Rhodes,  a  rose. 

Riesen-Oebiroe,  giant  mountains. 
Rio  del  Norte,  river  of  the  north. 
Rio  Frio,  cold  river. 
Rio  Grande,  great  river. 
Rio  Hondo,  deep  river. 
Rio  Janeiro,  river  of  January. 
Rio  Neoro,  black  river. 
Rio  Puerco,  wild-boar  river. 
Rivi£re  aux  Li£vre8,  hare  river. 
£ivi£re  du  Loup,  wolf  river. 
EoANOKE,  wampum. 
RocHEFORT,  strong  rock. 
Rome,  strength. 
RoMNET,  marsh  island. 
Roseau,  a  reed. 
RossiONOL,  nightingale. 
RoxBUROH,  castle  on  a  promontory. 
Sable,  eand. 

Sagadahoc,  ending-place. 
Sahara-Bela-Ma,  waterless  desert. 
Saixte  Croix,  holy  cross. 
Salado,  salt. 
Salem,  peace. 
Salto  Grande,  great  leap. 
Salzburg,  salt  castle. 
iSamos,  prominent. 
San  Diego,  St.  James. 
San  Domingo,  holy  Sabbath. 
Sandusky,  cold  spring. 
Sangre  de  Christo,  blood  of  Christ. 
San  Jos£,  St.  Joseph. 
San  Juan  Bautista,  St.  John  the  Baptist. 
San  Juan  del  Sur,  St.  John  of  the  South. 
San  Pablo,  SXo  Paulo,  St.  Paul. 
San  Pedro,  St.  Peter. 
San  Salvador,  Holy  Saviour. 
Santa  Croce,  Svnta  Cruz,  holy  cross. 
Santa  Fe,  holy  faith. 
Santa  Inez,  St.  Agnes. 
Santiago,  St.  James. 
Sao  ChristovSo,  St.  Christopher. 
SSo  Felipe,  St.  Philip. 
Saone,  the  placid  river. 
Saraqossa.  city  of  Cwsar  Augustui. 


Saranac,  river  that  flows  under  rock. 
Saratoga,  place  of  the  miraculous  water  it 

a  rock. 
Saskatchawan,  swift  current. 
Saut  St.  Marie,  falls  (leap)  of  St.  Mary. 
Scarborough,  rock  town. 
Schaffhausen,  sheep-houses. 
Schenectady,  the  place  beyond  the  pines. 
Schoharie,  drift-wood. 
SchOnbrunn,  l)eautiful  spring. 
Schoodic,  burnt  lands. 
Schuylkill,  hidden  creek. 
ScHWARZBURG,  black  town. 
Scutari,  messenger. 
Sebastopol,  city  of  Augustus 
Semipalatinsk,  the  seven  palaces. 
Seneca,  a  corruption  of  the  Dutch  sinribar, 

"vermilion." 
Serampore,  city  of  prosperity. 
Serro  do  ESPINHA90,  spine  range. 
Shanghai,  supreme  port. 
Shannon,  old  river. 
Shan-Se,  the  mountainous  west. 
Shan-Tung,  the  mountainous  cast. 
Shawangunk,  white  rocks. 
Sheboygan,  the  river  that  comes  out  of  the 

ground. 
Shen-Se,  western  frontier. 
Shrewsbury,  the  town  among  shrubs. 
Sicily,  cut  off"  (from  Italy). 
Sierra  del  Cobre,  copper  range. 
Sierra  Leone,  lion  mountains. 
Sierra  Morena,  brown  mountain-range. 
Sierra  Nevada,  snow-chui  mountain-range 
Singapore,  city  of  lions. 
Skager  Rack,  crooked  strait  of  Skagen. 
Skaneateles,  very  long  lake. 
Sneehatten,  snow-cap. 
Snowdon,  snow-clad  hill. 
SoLEDAD,  solitude. 
Soudan,  land  of  the  blacks. 
Spa,  a  fountain. 
Spitzbergen,  peaked  mountain. 
Sporades,  scattered  (islands). 
Staffa,  isle  of  steps  or  colonnadea. 
Staunton,  stone  town. 
Stavropol,  city  of  the  cross. 
St.  Etienne,  St.  Stephen. 
Stockholm,  island  formed  by  piles. 
.STRAsnnvTRn,  rnatlf^  on  the  biglnvaj. 
Stratford,  street  ford. 
Stuttgard,  stallion  enclosure. 
Suffolk,  south  pecp.e. 


456 


MEANING   OF   GEOGRAPHICAL   WORDS. 


ScNDERLAifB,  siinderod  land. 

Susquehanna,  winding  river. 

Sussex,  south  Saxon  (country). 

SuwAiiiLue»,  iuhabitjints  of  the  coasi. 

SviATOi,  holy. 

Sweden,  land  of  the  Suei^i. 

Tadmor,  city  of  palm-trees. 

Ta-Kiano,  great  river. 

Tallahassee,  old  town. 

Tallahatchie,  river  of  the  rock. 

Tananaritou,  city  of  a  thoud^ud  towns. 

Tappan,  cold  stream. 

Tash-Kend,  stone  fortress. 

Taurus,  a  uiuuntain. 

TcHiNU-KiANO,  river  town. 

Tennessee,  a  curved  spoon ;  or,  river  of  the 
big  bond. 

Terceira,  third  (in  length,  of  the  Azores^ 

Terra  del  Fueoo,  land  of  fire. 

Terra  Nova,  new  land. 

Terre  IUute,  high  land. 

Theresienstadt,  city  of  Theresa. 

TiiERMOPVLiE,  the  hot  gates. 

TniAN-CiiAN,  cciestial  mountaina. 

TiORis,  an  arrow. 

TiooA,  swift  current. 

ToDos  Santos,  all  saints. 

ToNAWANDA,  Bwift-ruuning  water. 

ToRBAV,  headland  bay. 

Toronto,  oak-troes  rising  from  the  lake. 

Torres  Vedras,  old  towers. 

Tortuoas,  tortoises. 

Trapani,  a  sickle. 

Tras^s-Montes,  beyond  the  mountains. 

Tredisond,  trapeEium-shapod. 

Trent,  winding  river. 

Tres  Barras,  Rio  de,  river  with  three  bars. 

Tre3  Pontes,  three  bridges. 

Trinidad,  Trinity. 

Tripoli,  three  cities. 

Troij  11ivi£res,  three  riverr.. 

TuNDRiDUE,  town  bridge. 

Tuscaloosa,  bi.vck  warrior. 

TuscANT,  country  of  the  Etriuci. 

Tweed,  limit. 

Ukraine,  frcntiot  district. 

Umbaqoo,  clear  lake. 

llMRiTstR,  fount  of  immortality. 

Unterwalden,  bmong  the  woods. 

Ural,  a  girdla 


Utrecht,  l)eyond  the  passage  (of  the  Rhine). 

Vaches,  chws. 

VALtNciA,  fctrong,  powerful. 

Valparaiso,  vale  of  paradise. 

Valverde,  grcon  valley. 

Vaucluse,  closed  valley. 

Venezuela,  little  Venice. 

Vera  Cruz,  true  cross. 

Verd,  green. 

Vermejo,  vermilion. 

Vermont,  green  nujuntcin. 

Vienna,  abode  of  the  \ieuds. 

Villa  Boa,  good  city. 

Villa  Fuerte,  strong  city. 

Villa  Hermosa,  beautiful  city. 

Villa  Heal,  royal  city. 

Villa  Uica,  rich  city. 

Villa  Veliia,  old  town. 

WAnAsr ,  a  cloud  driven  by  the  equinoctial 

wind. 
Wachusett,  the  mountain. 
»\'alden,  woody  den. 
Wales,  west  country. 
Waltham,  home  in  t'lo  wood. 
Walwiscii,  whale. 
Warwick,  a  fortified  place. 
Washita,  male  deer. 
Westmoiiela.s'd,  west  moor-land. 
Wetumpka,  waterfall. 
Wheku.ng,  place  of  a  head. 
Windermere,  clear- water  lake. 
Winnipeg,  turbid  water. 
WINNIVISEOOBE,  beautiful  lake  of  the  high 

land;  or,  smile  of  tlie  flre.t  Spiiit. 
Winona,  flrst-born  daughter. 
WiNOosKi,  beautiful  stone  river. 
Wintiirop,  village  of  the  furze. 
WiscASSET,  place  of  yellow  pine. 
Wisconsin,  wild  rushing  channel. 
WuRznuRO,  hcrl  town. 
Yano-tse-Ki.vno,  son  of  the  ocean. 
Yemen,  land  to  the  right  (of  Mecca). 
YoNKERB,  a  gentleman,  n  country  nobleman. 
Yunnan,  cloudy  region  of  the  south. 
Zanouedar,  sea-coast  of  the  negroes. 
Zealand,  sea-land. 
Zendarooii,  living  stream. 
ZUTDER  Zee,  south  nea. 
ZwkiurDckkn,  two  bridge!. 


HLBCTBOTTrED  BT  I,.  JOn?riON  M  CO. 
PHILADELPHIA. 


